/*
* linux/arch/i386/kernel/process.c
*
* Copyright (C) 1995 Linus Torvalds
*/
/*
* This file handles the architecture-dependent parts of process handling..
*/
#define __KERNEL_SYSCALLS__
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/smp_lock.h>
#include <linux/stddef.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#include <linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/malloc.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/user.h>
#include <linux/a.out.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/config.h>
#include <linux/unistd.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/smp.h>
#include <linux/reboot.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#if defined(CONFIG_APM) && defined(CONFIG_APM_POWER_OFF)
#include <linux/apm_bios.h>
#endif
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>
#include <asm/system.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/ldt.h>
#include <asm/processor.h>
#ifdef CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION
#include <asm/math_emu.h>
#endif
#include "irq.h"
spinlock_t semaphore_wake_lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED;
#ifdef __SMP__
asmlinkage void ret_from_fork(void) __asm__("ret_from_smpfork");
#else
asmlinkage void ret_from_fork(void) __asm__("ret_from_sys_call");
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_APM
extern int apm_do_idle(void);
extern void apm_do_busy(void);
#endif
static int hlt_counter=0;
#define HARD_IDLE_TIMEOUT (HZ / 3)
void disable_hlt(void)
{
hlt_counter++;
}
void enable_hlt(void)
{
hlt_counter--;
}
#ifndef __SMP__
static void hard_idle(void)
{
while (!current->need_resched) {
if (boot_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok && !hlt_counter) {
#ifdef CONFIG_APM
/* If the APM BIOS is not enabled, or there
is an error calling the idle routine, we
should hlt if possible. We need to check
need_resched again because an interrupt
may have occurred in apm_do_idle(). */
start_bh_atomic();
if (!apm_do_idle() && !current->need_resched)
__asm__("hlt");
end_bh_atomic();
#else
__asm__("hlt");
#endif
}
if (current->need_resched)
break;
schedule();
}
#ifdef CONFIG_APM
apm_do_busy();
#endif
}
/*
* The idle loop on a uniprocessor i386..
*/
asmlinkage int sys_idle(void)
{
unsigned long start_idle = 0;
int ret = -EPERM;
lock_kernel();
if (current->pid != 0)
goto out;
/* endless idle loop with no priority at all */
current->priority = 0;
current->counter = 0;
for (;;) {
/*
* We are locked at this point. So we can safely call
* the APM bios knowing only one CPU at a time will do
* so.
*/
if (!start_idle) {
check_pgt_cache();
start_idle = jiffies;
}
if (jiffies - start_idle > HARD_IDLE_TIMEOUT)
hard_idle();
else {
if (boot_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok && !hlt_counter && !current->need_resched)
__asm__("hlt");
}
run_task_queue(&tq_scheduler);
if (current->need_resched)
start_idle = 0;
schedule();
}
ret = 0;
out:
unlock_kernel();
return ret;
}
#else
/*
* This is being executed in task 0 'user space'.
*/
int cpu_idle(void *unused)
{
current->priority = 0;
while(1)
{
if(current_cpu_data.hlt_works_ok &&
!hlt_counter && !current->need_resched)
__asm("hlt");
check_pgt_cache();
/*
* tq_scheduler currently assumes we're running in a process
* context (ie that we hold the kernel lock..)
*/
if (tq_scheduler) {
lock_kernel();
run_task_queue(&tq_scheduler);
unlock_kernel();
}
/* endless idle loop with no priority at all */
current->counter = 0;
schedule();
}
}
asmlinkage int sys_idle(void)
{
if (current->pid != 0)
return -EPERM;
cpu_idle(NULL);
return 0;
}
#endif
/*
* This routine reboots the machine by asking the keyboard
* controller to pulse the reset-line low. We try that for a while,
* and if it doesn't work, we do some other stupid things.
*/
static long no_idt[2] = {0, 0};
static int reboot_mode = 0;
static int reboot_thru_bios = 0;
__initfunc(void reboot_setup(char *str, int *ints))
{
while(1) {
switch (*str) {
case 'w': /* "warm" reboot (no memory testing etc) */
reboot_mode = 0x1234;
break;
case 'c': /* "cold" reboot (with memory testing etc) */
reboot_mode = 0x0;
break;
case 'b': /* "bios" reboot by jumping through the BIOS */
reboot_thru_bios = 1;
break;
case 'h': /* "hard" reboot by toggling RESET and/or crashing the CPU */
reboot_thru_bios = 0;
break;
}
if((str = strchr(str,',')) != NULL)
str++;
else
break;
}
}
/* The following code and data reboots the machine by switching to real
mode and jumping to the BIOS reset entry point, as if the CPU has
really been reset. The previous version asked the keyboard
controller to pulse the CPU reset line, which is more thorough, but
doesn't work with at least one type of 486 motherboard. It is easy
to stop this code working; hence the copious comments. */
static unsigned long long
real_mode_gdt_entries [3] =
{
0x0000000000000000ULL, /* Null descriptor */
0x00009a000000ffffULL, /* 16-bit real-mode 64k code at 0x00000000 */
0x000092000100ffffULL /* 16-bit real-mode 64k data at 0x00000100 */
};
static struct
{
unsigned short size __attribute__ ((packed));
unsigned long long * base __attribute__ ((packed));
}
real_mode_gdt = { sizeof (real_mode_gdt_entries) - 1, real_mode_gdt_entries },
real_mode_idt = { 0x3ff, 0 };
/* This is 16-bit protected mode code to disable paging and the cache,
switch to real mode and jump to the BIOS reset code.
The instruction that switches to real mode by writing to CR0 must be
followed immediately by a far jump instruction, which set CS to a
valid value for real mode, and flushes the prefetch queue to avoid
running instructions that have already been decoded in protected
mode.
Clears all the flags except ET, especially PG (paging), PE
(protected-mode enable) and TS (task switch for coprocessor state
save). Flushes the TLB after paging has been disabled. Sets CD and
NW, to disable the cache on a 486, and invalidates the cache. This
is more like the state of a 486 after reset. I don't know if
something else should be done for other chips.
More could be done here to set up the registers as if a CPU reset had
occurred; hopefully real BIOSs don't assume much. */
static unsigned char real_mode_switch [] =
{
0x66, 0x0f, 0x20, 0xc0, /* movl %cr0,%eax */
0x66, 0x83, 0xe0, 0x11, /* andl $0x00000011,%eax */
0x66, 0x0d, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, /* orl $0x60000000,%eax */
0x66, 0x0f, 0x22, 0xc0, /* movl %eax,%cr0 */
0x66, 0x0f, 0x22, 0xd8, /* movl %eax,%cr3 */
0x66, 0x0f, 0x20, 0xc3, /* movl %cr0,%ebx */
0x66, 0x81, 0xe3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, /* andl $0x60000000,%ebx */
0x74, 0x02, /* jz f */
0x0f, 0x08, /* invd */
0x24, 0x10, /* f: andb $0x10,al */
0x66, 0x0f, 0x22, 0xc0, /* movl %eax,%cr0 */
0xea, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff /* ljmp $0xffff,$0x0000 */
};
static inline void kb_wait(void)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<0x10000; i++)
if ((inb_p(0x64) & 0x02) == 0)
break;
}
void machine_restart(char * __unused)
{
#if __SMP__
/*
* turn off the IO-APIC, so we can do a clean reboot
*/
init_pic_mode();
#endif
if(!reboot_thru_bios) {
/* rebooting needs to touch the page at absolute addr 0 */
*((unsigned short *)__va(0x472)) = reboot_mode;
for (;;) {
int i;
for (i=0; i<100; i++) {
kb_wait();
udelay(50);
outb(0xfe,0x64); /* pulse reset low */
udelay(50);
}
/* That didn't work - force a triple fault.. */
__asm__ __volatile__("lidt %0": :"m" (no_idt));
__asm__ __volatile__("int3");
}
}
cli();
/* Write zero to CMOS register number 0x0f, which the BIOS POST
routine will recognize as telling it to do a proper reboot. (Well
that's what this book in front of me says -- it may only apply to
the Phoenix BIOS though, it's not clear). At the same time,
disable NMIs by setting the top bit in the CMOS address register,
as we're about to do peculiar things to the CPU. I'm not sure if
`outb_p' is needed instead of just `outb'. Use it to be on the
safe side. */
outb_p (0x8f, 0x70);
outb_p (0x00, 0x71);
/* Remap the kernel at virtual address zero, as well as offset zero
from the kernel segment. This assumes the kernel segment starts at
virtual address PAGE_OFFSET. */
memcpy (swapper_pg_dir, swapper_pg_dir + USER_PGD_PTRS,
sizeof (swapper_pg_dir [0]) * KERNEL_PGD_PTRS);
/* Make sure the first page is mapped to the start of physical memory.
It is normally not mapped, to trap kernel NULL pointer dereferences. */
pg0[0] = 7;
/*
* Use `swapper_pg_dir' as our page directory. We bother with
* `SET_PAGE_DIR' because although might be rebooting, but if we change
* the way we set root page dir in the future, then we wont break a
* seldom used feature ;)
*/
SET_PAGE_DIR(current,swapper_pg_dir);
/* Write 0x1234 to absolute memory location 0x472. The BIOS reads
this on booting to tell it to "Bypass memory test (also warm
boot)". This seems like a fairly standard thing that gets set by
REBOOT.COM programs, and the previous reset routine did this
too. */
*((unsigned short *)0x472) = reboot_mode;
/* For the switch to real mode, copy some code to low memory. It has
to be in the first 64k because it is running in 16-bit mode, and it
has to have the same physical and virtual address, because it turns
off paging. Copy it near the end of the first page, out of the way
of BIOS variables. */
memcpy ((void *) (0x1000 - sizeof (real_mode_switch)),
real_mode_switch, sizeof (real_mode_switch));
/* Set up the IDT for real mode. */
__asm__ __volatile__ ("lidt %0" : : "m" (real_mode_idt));
/* Set up a GDT from which we can load segment descriptors for real
mode. The GDT is not used in real mode; it is just needed here to
prepare the descriptors. */
__asm__ __volatile__ ("lgdt %0" : : "m" (real_mode_gdt));
/* Load the data segment registers, and thus the descriptors ready for
real mode. The base address of each segment is 0x100, 16 times the
selector value being loaded here. This is so that the segment
registers don't have to be reloaded after switching to real mode:
the values are consistent for real mode operation already. */
__asm__ __volatile__ ("movl $0x0010,%%eax\n"
"\tmovl %%ax,%%ds\n"
"\tmovl %%ax,%%es\n"
"\tmovl %%ax,%%fs\n"
"\tmovl %%ax,%%gs\n"
"\tmovl %%ax,%%ss" : : : "eax");
/* Jump to the 16-bit code that we copied earlier. It disables paging
and the cache, switches to real mode, and jumps to the BIOS reset
entry point. */
__asm__ __volatile__ ("ljmp $0x0008,%0"
:
: "i" ((void *) (0x1000 - sizeof (real_mode_switch))));
}
void machine_halt(void)
{
}
void machine_power_off(void)
{
#if defined(CONFIG_APM) && defined(CONFIG_APM_POWER_OFF)
apm_set_power_state(APM_STATE_OFF);
#endif
}
void show_regs(struct pt_regs * regs)
{
long cr0 = 0L, cr2 = 0L, cr3 = 0L;
printk("\n");
printk("EIP: %04x:[<%08lx>]",0xffff & regs->xcs,regs->eip);
if (regs->xcs & 3)
printk(" ESP: %04x:%08lx",0xffff & regs->xss,regs->esp);
printk(" EFLAGS: %08lx\n",regs->eflags);
printk("EAX: %08lx EBX: %08lx ECX: %08lx EDX: %08lx\n",
regs->eax,regs->ebx,regs->ecx,regs->edx);
printk("ESI: %08lx EDI: %08lx EBP: %08lx",
regs->esi, regs->edi, regs->ebp);
printk(" DS: %04x ES: %04x\n",
0xffff & regs->xds,0xffff & regs->xes);
__asm__("movl %%cr0, %0": "=r" (cr0));
__asm__("movl %%cr2, %0": "=r" (cr2));
__asm__("movl %%cr3, %0": "=r" (cr3));
printk("CR0: %08lx CR2: %08lx CR3: %08lx\n", cr0, cr2, cr3);
}
/*
* Allocation and freeing of basic task resources.
*
* NOTE! The task struct and the stack go together
*
* The task structure is a two-page thing, and as such
* not reliable to allocate using the basic page alloc
* functions. We have a small cache of structures for
* when the allocations fail..
*
* This extra buffer essentially acts to make for less
* "jitter" in the allocations..
*
* On SMP we don't do this right now because:
* - we aren't holding any locks when called, and we might
* as well just depend on the generic memory management
* to do proper locking for us instead of complicating it
* here.
* - if you use SMP you have a beefy enough machine that
* this shouldn't matter..
*/
#ifndef __SMP__
#define EXTRA_TASK_STRUCT 16
static struct task_struct * task_struct_stack[EXTRA_TASK_STRUCT];
static int task_struct_stack_ptr = -1;
#endif
struct task_struct * alloc_task_struct(void)
{
#ifndef EXTRA_TASK_STRUCT
return (struct task_struct *) __get_free_pages(GFP_KERNEL,1);
#else
int index;
struct task_struct *ret;
index = task_struct_stack_ptr;
if (index >= EXTRA_TASK_STRUCT/2)
goto use_cache;
ret = (struct task_struct *) __get_free_pages(GFP_KERNEL,1);
if (!ret) {
index = task_struct_stack_ptr;
if (index >= 0) {
use_cache:
ret = task_struct_stack[index];
task_struct_stack_ptr = index-1;
}
}
return ret;
#endif
}
void free_task_struct(struct task_struct *p)
{
#ifdef EXTRA_TASK_STRUCT
int index = task_struct_stack_ptr+1;
if (index < EXTRA_TASK_STRUCT) {
task_struct_stack[index] = p;
task_struct_stack_ptr = index;
} else
#endif
free_pages((unsigned long) p, 1);
}
void release_segments(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
void * ldt = mm->segments;
int nr;
/* forget local segments */
__asm__ __volatile__("movl %w0,%%fs ; movl %w0,%%gs ; lldt %w0"
: /* no outputs */
: "r" (0));
current->tss.ldt = 0;
/*
* Set the GDT entry back to the default.
*/
nr = current->tarray_ptr - &task[0];
set_ldt_desc(gdt+(nr<<1)+FIRST_LDT_ENTRY, &default_ldt, 1);
if (ldt) {
mm->segments = NULL;
vfree(ldt);
}
}
/*
* Free current thread data structures etc..
*/
void exit_thread(void)
{
/* nothing to do ... */
}
void flush_thread(void)
{
int i;
for (i=0 ; i<8 ; i++)
current->tss.debugreg[i] = 0;
/*
* Forget coprocessor state..
*/
if (current->flags & PF_USEDFPU) {
current->flags &= ~PF_USEDFPU;
stts();
}
current->used_math = 0;
}
void release_thread(struct task_struct *dead_task)
{
}
static inline void unlazy_fpu(struct task_struct *tsk)
{
if (tsk->flags & PF_USEDFPU) {
tsk->flags &= ~PF_USEDFPU;
__asm__("fnsave %0":"=m" (tsk->tss.i387));
stts();
asm volatile("fwait");
}
}
/*
* If new_mm is NULL, we're being called to set up the LDT descriptor
* for a clone task. Each clone must have a separate entry in the GDT.
*/
void copy_segments(int nr, struct task_struct *p, struct mm_struct *new_mm)
{
struct mm_struct * old_mm = current->mm;
void * old_ldt = old_mm->segments, * ldt = old_ldt;
int ldt_size = LDT_ENTRIES;
p->tss.ldt = _LDT(nr);
if (old_ldt) {
if (new_mm) {
ldt = vmalloc(LDT_ENTRIES*LDT_ENTRY_SIZE);
new_mm->segments = ldt;
if (!ldt) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "ldt allocation failed\n");
goto no_ldt;
}
memcpy(ldt, old_ldt, LDT_ENTRIES*LDT_ENTRY_SIZE);
}
} else {
no_ldt:
ldt = &default_ldt;
ldt_size = 1;
}
set_ldt_desc(gdt+(nr<<1)+FIRST_LDT_ENTRY, ldt, ldt_size);
}
/*
* Save a segment.
*/
#define savesegment(seg,value) \
asm volatile("movl %%" #seg ",%0":"=m" (*(int *)&(value)))
/*
* Load a segment. Fall back on loading the zero
* segment if something goes wrong..
*/
#define loadsegment(seg,value) \
asm volatile("\n" \
"1:\t" \
"movl %0,%%" #seg "\n" \
"2:\n" \
".section fixup,\"ax\"\n" \
"3:\t" \
"pushl $0\n\t" \
"popl %%" #seg "\n\t" \
"jmp 2b\n" \
".previous\n" \
".section __ex_table,\"a\"\n\t" \
".align 4\n\t" \
".long 1b,3b\n" \
".previous" \
: :"m" (*(unsigned int *)&(value)))
int copy_thread(int nr, unsigned long clone_flags, unsigned long esp,
struct task_struct * p, struct pt_regs * regs)
{
struct pt_regs * childregs;
childregs = ((struct pt_regs *) (2*PAGE_SIZE + (unsigned long) p)) - 1;
*childregs = *regs;
childregs->eax = 0;
childregs->esp = esp;
childregs->eflags = regs->eflags & 0xffffcfff; /* iopl always 0 for a new process */
p->tss.esp = (unsigned long) childregs;
p->tss.esp0 = (unsigned long) (childregs+1);
p->tss.ss0 = __KERNEL_DS;
p->tss.tr = _TSS(nr);
set_tss_desc(gdt+(nr<<1)+FIRST_TSS_ENTRY,&(p->tss));
p->tss.eip = (unsigned long) ret_from_fork;
savesegment(fs,p->tss.fs);
savesegment(gs,p->tss.gs);
/*
* a bitmap offset pointing outside of the TSS limit causes a nicely
* controllable SIGSEGV. The first sys_ioperm() call sets up the
* bitmap properly.
*/
p->tss.bitmap = sizeof(struct thread_struct);
unlazy_fpu(current);
p->tss.i387 = current->tss.i387;
return 0;
}
/*
* fill in the FPU structure for a core dump.
*/
int dump_fpu (struct pt_regs * regs, struct user_i387_struct* fpu)
{
int fpvalid;
fpvalid = current->used_math;
if (fpvalid) {
unlazy_fpu(current);
memcpy(fpu,¤t->tss.i387.hard,sizeof(*fpu));
}
return fpvalid;
}
/*
* fill in the user structure for a core dump..
*/
void dump_thread(struct pt_regs * regs, struct user * dump)
{
int i;
/* changed the size calculations - should hopefully work better. lbt */
dump->magic = CMAGIC;
dump->start_code = 0;
dump->start_stack = regs->esp & ~(PAGE_SIZE - 1);
dump->u_tsize = ((unsigned long) current->mm->end_code) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
dump->u_dsize = ((unsigned long) (current->mm->brk + (PAGE_SIZE-1))) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
dump->u_dsize -= dump->u_tsize;
dump->u_ssize = 0;
for (i = 0; i < 8; i++)
dump->u_debugreg[i] = current->tss.debugreg[i];
if (dump->start_stack < TASK_SIZE)
dump->u_ssize = ((unsigned long) (TASK_SIZE - dump->start_stack)) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
dump->regs.ebx = regs->ebx;
dump->regs.ecx = regs->ecx;
dump->regs.edx = regs->edx;
dump->regs.esi = regs->esi;
dump->regs.edi = regs->edi;
dump->regs.ebp = regs->ebp;
dump->regs.eax = regs->eax;
dump->regs.ds = regs->xds;
dump->regs.es = regs->xes;
savesegment(fs,dump->regs.fs);
savesegment(gs,dump->regs.gs);
dump->regs.orig_eax = regs->orig_eax;
dump->regs.eip = regs->eip;
dump->regs.cs = regs->xcs;
dump->regs.eflags = regs->eflags;
dump->regs.esp = regs->esp;
dump->regs.ss = regs->xss;
dump->u_fpvalid = dump_fpu (regs, &dump->i387);
}
/*
* This special macro can be used to load a debugging register
*/
#define loaddebug(tsk,register) \
__asm__("movl %0,%%db" #register \
: /* no output */ \
:"r" (tsk->tss.debugreg[register]))
/*
* switch_to(x,yn) should switch tasks from x to y.
*
* We fsave/fwait so that an exception goes off at the right time
* (as a call from the fsave or fwait in effect) rather than to
* the wrong process. Lazy FP saving no longer makes any sense
* with modern CPU's, and this simplifies a lot of things (SMP
* and UP become the same).
*
* NOTE! We used to use the x86 hardware context switching. The
* reason for not using it any more becomes apparent when you
* try to recover gracefully from saved state that is no longer
* valid (stale segment register values in particular). With the
* hardware task-switch, there is no way to fix up bad state in
* a reasonable manner.
*
* The fact that Intel documents the hardware task-switching to
* be slow is a fairly red herring - this code is not noticeably
* faster. However, there _is_ some room for improvement here,
* so the performance issues may eventually be a valid point.
* More important, however, is the fact that this allows us much
* more flexibility.
*/
void __switch_to(struct task_struct *prev, struct task_struct *next)
{
/* Do the FPU save and set TS if it wasn't set before.. */
unlazy_fpu(prev);
/*
* Reload TR, LDT and the page table pointers..
*
* We need TR for the IO permission bitmask (and
* the vm86 bitmasks in case we ever use enhanced
* v86 mode properly).
*
* We may want to get rid of the TR register some
* day, and copy the bitmaps around by hand. Oh,
* well. In the meantime we have to clear the busy
* bit in the TSS entry, ugh.
*/
gdt_table[next->tss.tr >> 3].b &= 0xfffffdff;
asm volatile("ltr %0": :"g" (*(unsigned short *)&next->tss.tr));
/* Re-load LDT if necessary */
if (next->mm->segments != prev->mm->segments)
asm volatile("lldt %0": :"g" (*(unsigned short *)&next->tss.ldt));
/* Re-load page tables */
if (next->tss.cr3 != prev->tss.cr3)
asm volatile("movl %0,%%cr3": :"r" (next->tss.cr3));
/*
* Save away %fs and %gs. No need to save %es and %ds, as
* those are always kernel segments while inside the kernel.
* Restore the new values.
*/
asm volatile("movl %%fs,%0":"=m" (*(int *)&prev->tss.fs));
asm volatile("movl %%gs,%0":"=m" (*(int *)&prev->tss.gs));
loadsegment(fs,next->tss.fs);
loadsegment(gs,next->tss.gs);
/*
* Now maybe reload the debug registers
*/
if (next->tss.debugreg[7]){
loaddebug(next,0);
loaddebug(next,1);
loaddebug(next,2);
loaddebug(next,3);
loaddebug(next,6);
loaddebug(next,7);
}
}
asmlinkage int sys_fork(struct pt_regs regs)
{
int ret;
lock_kernel();
ret = do_fork(SIGCHLD, regs.esp, ®s);
unlock_kernel();
return ret;
}
asmlinkage int sys_clone(struct pt_regs regs)
{
unsigned long clone_flags;
unsigned long newsp;
int ret;
lock_kernel();
clone_flags = regs.ebx;
newsp = regs.ecx;
if (!newsp)
newsp = regs.esp;
ret = do_fork(clone_flags, newsp, ®s);
unlock_kernel();
return ret;
}
/*
* sys_execve() executes a new program.
*/
asmlinkage int sys_execve(struct pt_regs regs)
{
int error;
char * filename;
lock_kernel();
filename = getname((char *) regs.ebx);
error = PTR_ERR(filename);
if (IS_ERR(filename))
goto out;
error = do_execve(filename, (char **) regs.ecx, (char **) regs.edx, ®s);
putname(filename);
out:
unlock_kernel();
return error;
}