.. _userfaultfd:

===========
Userfaultfd
===========

Objective
=========

Userfaults allow the implementation of on-demand paging from userland
and more generally they allow userland to take control of various
memory page faults, something otherwise only the kernel code could do.

For example userfaults allows a proper and more optimal implementation
of the PROT_NONE+SIGSEGV trick.

Design
======

Userfaults are delivered and resolved through the userfaultfd syscall.

The userfaultfd (aside from registering and unregistering virtual
memory ranges) provides two primary functionalities:

1) read/POLLIN protocol to notify a userland thread of the faults
   happening

2) various UFFDIO_* ioctls that can manage the virtual memory regions
   registered in the userfaultfd that allows userland to efficiently
   resolve the userfaults it receives via 1) or to manage the virtual
   memory in the background

The real advantage of userfaults if compared to regular virtual memory
management of mremap/mprotect is that the userfaults in all their
operations never involve heavyweight structures like vmas (in fact the
userfaultfd runtime load never takes the mmap_sem for writing).

Vmas are not suitable for page- (or hugepage) granular fault tracking
when dealing with virtual address spaces that could span
Terabytes. Too many vmas would be needed for that.

The userfaultfd once opened by invoking the syscall, can also be
passed using unix domain sockets to a manager process, so the same
manager process could handle the userfaults of a multitude of
different processes without them being aware about what is going on
(well of course unless they later try to use the userfaultfd
themselves on the same region the manager is already tracking, which
is a corner case that would currently return -EBUSY).

API
===

When first opened the userfaultfd must be enabled invoking the
UFFDIO_API ioctl specifying a uffdio_api.api value set to UFFD_API (or
a later API version) which will specify the read/POLLIN protocol
userland intends to speak on the UFFD and the uffdio_api.features
userland requires. The UFFDIO_API ioctl if successful (i.e. if the
requested uffdio_api.api is spoken also by the running kernel and the
requested features are going to be enabled) will return into
uffdio_api.features and uffdio_api.ioctls two 64bit bitmasks of
respectively all the available features of the read(2) protocol and
the generic ioctl available.

The uffdio_api.features bitmask returned by the UFFDIO_API ioctl
defines what memory types are supported by the userfaultfd and what
events, except page fault notifications, may be generated.

If the kernel supports registering userfaultfd ranges on hugetlbfs
virtual memory areas, UFFD_FEATURE_MISSING_HUGETLBFS will be set in
uffdio_api.features. Similarly, UFFD_FEATURE_MISSING_SHMEM will be
set if the kernel supports registering userfaultfd ranges on shared
memory (covering all shmem APIs, i.e. tmpfs, IPCSHM, /dev/zero
MAP_SHARED, memfd_create, etc).

The userland application that wants to use userfaultfd with hugetlbfs
or shared memory need to set the corresponding flag in
uffdio_api.features to enable those features.

If the userland desires to receive notifications for events other than
page faults, it has to verify that uffdio_api.features has appropriate
UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_* bits set. These events are described in more
detail below in "Non-cooperative userfaultfd" section.

Once the userfaultfd has been enabled the UFFDIO_REGISTER ioctl should
be invoked (if present in the returned uffdio_api.ioctls bitmask) to
register a memory range in the userfaultfd by setting the
uffdio_register structure accordingly. The uffdio_register.mode
bitmask will specify to the kernel which kind of faults to track for
the range (UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING would track missing
pages). The UFFDIO_REGISTER ioctl will return the
uffdio_register.ioctls bitmask of ioctls that are suitable to resolve
userfaults on the range registered. Not all ioctls will necessarily be
supported for all memory types depending on the underlying virtual
memory backend (anonymous memory vs tmpfs vs real filebacked
mappings).

Userland can use the uffdio_register.ioctls to manage the virtual
address space in the background (to add or potentially also remove
memory from the userfaultfd registered range). This means a userfault
could be triggering just before userland maps in the background the
user-faulted page.

The primary ioctl to resolve userfaults is UFFDIO_COPY. That
atomically copies a page into the userfault registered range and wakes
up the blocked userfaults (unless uffdio_copy.mode &
UFFDIO_COPY_MODE_DONTWAKE is set). Other ioctl works similarly to
UFFDIO_COPY. They're atomic as in guaranteeing that nothing can see an
half copied page since it'll keep userfaulting until the copy has
finished.

Notes:

- If you requested UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING when registering then
  you must provide some kind of page in your thread after reading from
  the uffd.  You must provide either UFFDIO_COPY or UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE.
  The normal behavior of the OS automatically providing a zero page on
  an annonymous mmaping is not in place.

- None of the page-delivering ioctls default to the range that you
  registered with.  You must fill in all fields for the appropriate
  ioctl struct including the range.

- You get the address of the access that triggered the missing page
  event out of a struct uffd_msg that you read in the thread from the
  uffd.  You can supply as many pages as you want with UFFDIO_COPY or
  UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE.  Keep in mind that unless you used DONTWAKE then
  the first of any of those IOCTLs wakes up the faulting thread.

- Be sure to test for all errors including (pollfd[0].revents &
  POLLERR).  This can happen, e.g. when ranges supplied were
  incorrect.

Write Protect Notifications
---------------------------

This is equivalent to (but faster than) using mprotect and a SIGSEGV
signal handler.

Firstly you need to register a range with UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_WP.
Instead of using mprotect(2) you use ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT,
struct *uffdio_writeprotect) while mode = UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT_MODE_WP
in the struct passed in.  The range does not default to and does not
have to be identical to the range you registered with.  You can write
protect as many ranges as you like (inside the registered range).
Then, in the thread reading from uffd the struct will have
msg.arg.pagefault.flags & UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WP set. Now you send
ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT, struct *uffdio_writeprotect) again
while pagefault.mode does not have UFFDIO_WRITEPROTECT_MODE_WP set.
This wakes up the thread which will continue to run with writes. This
allows you to do the bookkeeping about the write in the uffd reading
thread before the ioctl.

If you registered with both UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING and
UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_WP then you need to think about the sequence in
which you supply a page and undo write protect.  Note that there is a
difference between writes into a WP area and into a !WP area.  The
former will have UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WP set, the latter
UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WRITE.  The latter did not fail on protection but
you still need to supply a page when UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING was
used.

QEMU/KVM
========

QEMU/KVM is using the userfaultfd syscall to implement postcopy live
migration. Postcopy live migration is one form of memory
externalization consisting of a virtual machine running with part or
all of its memory residing on a different node in the cloud. The
userfaultfd abstraction is generic enough that not a single line of
KVM kernel code had to be modified in order to add postcopy live
migration to QEMU.

Guest async page faults, FOLL_NOWAIT and all other GUP features work
just fine in combination with userfaults. Userfaults trigger async
page faults in the guest scheduler so those guest processes that
aren't waiting for userfaults (i.e. network bound) can keep running in
the guest vcpus.

It is generally beneficial to run one pass of precopy live migration
just before starting postcopy live migration, in order to avoid
generating userfaults for readonly guest regions.

The implementation of postcopy live migration currently uses one
single bidirectional socket but in the future two different sockets
will be used (to reduce the latency of the userfaults to the minimum
possible without having to decrease /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_wmem).

The QEMU in the source node writes all pages that it knows are missing
in the destination node, into the socket, and the migration thread of
the QEMU running in the destination node runs UFFDIO_COPY|ZEROPAGE
ioctls on the userfaultfd in order to map the received pages into the
guest (UFFDIO_ZEROCOPY is used if the source page was a zero page).

A different postcopy thread in the destination node listens with
poll() to the userfaultfd in parallel. When a POLLIN event is
generated after a userfault triggers, the postcopy thread read() from
the userfaultfd and receives the fault address (or -EAGAIN in case the
userfault was already resolved and waken by a UFFDIO_COPY|ZEROPAGE run
by the parallel QEMU migration thread).

After the QEMU postcopy thread (running in the destination node) gets
the userfault address it writes the information about the missing page
into the socket. The QEMU source node receives the information and
roughly "seeks" to that page address and continues sending all
remaining missing pages from that new page offset. Soon after that
(just the time to flush the tcp_wmem queue through the network) the
migration thread in the QEMU running in the destination node will
receive the page that triggered the userfault and it'll map it as
usual with the UFFDIO_COPY|ZEROPAGE (without actually knowing if it
was spontaneously sent by the source or if it was an urgent page
requested through a userfault).

By the time the userfaults start, the QEMU in the destination node
doesn't need to keep any per-page state bitmap relative to the live
migration around and a single per-page bitmap has to be maintained in
the QEMU running in the source node to know which pages are still
missing in the destination node. The bitmap in the source node is
checked to find which missing pages to send in round robin and we seek
over it when receiving incoming userfaults. After sending each page of
course the bitmap is updated accordingly. It's also useful to avoid
sending the same page twice (in case the userfault is read by the
postcopy thread just before UFFDIO_COPY|ZEROPAGE runs in the migration
thread).

Non-cooperative userfaultfd
===========================

When the userfaultfd is monitored by an external manager, the manager
must be able to track changes in the process virtual memory
layout. Userfaultfd can notify the manager about such changes using
the same read(2) protocol as for the page fault notifications. The
manager has to explicitly enable these events by setting appropriate
bits in uffdio_api.features passed to UFFDIO_API ioctl:

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_FORK
	enable userfaultfd hooks for fork(). When this feature is
	enabled, the userfaultfd context of the parent process is
	duplicated into the newly created process. The manager
	receives UFFD_EVENT_FORK with file descriptor of the new
	userfaultfd context in the uffd_msg.fork.

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMAP
	enable notifications about mremap() calls. When the
	non-cooperative process moves a virtual memory area to a
	different location, the manager will receive
	UFFD_EVENT_REMAP. The uffd_msg.remap will contain the old and
	new addresses of the area and its original length.

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMOVE
	enable notifications about madvise(MADV_REMOVE) and
	madvise(MADV_DONTNEED) calls. The event UFFD_EVENT_REMOVE will
	be generated upon these calls to madvise. The uffd_msg.remove
	will contain start and end addresses of the removed area.

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_UNMAP
	enable notifications about memory unmapping. The manager will
	get UFFD_EVENT_UNMAP with uffd_msg.remove containing start and
	end addresses of the unmapped area.

Although the UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMOVE and UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_UNMAP
are pretty similar, they quite differ in the action expected from the
userfaultfd manager. In the former case, the virtual memory is
removed, but the area is not, the area remains monitored by the
userfaultfd, and if a page fault occurs in that area it will be
delivered to the manager. The proper resolution for such page fault is
to zeromap the faulting address. However, in the latter case, when an
area is unmapped, either explicitly (with munmap() system call), or
implicitly (e.g. during mremap()), the area is removed and in turn the
userfaultfd context for such area disappears too and the manager will
not get further userland page faults from the removed area. Still, the
notification is required in order to prevent manager from using
UFFDIO_COPY on the unmapped area.

Unlike userland page faults which have to be synchronous and require
explicit or implicit wakeup, all the events are delivered
asynchronously and the non-cooperative process resumes execution as
soon as manager executes read(). The userfaultfd manager should
carefully synchronize calls to UFFDIO_COPY with the events
processing. To aid the synchronization, the UFFDIO_COPY ioctl will
return -ENOSPC when the monitored process exits at the time of
UFFDIO_COPY, and -ENOENT, when the non-cooperative process has changed
its virtual memory layout simultaneously with outstanding UFFDIO_COPY
operation.

The current asynchronous model of the event delivery is optimal for
single threaded non-cooperative userfaultfd manager implementations. A
synchronous event delivery model can be added later as a new
userfaultfd feature to facilitate multithreading enhancements of the
non cooperative manager, for example to allow UFFDIO_COPY ioctls to
run in parallel to the event reception. Single threaded
implementations should continue to use the current async event
delivery model instead.
