bcache: Clean up bch_get_congested()

There are a few nits in this function.  They could in theory all
be separate patches, but that's probably taking small commits
too far.

1) I added a brief comment saying what it does.

2) I like to declare pointer parameters "const" where possible
   for documentation reasons.

3) It uses bitmap_weight(&rand, BITS_PER_LONG) to compute the Hamming
weight of a 32-bit random number (giving a random integer with
mean 16 and variance 8).  Passing by reference in a 64-bit variable
is silly; just use hweight32().

4) Its helper function fract_exp_two is unnecessarily tangled.
Gcc can optimize the multiply by (1 << x) to a shift, but it can
be written in a much more straightforward way at the cost of one
more bit of internal precision.  Some analysis reveals that this
bit is always available.

This shrinks the object code for fract_exp_two(x, 6) from 23 bytes:

0000000000000000 <foo1>:
   0:   89 f9                   mov    %edi,%ecx
   2:   c1 e9 06                shr    $0x6,%ecx
   5:   b8 01 00 00 00          mov    $0x1,%eax
   a:   d3 e0                   shl    %cl,%eax
   c:   83 e7 3f                and    $0x3f,%edi
   f:   d3 e7                   shl    %cl,%edi
  11:   c1 ef 06                shr    $0x6,%edi
  14:   01 f8                   add    %edi,%eax
  16:   c3                      retq

To 19:

0000000000000017 <foo2>:
  17:   89 f8                   mov    %edi,%eax
  19:   83 e0 3f                and    $0x3f,%eax
  1c:   83 c0 40                add    $0x40,%eax
  1f:   89 f9                   mov    %edi,%ecx
  21:   c1 e9 06                shr    $0x6,%ecx
  24:   d3 e0                   shl    %cl,%eax
  26:   c1 e8 06                shr    $0x6,%eax
  29:   c3                      retq

(Verified with 0 <= frac_bits <= 8, 0 <= x < 16<<frac_bits;
both versions produce the same output.)

5) And finally, the call to bch_get_congested() in check_should_bypass()
is separated from the use of the value by multiple tests which
could moot the need to compute it.  Move the computation down to
where it's needed.  This also saves a local register to hold the
computed value.
Signed-off-by: George Spelvin <lkml@sdf.org>
Signed-off-by: Coly Li <colyli@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>

drivers/md/bcache/request.c

@@ -329,12 +329,13 @@ void bch_data_insert(struct closure *cl)
 	bch_data_insert_start(cl);
 }
 
-/* Congested? */
-
-unsigned int bch_get_congested(struct cache_set *c)
+/*
+ * Congested?  Return 0 (not congested) or the limit (in sectors)
+ * beyond which we should bypass the cache due to congestion.
+ */
+unsigned int bch_get_congested(const struct cache_set *c)
 {
 	int i;
-	long rand;
 
 	if (!c->congested_read_threshold_us &&
 	    !c->congested_write_threshold_us)
@@ -353,8 +354,7 @@ unsigned int bch_get_congested(struct cache_set *c)
 	if (i > 0)
 		i = fract_exp_two(i, 6);
 
-	rand = get_random_int();
-	i -= bitmap_weight(&rand, BITS_PER_LONG);
+	i -= hweight32(get_random_u32());
 
 	return i > 0 ? i : 1;
 }
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ static bool check_should_bypass(struct cached_dev *dc, struct bio *bio)
 {
 	struct cache_set *c = dc->disk.c;
 	unsigned int mode = cache_mode(dc);
-	unsigned int sectors, congested = bch_get_congested(c);
+	unsigned int sectors, congested;
 	struct task_struct *task = current;
 	struct io *i;
 
@@ -412,6 +412,7 @@ static bool check_should_bypass(struct cached_dev *dc, struct bio *bio)
 			goto rescale;
 	}
 
+	congested = bch_get_congested(c);
 	if (!congested && !dc->sequential_cutoff)
 		goto rescale;
 

drivers/md/bcache/request.h

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ struct data_insert_op {
 	BKEY_PADDED(replace_key);
 };
 
-unsigned int bch_get_congested(struct cache_set *c);
+unsigned int bch_get_congested(const struct cache_set *c);
 void bch_data_insert(struct closure *cl);
 
 void bch_cached_dev_request_init(struct cached_dev *dc);

drivers/md/bcache/util.h

@@ -560,17 +560,29 @@ static inline uint64_t bch_crc64_update(uint64_t crc,
 	return crc;
 }
 
-/* Does linear interpolation between powers of two */
+/*
+ * A stepwise-linear pseudo-exponential.  This returns 1 << (x >>
+ * frac_bits), with the less-significant bits filled in by linear
+ * interpolation.
+ *
+ * This can also be interpreted as a floating-point number format,
+ * where the low frac_bits are the mantissa (with implicit leading
+ * 1 bit), and the more significant bits are the exponent.
+ * The return value is 1.mantissa * 2^exponent.
+ *
+ * The way this is used, fract_bits is 6 and the largest possible
+ * input is CONGESTED_MAX-1 = 1023 (exponent 16, mantissa 0x1.fc),
+ * so the maximum output is 0x1fc00.
+ */
 static inline unsigned int fract_exp_two(unsigned int x,
 					 unsigned int fract_bits)
 {
-	unsigned int fract = x & ~(~0 << fract_bits);
-
-	x >>= fract_bits;
-	x   = 1 << x;
-	x  += (x * fract) >> fract_bits;
+	unsigned int mantissa = 1 << fract_bits;	/* Implicit bit */
 
-	return x;
+	mantissa += x & (mantissa - 1);
+	x >>= fract_bits;	/* The exponent */
+	/* Largest intermediate value 0x7f0000 */
+	return mantissa << x >> fract_bits;
 }
 
 void bch_bio_map(struct bio *bio, void *base);