Merge pull request #1164 from yavorsky/master

Update exoskeleton to 0.7.0

examples/exoskeleton/.gitignore

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ node_modules/exoskeleton/*
 node_modules/backbone.localstorage/*
 !node_modules/backbone.localstorage/backbone.localStorage.js
 
+node_modules/backbone.nativeview/*
+!node_modules/backbone.nativeview/backbone.nativeview.js
+
 node_modules/todomvc-app-css/*
 !node_modules/todomvc-app-css/index.css
 

examples/exoskeleton/index.html

@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
 		<script src="node_modules/exoskeleton/exoskeleton.js"></script>
 		<script src="node_modules/microtemplates/index.js"></script>
 		<script src="node_modules/backbone.localstorage/backbone.localStorage.js"></script>
+		<script src="node_modules/backbone.nativeview/backbone.nativeview.js"></script>
+		<script>Backbone.View = Backbone.NativeView;</script>
 		<script src="js/models/todo.js"></script>
 		<script src="js/collections/todos.js"></script>
 		<script src="js/views/todo-view.js"></script>

examples/exoskeleton/js/views/app-view.js

@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@ var app = app || {};
 		el.style.display = toggle ? '' : 'none';
 	};
 
+	var matchesSelector = function (node, selector) {
+		return [].some.call(document.querySelectorAll(selector), function (el) {
+			return el === node;
+		});
+	};
+
 	// The Application
 	// ---------------
 
@@ -32,10 +38,10 @@ var app = app || {};
 		// collection, when items are added or changed. Kick things off by
 		// loading any preexisting todos that might be saved in *localStorage*.
 		initialize: function () {
-			this.allCheckbox = this.find('#toggle-all');
-			this.input = this.find('#new-todo');
-			this.footer = this.find('#footer');
-			this.main = this.find('#main');
+			this.allCheckbox = this.$('#toggle-all').item(0);
+			this.input = this.$('#new-todo').item(0);
+			this.footer = this.$('#footer').item(0);
+			this.main = this.$('#main').item(0);
 
 			this.listenTo(app.todos, 'add', this.addOne);
 			this.listenTo(app.todos, 'reset', this.addAll);
@@ -66,9 +72,9 @@ var app = app || {};
 					remaining: remaining
 				});
 
-				this.findAll('#filters li a').forEach(function (el) {
+				[].forEach.call(this.$('#filters li a'), function (el) {
 					el.classList.remove('selected');
-					if (Backbone.utils.matchesSelector(el, selector)) {
+					if (matchesSelector(el, selector)) {
 						el.classList.add('selected');
 					}
 				});
@@ -90,7 +96,7 @@ var app = app || {};
 
 		// Add all items in the **Todos** collection at once.
 		addAll: function () {
-			this.find('#todo-list').innerHTML = '';
+			this.$('#todo-list').item(0).innerHTML = '';
 			app.todos.forEach(this.addOne, this);
 		},
 

examples/exoskeleton/js/views/todo-view.js

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ var app = app || {};
 			var method = this.model.get('completed') ? 'add' : 'remove';
 			this.el.classList[method]('completed');
 			this.toggleVisible();
-			this.input = this.find('.edit');
+			this.input = this.$('.edit').item(0);
 			return this;
 		},
 

examples/exoskeleton/node_modules/backbone.nativeview/backbone.nativeview.js

+// Backbone.NativeView.js 0.3.2
+// ---------------
+
+//     (c) 2014 Adam Krebs, Jimmy Yuen Ho Wong
+//     Backbone.NativeView may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     https://github.com/akre54/Backbone.NativeView
+
+(function (factory) {
+  if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) { define(['backbone'], factory);
+  } else if (typeof exports === 'object') { factory(require('backbone'));
+  } else { factory(Backbone); }
+}(function (Backbone) {
+  // Cached regex to match an opening '<' of an HTML tag, possibly left-padded
+  // with whitespace.
+  var paddedLt = /^\s*</;
+
+  // Caches a local reference to `Element.prototype` for faster access.
+  var ElementProto = (typeof Element !== 'undefined' && Element.prototype) || {};
+
+  // Cross-browser event listener shims
+  var elementAddEventListener = ElementProto.addEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
+    return this.attachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+  }
+  var elementRemoveEventListener = ElementProto.removeEventListener || function(eventName, listener) {
+    return this.detachEvent('on' + eventName, listener);
+  }
+
+  var indexOf = function(array, item) {
+    for (var i = 0, len = array.length; i < len; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // Find the right `Element#matches` for IE>=9 and modern browsers.
+  var matchesSelector = ElementProto.matches ||
+      ElementProto.webkitMatchesSelector ||
+      ElementProto.mozMatchesSelector ||
+      ElementProto.msMatchesSelector ||
+      ElementProto.oMatchesSelector ||
+      // Make our own `Element#matches` for IE8
+      function(selector) {
+        // Use querySelectorAll to find all elements matching the selector,
+        // then check if the given element is included in that list.
+        // Executing the query on the parentNode reduces the resulting nodeList,
+        // (document doesn't have a parentNode).
+        var nodeList = (this.parentNode || document).querySelectorAll(selector) || [];
+        return !!~indexOf(nodeList, this);
+      };
+
+  // Cache Backbone.View for later access in constructor
+  var BBView = Backbone.View;
+
+  // To extend an existing view to use native methods, extend the View prototype
+  // with the mixin: _.extend(MyView.prototype, Backbone.NativeViewMixin);
+  Backbone.NativeViewMixin = {
+
+    _domEvents: null,
+
+    constructor: function() {
+      this._domEvents = [];
+      return BBView.apply(this, arguments);
+    },
+
+    $: function(selector) {
+      return this.el.querySelectorAll(selector);
+    },
+
+    _removeElement: function() {
+      this.undelegateEvents();
+      if (this.el.parentNode) this.el.parentNode.removeChild(this.el);
+    },
+
+    // Apply the `element` to the view. `element` can be a CSS selector,
+    // a string of HTML, or an Element node.
+    _setElement: function(element) {
+      if (typeof element == 'string') {
+        if (paddedLt.test(element)) {
+          var el = document.createElement('div');
+          el.innerHTML = element;
+          this.el = el.firstChild;
+        } else {
+          this.el = document.querySelector(element);
+        }
+      } else {
+        this.el = element;
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Set a hash of attributes to the view's `el`. We use the "prop" version
+    // if available, falling back to `setAttribute` for the catch-all.
+    _setAttributes: function(attrs) {
+      for (var attr in attrs) {
+        attr in this.el ? this.el[attr] = attrs[attr] : this.el.setAttribute(attr, attrs[attr]);
+      }
+    },
+
+    // Make a event delegation handler for the given `eventName` and `selector`
+    // and attach it to `this.el`.
+    // If selector is empty, the listener will be bound to `this.el`. If not, a
+    // new handler that will recursively traverse up the event target's DOM
+    // hierarchy looking for a node that matches the selector. If one is found,
+    // the event's `delegateTarget` property is set to it and the return the
+    // result of calling bound `listener` with the parameters given to the
+    // handler.
+    delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+      if (typeof selector === 'function') {
+        listener = selector;
+        selector = null;
+      }
+
+      var root = this.el;
+      var handler = selector ? function (e) {
+        var node = e.target || e.srcElement;
+        for (; node && node != root; node = node.parentNode) {
+          if (matchesSelector.call(node, selector)) {
+            e.delegateTarget = node;
+            listener(e);
+          }
+        }
+      } : listener;
+
+      elementAddEventListener.call(this.el, eventName, handler, false);
+      this._domEvents.push({eventName: eventName, handler: handler, listener: listener, selector: selector});
+      return handler;
+    },
+
+    // Remove a single delegated event. Either `eventName` or `selector` must
+    // be included, `selector` and `listener` are optional.
+    undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+      if (typeof selector === 'function') {
+        listener = selector;
+        selector = null;
+      }
+
+      if (this.el) {
+        var handlers = this._domEvents.slice();
+        for (var i = 0, len = handlers.length; i < len; i++) {
+          var item = handlers[i];
+
+          var match = item.eventName === eventName &&
+              (listener ? item.listener === listener : true) &&
+              (selector ? item.selector === selector : true);
+
+          if (!match) continue;
+
+          elementRemoveEventListener.call(this.el, item.eventName, item.handler, false);
+          this._domEvents.splice(indexOf(handlers, item), 1);
+        }
+      }
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove all events created with `delegate` from `el`
+    undelegateEvents: function() {
+      if (this.el) {
+        for (var i = 0, len = this._domEvents.length; i < len; i++) {
+          var item = this._domEvents[i];
+          elementRemoveEventListener.call(this.el, item.eventName, item.handler, false);
+        };
+        this._domEvents.length = 0;
+      }
+      return this;
+    }
+  };
+
+  Backbone.NativeView = Backbone.View.extend(Backbone.NativeViewMixin);
+
+  return Backbone.NativeView;
+}));

examples/exoskeleton/node_modules/exoskeleton/exoskeleton.js

 /*!
- * Exoskeleton.js 0.3.0
+ * Exoskeleton.js 0.7.0
  * (c) 2013 Paul Miller <http://paulmillr.com>
  * Based on Backbone.js
  * (c) 2010-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud
  * Exoskeleton may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
- * For all details and documentation: <http://exoskel.at>
+ * For all details and documentation: <http://exosjs.com>
  */
 
-(function(factory) {
+(function(root, factory) {
+  // Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment.
   if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
-    define(['underscore', 'jquery'], factory);
-  } else if (typeof exports === 'object') {
-    factory(require('underscore'), require('jquery'));
+    define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function(_, $, exports) {
+      root.Backbone = root.Exoskeleton = factory(root, exports, _, $);
+    });
+  } else if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    var _, $;
+    try { _ = require('underscore'); } catch(e) { }
+    try { $ = require('jquery'); } catch(e) { }
+    factory(root, exports, _, $);
   } else {
-    factory(this._, this.jQuery || this.Zepto || this.ender || this.$);
+    root.Backbone = root.Exoskeleton = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$));
   }
-})(function(_, $) {
+
+})(this, function(root, Backbone, _, $) {
   'use strict';
 
   // Initial Setup
   // -------------
 
-  // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `exports`
-  // on the server).
-  var root = (typeof window === 'undefined') ? exports : window;
-
   // Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
   // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
   var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
-
-  // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
-  // be attached to this. Exported for both the browser and the server.
-  var Backbone;
-  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
-    Backbone = exports;
-  } else {
-    Backbone = root.Backbone = {};
-  }
+  var previousExoskeleton = root.Exoskeleton;
 
   // Underscore replacement.
-  var utils = _ = Backbone.utils = _ || {};
+  var utils = Backbone.utils = _ = (_ || {});
 
   // Hold onto a local reference to `$`. Can be changed at any point.
   Backbone.$ = $;
@@ -48,7 +43,7 @@
   var array = [];
   var push = array.push;
   var slice = array.slice;
-  var splice = array.splice;
+  var toString = ({}).toString;
 
   // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
   // Backbone.VERSION = '1.0.0';
@@ -57,20 +52,10 @@
   // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
   Backbone.noConflict = function() {
     root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
+    root.Exoskeleton = previousExoskeleton;
     return this;
   };
 
-  // Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
-  // will fake `"PATCH"`, `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
-  // set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
-  Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;
-
-  // Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
-  // `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
-  // `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
-  // form param named `model`.
-  Backbone.emulateJSON = false;
-
   // Helpers
   // -------
 
@@ -84,7 +69,7 @@
     // The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
     // (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
     // by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
-    if (protoProps && hasOwnProperty.call(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
+    if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
       child = protoProps.constructor;
     } else {
       child = function(){ return parent.apply(this, arguments); };
@@ -123,195 +108,177 @@
       model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
     };
   };
-utils.result = function result(object, property) {
-  var value = object ? object[property] : undefined;
-  return typeof value === 'function' ? object[property]() : value;
-};
 
-utils.defaults = function defaults(obj, from1, from2) {
-  [].slice.call(arguments, 1).forEach(function(item) {
-    for (var key in item) if (obj[key] === undefined)
-      obj[key] = item[key];
-  });
-  return obj;
-};
+  // Checker for utility methods. Useful for custom builds.
+  var utilExists = function(method) {
+    return typeof _[method] === 'function';
+  };
 
-utils.extend = function extend(obj) {
-  [].slice.call(arguments, 1).forEach(function(item) {
-    for (var key in item) obj[key] = item[key];
-  });
-  return obj;
-};
+  utils.result = function result(object, property) {
+    var value = object ? object[property] : undefined;
+    return typeof value === 'function' ? object[property]() : value;
+  };
 
-var htmlEscapes = {
-  '&': '&amp;',
-  '<': '&lt;',
-  '>': '&gt;',
-  '"': '&quot;',
-  "'": '&#39;'
-};
+  utils.defaults = function defaults(obj) {
+    slice.call(arguments, 1).forEach(function(item) {
+      for (var key in item) if (obj[key] === undefined)
+        obj[key] = item[key];
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
 
-utils.escape = function escape(string) {
-  return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(/[&<>"']/g, function(match) {
-    return htmlEscapes[match];
-  });
-};
+  utils.extend = function extend(obj) {
+    slice.call(arguments, 1).forEach(function(item) {
+      for (var key in item) obj[key] = item[key];
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
 
-utils.sortedIndex = function sortedIndex(array, obj, iterator, context) {
-  iterator = iterator == null ? Function.prototype :
-    (typeof iterator === 'function' ? iterator : function(obj){ return obj[iterator]; });
-  var value = iterator.call(context, obj);
-  var low = 0, high = array.length;
-  while (low < high) {
-    var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
-    iterator.call(context, array[mid]) < value ? low = mid + 1 : high = mid;
-  }
-  return low;
-};
+  var htmlEscapes = {
+    '&': '&amp;',
+    '<': '&lt;',
+    '>': '&gt;',
+    '"': '&quot;',
+    "'": '&#39;'
+  };
 
-utils.sortBy = function(obj, value, context) {
-  var iterator = typeof value === 'function' ? value : function(obj){ return obj[value]; };
-  return obj
-    .map(function(value, index, list) {
-      return {
-        value: value,
-        index: index,
-        criteria: iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
-      };
-    })
-    .sort(function(left, right) {
-      var a = left.criteria;
-      var b = right.criteria;
-      if (a !== b) {
-        if (a > b || a === void 0) return 1;
-        if (a < b || b === void 0) return -1;
-      }
-      return left.index - right.index;
-    })
-    .map(function(item) {
-      return item.value;
+  utils.escape = function escape(string) {
+    return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(/[&<>"']/g, function(match) {
+      return htmlEscapes[match];
     });
-};
+  };
 
-/** Used to generate unique IDs */
-var idCounter = 0;
+  utils.sortBy = function(obj, value, context) {
+    var iterator = typeof value === 'function' ? value : function(obj){ return obj[value]; };
+    return obj
+      .map(function(value, index, list) {
+        return {
+          value: value,
+          index: index,
+          criteria: iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
+        };
+      })
+      .sort(function(left, right) {
+        var a = left.criteria;
+        var b = right.criteria;
+        if (a !== b) {
+          if (a > b || a === void 0) return 1;
+          if (a < b || b === void 0) return -1;
+        }
+        return left.index - right.index;
+      })
+      .map(function(item) {
+        return item.value;
+      });
+  };
 
-utils.uniqueId = function uniqueId(prefix) {
-  var id = ++idCounter + '';
-  return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
-};
+  /** Used to generate unique IDs */
+  var idCounter = 0;
 
-var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
-  // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
-  // See the [Harmony `egal` proposal](http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal).
-  if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
-  // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
-  if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
-  // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
-  //if (a instanceof _) a = a._wrapped;
-  //if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
-  // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
-  var className = toString.call(a);
-  if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
-  switch (className) {
-    // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
-    case '[object String]':
-      // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
-      // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
-      return a == String(b);
-    case '[object Number]':
-      // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
-      // other numeric values.
-      return a !== +a ? b !== +b : (a === 0 ? 1 / a === 1 / b : a === +b);
-    case '[object Date]':
-    case '[object Boolean]':
-      // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
-      // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
-      // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
-      return +a == +b;
-    // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
-    case '[object RegExp]':
-      return a.source == b.source &&
-             a.global == b.global &&
-             a.multiline == b.multiline &&
-             a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
-  }
-  if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
-  // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
-  // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
-  var length = aStack.length;
-  while (length--) {
-    // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
-    // unique nested structures.
-    if (aStack[length] == a) return bStack[length] == b;
-  }
-  // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s
-  // from different frames are.
-  var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
-  if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(typeof aCtor === 'function' && (aCtor instanceof aCtor) &&
-                           typeof bCtor === 'function' && (bCtor instanceof bCtor))) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
-  aStack.push(a);
-  bStack.push(b);
-  var size = 0, result = true;
-  // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
-  if (className == '[object Array]') {
-    // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
-    size = a.length;
-    result = size == b.length;
-    if (result) {
-      // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
-      while (size--) {
-        if (!(result = eq(a[size], b[size], aStack, bStack))) break;
-      }
+  utils.uniqueId = function uniqueId(prefix) {
+    var id = ++idCounter + '';
+    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
+  };
+
+  utils.has = function(obj, key) {
+    return Object.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key);
+  };
+
+  var eq = function(a, b, aStack, bStack) {
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
+    // See the [Harmony `egal` proposal](http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal).
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    //if (a instanceof _) a = a._wrapped;
+    //if (b instanceof _) b = b._wrapped;
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
+    switch (className) {
+      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object String]':
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
+        return a == String(b);
+      case '[object Number]':
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
+        // other numeric values.
+        return a !== +a ? b !== +b : (a === 0 ? 1 / a === 1 / b : a === +b);
+      case '[object Date]':
+      case '[object Boolean]':
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
+        return +a == +b;
+      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+        return a.source == b.source &&
+               a.global == b.global &&
+               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
+               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
     }
-  } else {
-    // Deep compare objects.
-    for (var key in a) {
-      if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
-        // Count the expected number of properties.
-        size++;
-        // Deep compare each member.
-        if (!(result = hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) break;
-      }
+    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
+    var length = aStack.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
+      // unique nested structures.
+      if (aStack[length] == a) return bStack[length] == b;
+    }
+    // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent, but `Object`s
+    // from different frames are.
+    var aCtor = a.constructor, bCtor = b.constructor;
+    if (aCtor !== bCtor && !(typeof aCtor === 'function' && (aCtor instanceof aCtor) &&
+                             typeof bCtor === 'function' && (bCtor instanceof bCtor))) {
+      return false;
     }
-    // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
-    if (result) {
-      for (key in b) {
-        if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
+    aStack.push(a);
+    bStack.push(b);
+    var size = 0, result = true;
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
+    if (className === '[object Array]') {
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
+      size = a.length;
+      result = size === b.length;
+      if (result) {
+        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
+        while (size--) {
+          if (!(result = eq(a[size], b[size], aStack, bStack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Deep compare objects.
+      for (var key in a) {
+        if (_.has(a, key)) {
+          // Count the expected number of properties.
+          size++;
+          // Deep compare each member.
+          if (!(result = _.has(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], aStack, bStack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
+      if (result) {
+        for (key in b) {
+          if (_.has(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+        }
+        result = !size;
       }
-      result = !size;
     }
-  }
-  // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
-  aStack.pop();
-  bStack.pop();
-  return result;
-};
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
+    aStack.pop();
+    bStack.pop();
+    return result;
+  };
 
-// Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
-utils.isEqual = function(a, b) {
-  return eq(a, b, [], []);
-};
-utils.matchesSelector = (function() {
-  // Suffix.
-  var sfx = 'MatchesSelector';
-  var tag = document.createElement('div');
-  var name;
-  ['matches', 'webkit' + sfx, 'moz' + sfx, 'ms' + sfx].some(function(item) {
-    var valid = (item in tag);
-    name = item;
-    return valid;
-  });
-  if (!name) {
-    throw new Error('Element#matches is not supported');
-  }
-  return function(element, selector) {
-    return element[name](selector)
+  // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
+  utils.isEqual = function(a, b) {
+    return eq(a, b, [], []);
   };
-})();
+
 // Backbone.Events
 // ---------------
 
@@ -343,7 +310,6 @@ var Events = Backbone.Events = {
     if (!eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
     var self = this;
     var ran;
-
     var once = function() {
       if (ran) return;
       ran = true;
@@ -362,10 +328,9 @@ var Events = Backbone.Events = {
     var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
     if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this;
     if (!name && !callback && !context) {
-      this._events = {};
+      this._events = void 0;
       return this;
     }
-
     names = name ? [name] : Object.keys(this._events);
     for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
       name = names[i];
@@ -459,7 +424,7 @@ var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
     case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
     case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
     case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
-    default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args);
+    default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args); return;
   }
 };
 
@@ -483,6 +448,11 @@ Object.keys(listenMethods).forEach(function(method) {
 // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
 Events.bind   = Events.on;
 Events.unbind = Events.off;
+
+// Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
+// want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
+_.extend(Backbone, Events);
+
 // Backbone.Model
 // --------------
 
@@ -525,7 +495,7 @@ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
 
   // Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
   toJSON: function(options) {
-    return _.extend(Object.create(null), this.attributes);
+    return _.extend({}, this.attributes);
   },
 
   // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
@@ -600,7 +570,7 @@ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
 
     // Trigger all relevant attribute changes.
     if (!silent) {
-      if (changes.length) this._pending = true;
+      if (changes.length) this._pending = options;
       for (var i = 0, l = changes.length; i < l; i++) {
         this.trigger('change:' + changes[i], this, current[changes[i]], options);
       }
@@ -611,6 +581,7 @@ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
     if (changing) return this;
     if (!silent) {
       while (this._pending) {
+        options = this._pending;
         this._pending = false;
         this.trigger('change', this, options);
       }
@@ -637,7 +608,7 @@ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
   // If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
   hasChanged: function(attr) {
     if (attr == null) return !!Object.keys(this.changed).length;
-    return hasOwnProperty.call(this.changed, attr);
+    return _.has(this.changed, attr);
   },
 
   // Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
@@ -778,9 +749,12 @@ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
   // using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
   // that will be called.
   url: function() {
-    var base = _.result(this, 'urlRoot') || _.result(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();
+    var base =
+      _.result(this, 'urlRoot') ||
+      _.result(this.collection, 'url') ||
+      urlError();
     if (this.isNew()) return base;
-    return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) === '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
+    return base.replace(/([^\/])$/, '$1/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
   },
 
   // **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
@@ -796,7 +770,7 @@ _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
 
   // A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
   isNew: function() {
-    return this.id == null;
+    return !this.has(this.idAttribute);
   },
 
   // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
@@ -822,7 +796,7 @@ if (_.keys) {
   var modelMethods = ['keys', 'values', 'pairs', 'invert', 'pick', 'omit'];
 
   // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
-  modelMethods.forEach(function(method) {
+  modelMethods.filter(utilExists).forEach(function(method) {
     Model.prototype[method] = function() {
       var args = slice.call(arguments);
       args.unshift(this.attributes);
@@ -830,6 +804,7 @@ if (_.keys) {
     };
   });
 }
+
 // Backbone.Collection
 // -------------------
 
@@ -901,7 +876,7 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
         options.index = index;
         model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
       }
-      this._removeReference(model);
+      this._removeReference(model, options);
     }
     return singular ? models[0] : models;
   },
@@ -927,11 +902,11 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
     // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
     // from being added.
     for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
-      attrs = models[i];
+      attrs = models[i] || {};
       if (attrs instanceof Model) {
         id = model = attrs;
       } else {
-        id = attrs[targetModel.prototype.idAttribute];
+        id = attrs[targetModel.prototype.idAttribute || 'id'];
       }
 
       // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
@@ -951,14 +926,13 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
         model = models[i] = this._prepareModel(attrs, options);
         if (!model) continue;
         toAdd.push(model);
-
-        // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
-        // `id` and by `cid`.
-        model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
-        this._byId[model.cid] = model;
-        if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+        this._addReference(model, options);
       }
-      if (order) order.push(existing || model);
+
+      // Do not add multiple models with the same `id`.
+      model = existing || model;
+      if (order && (model.isNew() || !modelMap[model.id])) order.push(model);
+      modelMap[model.id] = true;
     }
 
     // Remove nonexistent models if appropriate.
@@ -1008,7 +982,7 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
   reset: function(models, options) {
     options || (options = {});
     for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
-      this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
+      this._removeReference(this.models[i], options);
     }
     options.previousModels = this.models;
     this._reset();
@@ -1049,7 +1023,7 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
   // Get a model from the set by id.
   get: function(obj) {
     if (obj == null) return void 0;
-    return this._byId[obj.id] || this._byId[obj.cid] || this._byId[obj];
+    return this._byId[obj] || this._byId[obj.id] || this._byId[obj.cid];
   },
 
   // Get the model at the given index.
@@ -1127,7 +1101,7 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
     if (!options.wait) this.add(model, options);
     var collection = this;
     var success = options.success;
-    options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
+    options.success = function(model, resp) {
       if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
       if (success) success(model, resp, options);
     };
@@ -1151,17 +1125,14 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
   _reset: function() {
     this.length = 0;
     this.models = [];
-    this._byId  = {};
+    this._byId  = Object.create(null);
   },
 
   // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
   // collection.
   _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
-    if (attrs instanceof Collection.prototype.model) {
-      if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
-      return attrs;
-    }
-    options = options ? _.extend({}, options) : {};
+    if (attrs instanceof Model) return attrs;
+    options = _.extend({}, options);
     options.collection = this;
     var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
     if (!model.validationError) return model;
@@ -1169,8 +1140,16 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
     return false;
   },
 
+  // Internal method to create a model's ties to a collection.
+  _addReference: function(model, options) {
+    this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+    if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+    if (!model.collection) model.collection = this;
+    model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+  },
+
   // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
-  _removeReference: function(model) {
+  _removeReference: function(model, options) {
     if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
     model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
   },
@@ -1191,7 +1170,7 @@ _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
 
 });
 
-if (_.each) {
+if (utilExists('each')) {
   // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
   // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
   // right here:
@@ -1203,7 +1182,7 @@ if (_.each) {
     'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty', 'chain'];
 
   // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
-  methods.forEach(function(method) {
+  methods.filter(utilExists).forEach(function(method) {
     Collection.prototype[method] = function() {
       var args = slice.call(arguments);
       args.unshift(this.models);
@@ -1215,7 +1194,7 @@ if (_.each) {
   var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy'];
 
   // Use attributes instead of properties.
-  attributeMethods.forEach(function(method) {
+  attributeMethods.filter(utilExists).forEach(function(method) {
     Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) {
       var iterator = typeof value === 'function' ? value : function(model) {
         return model.get(value);
@@ -1226,12 +1205,23 @@ if (_.each) {
 } else {
   ['forEach', 'map', 'filter', 'some', 'every', 'reduce', 'reduceRight',
     'indexOf', 'lastIndexOf'].forEach(function(method) {
-    var fn = Array.prototype[method];
     Collection.prototype[method] = function(arg, context) {
-      return fn.call(this.models, arg, context);
+      return this.models[method](arg, context);
     };
   });
 
+  // Exoskeleton-specific:
+  Collection.prototype.find = function(iterator, context) {
+    var result;
+    this.some(function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
+        result = value;
+        return true;
+      }
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
   // Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument.
   ['sortBy'].forEach(function(method) {
     Collection.prototype[method] = function(value, context) {
@@ -1242,614 +1232,539 @@ if (_.each) {
     };
   });
 }
-// Backbone.View
-// -------------
-
-// Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
-// is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
-// DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
-// even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
-// UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
-// having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
-// react to specific changes in the state of your models.
-
-// Options with special meaning *(e.g. model, collection, id, className)* are
-// attached directly to the view.  See `viewOptions` for an exhaustive
-// list.
-
-// Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
-var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
-
-// List of view options to be merged as properties.
-var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
-
-// Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
-// if an existing element is not provided...
-var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
-  this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
-  if (options) Object.keys(options).forEach(function(key) {
-    if (viewOptions.indexOf(key) !== -1) this[key] = options[key];
-  }, this);
-  this._handlers = [];
-  this._ensureElement();
-  this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
-  this.delegateEvents();
-};
-
-// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
-_.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
 
-  // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
-  tagName: 'div',
-
-  // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
-  // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
-  $: function(selector) {
-    return Backbone.$ ? this.$el.find(selector) : this.findAll(selector);
-  },
+  // Backbone.View
+  // -------------
 
-  // Exoskeleton-related DOM methods.
-  find: function(selector) {
-    return this.el.querySelector(selector);
-  },
+  // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+  // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+  // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+  // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+  // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+  // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+  // react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+
+  // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+  // if an existing element is not provided...
+  var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+    this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+
+    if (options) Object.keys(options).forEach(function(key) {
+      if (viewOptions.indexOf(key) !== -1) this[key] = options[key];
+    }, this);
+
+    this._ensureElement();
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+  };
 
-  findAll: function(selector) {
-    return slice.call(this.el.querySelectorAll(selector));
-  },
+  // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+  var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
 
-  // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
-  // initialization logic.
-  initialize: function(){},
+  // List of view options to be merged as properties.
+  var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
 
-  // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
-  // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
-  // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
-  render: function() {
-    return this;
-  },
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
 
-  // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
-  // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
-  remove: function() {
-    if (Backbone.$) {
-      this.$el.remove()
-    } else if (this.el.parentNode) {
-      this.el.parentNode.removeChild(this.el);
-    }
-    this.stopListening();
-    return this;
-  },
+    // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+    tagName: 'div',
 
-  // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
-  // re-delegation.
-  setElement: function(element, delegate) {
-    if (Backbone.$) {
-      if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
-      this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
-      this.el = this.$el[0];
-    } else {
-      if (this.el) this.undelegateEvents();
-      var el = (typeof element === 'string') ?
-        document.querySelector(element) : element;
-      this.el = el;
-    }
-    if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
-    return this;
-  },
+    // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+    // current view. This should be preferred to global lookups where possible.
+    $: function(selector) {
+      return this.$el.find(selector);
+    },
 
-  delegate: function(eventName, selector, callback) {
-    if (typeof selector === 'function') {
-      callback = selector;
-      selector = null;
-    }
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+    // initialization logic.
+    initialize: function(){},
 
-    if (typeof callback !== 'function') {
-      throw new TypeError('View#delegate expects callback function');
-    }
+    // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+    // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+    // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+    render: function() {
+      return this;
+    },
 
-    var root = this.el;
-    var bound = callback.bind(this);
-    var handler = selector ? function(event) {
-      // if (event.target === root) {
-      //   event.delegateTarget = el;
-      //   return bound(event);
-      // }
-      for (var el = event.target; el && el !== root; el = el.parentNode) {
-        if (utils.matchesSelector(el, selector)) {
-          // event.currentTarget or event.target are read-only.
-          event.delegateTarget = el;
-          return bound(event);
-        }
+    // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+    // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+    remove: function() {
+      this._removeElement();
+      this.stopListening();
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Remove this view's element from the document and all event listeners
+    // attached to it. Exposed for subclasses using an alternative DOM
+    // manipulation API.
+    _removeElement: function() {
+      this.$el.remove();
+    },
+
+    // Change the view's element (`this.el` property) and re-delegate the
+    // view's events on the new element.
+    setElement: function(element) {
+      this.undelegateEvents();
+      this._setElement(element);
+      this.delegateEvents();
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Creates the `this.el` and `this.$el` references for this view using the
+    // given `el` and a hash of `attributes`. `el` can be a CSS selector or an
+    // HTML string, a jQuery context or an element. Subclasses can override
+    // this to utilize an alternative DOM manipulation API and are only required
+    // to set the `this.el` property.
+    _setElement: function(el) {
+      if (!Backbone.$) throw new Error('You must either include jQuery or override Backbone.View.prototype methods (Google Backbone.NativeView)');
+      this.$el = el instanceof Backbone.$ ? el : Backbone.$(el);
+      this.el = this.$el[0];
+    },
+
+    // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+    //
+    // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+    //
+    //     {
+    //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+    //       'click .button':     'save',
+    //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
+    //     }
+    //
+    // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+    // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+    // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+    delegateEvents: function(events) {
+      if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this;
+      this.undelegateEvents();
+      for (var key in events) {
+        var method = events[key];
+        if (typeof method !== 'function') method = this[events[key]];
+        // if (!method) continue;
+        var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+        this.delegate(match[1], match[2], method.bind(this));
       }
-    } : bound;
-
-    root.addEventListener(eventName, handler, false);
-    this._handlers.push({
-      eventName: eventName, selector: selector,
-      callback: callback, handler: handler
-    });
-    return handler;
-  },
-
-  undelegate: function(eventName, selector, callback) {
-    if (typeof selector === 'function') {
-      callback = selector;
-      selector = null;
-    }
-
-    var root = this.el;
-    var handlers = this._handlers;
-    var removeListener = function(item) {
-      root.removeEventListener(item.eventName, item.handler, false);
-    };
-
-    // Remove all handlers.
-    if (!eventName && !selector && !callback) {
-      handlers.forEach(removeListener);
-      this._handlers = [];
-    } else {
-      // Remove some handlers.
-      handlers
-        .filter(function(item) {
-          return item.eventName === eventName &&
-            (callback ? item.callback === callback : true) &&
-            (selector ? item.selector === selector : true);
-        })
-        .forEach(function(item) {
-          removeListener(item);
-          handlers.splice(handlers.indexOf(item), 1);
-        });
-    }
-  },
-
-  // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
-  //
-  // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
-  //
-  //     {
-  //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
-  //       'click .button':     'save',
-  //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
-  //     }
-  //
-  // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
-  // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
-  // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
-  // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
-  // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
-  delegateEvents: function(events, keepOld) {
-    if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this;
-    if (!keepOld) this.undelegateEvents();
-    for (var key in events) {
-      var method = events[key];
-      if (typeof method !== 'function') method = this[events[key]];
-      // if (!method) continue;
-
-      var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
-      var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
-
-      if (Backbone.$) {
-        eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
-        method = method.bind(this);
-        this.$el.on(eventName, (selector ? selector : null), method);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Add a single event listener to the view's element (or a child element
+    // using `selector`). This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`,
+    // `blur`, and not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+    delegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+      this.$el.on(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+    },
+
+    // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view by `delegateEvents`.
+    // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+    // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+    undelegateEvents: function() {
+      if (this.$el) this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // A finer-grained `undelegateEvents` for removing a single delegated event.
+    // `selector` and `listener` are both optional.
+    undelegate: function(eventName, selector, listener) {
+      this.$el.off(eventName + '.delegateEvents' + this.cid, selector, listener);
+    },
+
+    // Produces a DOM element to be assigned to your view. Exposed for
+    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+    _createElement: function(tagName) {
+      return document.createElement(tagName);
+    },
+
+    // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+    // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+    // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+    // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+    _ensureElement: function() {
+      if (!this.el) {
+        var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+        if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+        if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+        this.setElement(this._createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')));
+        this._setAttributes(attrs);
       } else {
-        this.delegate(eventName, selector, method)
+        this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'));
       }
-    }
-    return this;
-  },
-
-  // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
-  // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
-  // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
-  undelegateEvents: function() {
-    if (Backbone.$) {
-      this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
-    } else {
-      this.undelegate();
-    }
-    return this;
-  },
+    },
 
-  // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
-  // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
-  // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
-  // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
-  _ensureElement: function() {
-    if (!this.el) {
-      var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
-      if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
-      if (this.className) attrs.className = _.result(this, 'className');
-      if (attrs['class']) attrs.className = attrs['class'];
-      var el = _.extend(document.createElement(_.result(this, 'tagName')), attrs);
-      this.setElement(el, false);
-    } else {
-      this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
+    // Set attributes from a hash on this view's element.  Exposed for
+    // subclasses using an alternative DOM manipulation API.
+    _setAttributes: function(attributes) {
+      this.$el.attr(attributes);
     }
-  }
-
-});
-// Backbone.sync
-// -------------
-
-// Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
-// models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
-// model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
-// to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
-//
-// * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
-// * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
-// * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
-//
-// Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
-// as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
-// as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
-// instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
-// Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
-// it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
-Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
-  var type = methodMap[method];
-
-  // Default options, unless specified.
-  _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
-    emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
-    emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
   });
+  // Backbone.sync
+  // -------------
 
-  // Default JSON-request options.
-  var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
-
-  // Ensure that we have a URL.
-  if (!options.url) {
-    params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
-  }
-
-  // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
-  if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
-    params.contentType = 'application/json';
-    params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
-  }
-
-  // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
-  if (options.emulateJSON) {
-    params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
-    params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
-  }
-
-  // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
-  // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
-  if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
-    params.type = 'POST';
-    if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
-    var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
-    options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
-      xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
-      if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
-    };
-  }
-
-  // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
-  if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
-    params.processData = false;
-  }
-
-  // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
-  var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
-  model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
-  return xhr;
-};
-
-// Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
-var methodMap = {
-  'create': 'POST',
-  'update': 'PUT',
-  'patch':  'PATCH',
-  'delete': 'DELETE',
-  'read':   'GET'
-};
-
-// Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
-// Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
-Backbone.ajax = function() {
-  return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
-};
-// Backbone.Router
-// ---------------
-
-// Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
-// matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
-var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
-  options || (options = {});
-  if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
-  this._bindRoutes();
-  this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
-};
-
-// Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
-// parts of route strings.
-var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
-var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
-var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
-var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
-
-var isRegExp = function(value) {
-  return value ? (typeof value === 'object' && toString.call(value) === '[object RegExp]') : false;
-};
+  // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+  // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+  // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+  // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+  //
+  // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+  // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+  // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+  Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+    options || (options = {})
 
-// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
-_.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+    var type = methodMap[method];
 
-  // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
-  // initialization logic.
-  initialize: function(){},
+    // Default JSON-request options.
+    var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
 
-  // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
-  //
-  //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
-  //       ...
-  //     });
-  //
-  route: function(route, name, callback) {
-    if (!isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
-    if (typeof name === 'function') {
-      callback = name;
-      name = '';
+    // Ensure that we have a URL.
+    if (!options.url) {
+      params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
     }
-    if (!callback) callback = this[name];
-    var router = this;
-    Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
-      var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
-      callback && callback.apply(router, args);
-      router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
-      router.trigger('route', name, args);
-      Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
-    });
-    return this;
-  },
 
-  // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
-  navigate: function(fragment, options) {
-    Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
-    return this;
-  },
-
-  // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
-  // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
-  // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
-  _bindRoutes: function() {
-    if (!this.routes) return;
-    this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
-    var route, routes = Object.keys(this.routes);
-    while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
-      this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
+    // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+    if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+      params.contentType = 'application/json';
+      params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
     }
-  },
 
-  // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
-  // against the current location hash.
-  _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
-    route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
-                 .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
-                 .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
-                   return optional ? match : '([^\/]+)';
-                 })
-                 .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
-    return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
-  },
+    // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+    if (params.type !== 'GET') {
+      params.processData = false;
+    }
 
-  // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
-  // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
-  // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
-  _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
-    var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
-    return params.map(function(param) {
-      return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
-    });
-  }
+    // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+    var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+    model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+    return xhr;
+  };
 
-});
-// Backbone.History
-// ----------------
-
-// Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
-// [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
-// [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
-// and URL fragments.
-var History = Backbone.History = function() {
-  this.handlers = [];
-  this.checkUrl = this.checkUrl.bind(this);
-
-  // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
-  if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
-    this.location = window.location;
-    this.history = window.history;
-  }
-};
+  // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+  var methodMap = {
+    'create': 'POST',
+    'update': 'PUT',
+    'patch':  'PATCH',
+    'delete': 'DELETE',
+    'read':   'GET'
+  };
 
-// Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
-var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+  // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+  // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+  Backbone.ajax = function() {
+    if (!Backbone.$) throw new Error('You must either include jQuery or override Backbone.ajax (Google Backbone.NativeAjax)');
+    return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+  };
 
-// Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
-var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+  // Backbone.Router
+  // ---------------
 
-// Cached regex for removing a trailing slash.
-var trailingSlash = /\/$/;
+  // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+  // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+  var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+    options || (options = {});
+    if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+    this._bindRoutes();
+    this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+  };
 
-// Cached regex for stripping urls of hash and query.
-var pathStripper = /[#].*$/;
+  // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+  // parts of route strings.
+  var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+  var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+  var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
+  var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
 
-// Has the history handling already been started?
-History.started = false;
+  var isRegExp = function(value) {
+    return value ? (typeof value === 'object' && toString.call(value) === '[object RegExp]') : false;
+  };
 
-// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
-_.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+    // initialization logic.
+    initialize: function(){},
+
+    // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+    //
+    //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+    //       ...
+    //     });
+    //
+    route: function(route, name, callback) {
+      if (!isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+      if (typeof name === 'function') {
+        callback = name;
+        name = '';
+      }
+      if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+      var router = this;
+      Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+        var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+        router.execute(callback, args);
+        router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+        router.trigger('route', name, args);
+        Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+      });
+      return this;
+    },
 
-  // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
-  // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
-  getHash: function(window) {
-    var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
-    return match ? match[1] : '';
-  },
+    // Execute a route handler with the provided parameters.  This is an
+    // excellent place to do pre-route setup or post-route cleanup.
+    execute: function(callback, args) {
+      if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
+    },
 
-  // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
-  // the hash, or the override.
-  getFragment: function(fragment) {
-    if (fragment == null) {
-      if (this._wantsPushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
-        // CHANGED: Make fragment include query string.
-        fragment = this.location.pathname + this.location.search;
-        var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, '');
-        if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.slice(root.length);
-      } else {
-        fragment = this.getHash();
+    // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+      Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+      return this;
+    },
+
+    // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
+    // order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
+    // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
+    _bindRoutes: function() {
+      if (!this.routes) return;
+      this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
+      var route, routes = Object.keys(this.routes);
+      while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
+        this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
       }
-    }
-    return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
-  },
-
-  // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
-  // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
-  start: function(options) {
-    if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
-    History.started = true;
-
-    // Figure out the initial configuration.
-    // Is pushState desired or should we use hashchange only?
-    this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
-    this.root             = this.options.root;
-    this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
-    this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
-    var fragment          = this.getFragment();
-
-    // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
-    this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
-
-    // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, determine how we
-    // check the URL state.
-    if (this._wantsPushState) {
-      window.addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
-    } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
-      window.addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+    },
+
+    // Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
+    // against the current location hash.
+    _routeToRegExp: function(route) {
+      route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
+                   .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
+                   .replace(namedParam, function(match, optional) {
+                     return optional ? match : '([^/?]+)';
+                   })
+                   .replace(splatParam, '([^?]*?)');
+      return new RegExp('^' + route + '(?:\\?([\\s\\S]*))?$');
+    },
+
+    // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
+    // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+    // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
+    _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
+      var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+      return params.map(function(param, i) {
+        // Don't decode the search params.
+        if (i === params.length - 1) return param || null;
+        return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+      });
     }
 
-    // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
-    // opened by a non-pushState browser.
-    this.fragment = fragment;
-    var loc = this.location;
-    var atRoot = loc.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root;
-
-    // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
-    // requested.
-    if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
-      // If we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
-      // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
-      if (atRoot && loc.hash) {
-        this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
-        // CHANGED: It's no longer needed to add loc.search at the end,
-        // as query params have been already included into @fragment
-        this.history.replaceState({}, document.title, this.root + this.fragment);
-      }
+  });
 
+  // Backbone.History
+  // ----------------
+
+  // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+  // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+  // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+  // and URL fragments.
+  var History = Backbone.History = function() {
+    this.handlers = [];
+    this.checkUrl = this.checkUrl.bind(this);
+
+    // Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
+    if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
+      this.location = window.location;
+      this.history = window.history;
     }
+  };
 
-    if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
-  },
+  // Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
+  var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;
+
+  // Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
+  var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;
+
+  // Cached regex for removing a trailing slash.
+  var trailingSlash = /\/$/;
+
+  // Cached regex for stripping urls of hash and query.
+  var pathStripper = /[#].*$/;
+
+  // Has the history handling already been started?
+  History.started = false;
+
+  // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
+  _.extend(History.prototype, Events, {
+
+    // Are we at the app root?
+    atRoot: function() {
+      return this.location.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root;
+    },
+
+    // Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
+    // in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
+    getHash: function(window) {
+      var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
+      return match ? match[1] : '';
+    },
+
+    // Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
+    // the hash, or the override.
+    getFragment: function(fragment, forcePushState) {
+      if (fragment == null) {
+        if (this._wantsPushState || !this._wantsHashChange) {
+          fragment = decodeURI(this.location.pathname + this.location.search);
+          var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, '');
+          if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.slice(root.length);
+        } else {
+          fragment = this.getHash();
+        }
+      }
+      return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
+    },
+
+    // Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
+    // an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
+    start: function(options) {
+      if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
+      History.started = true;
+
+      // Figure out the initial configuration.
+      // Is pushState desired or should we use hashchange only?
+      this.options          = _.extend({root: '/'}, this.options, options);
+      this.root             = this.options.root;
+      this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
+      this._wantsPushState  = !!this.options.pushState;
+      var fragment          = this.getFragment();
+
+      // Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
+      this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');
+
+      // Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, determine how we
+      // check the URL state.
+      if (this._wantsPushState) {
+        window.addEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl, false);
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+        window.addEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl, false);
+      }
 
-  // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
-  // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
-  stop: function() {
-    window.removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl);
-    window.removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
-    History.started = false;
-  },
+      // Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
+      // opened by a non-pushState browser.
+      this.fragment = fragment;
+      var loc = this.location;
 
-  // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
-  // may override previous routes.
-  route: function(route, callback) {
-    this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
-  },
+      // Transition from hashChange to pushState or vice versa if both are
+      // requested.
+      if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState) {
 
-  // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
-  // calls `loadUrl`.
-  checkUrl: function(e) {
-    var current = this.getFragment();
-    if (current === this.fragment) return false;
-    this.loadUrl();
-  },
+        // If we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
+        // in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
+        if (this.atRoot() && loc.hash) {
+          this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
+          this.history.replaceState({}, document.title, this.root + this.fragment);
+        }
 
-  // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
-  // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
-  // returns `false`.
-  loadUrl: function(fragment) {
-    fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
-    return this.handlers.some(function(handler) {
-      if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
-        handler.callback(fragment);
-        return true;
       }
-    });
-  },
 
-  // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
-  // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
-  // the fragment in advance.
-  //
-  // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
-  // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
-  // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
-  navigate: function(fragment, options) {
-    if (!History.started) return false;
-    if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
-
-    var url = this.root + (fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || ''));
-
-    // Strip the fragment of the query and hash for matching.
-    fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');
-
-    if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
-    this.fragment = fragment;
-
-    // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
-    if (fragment === '' && url !== '/') url = url.slice(0, -1);
-
-    // If we're using pushState we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
-    if (this._wantsPushState) {
-      this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
-
-    // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
-    // fragment to store history.
-    } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
-      this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
-    // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
-    // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
-    } else {
-      return this.location.assign(url);
+      if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
+    },
+
+    // Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
+    // but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
+    stop: function() {
+      window.removeEventListener('popstate', this.checkUrl);
+      window.removeEventListener('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
+      History.started = false;
+    },
+
+    // Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
+    // may override previous routes.
+    route: function(route, callback) {
+      this.handlers.unshift({route: route, callback: callback});
+    },
+
+    // Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
+    // calls `loadUrl`.
+    checkUrl: function() {
+      var current = this.getFragment();
+      if (current === this.fragment) return false;
+      this.loadUrl();
+    },
+
+    // Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
+    // match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
+    // returns `false`.
+    loadUrl: function(fragment) {
+      fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragment);
+      return this.handlers.some(function(handler) {
+        if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
+          handler.callback(fragment);
+          return true;
+        }
+      });
+    },
+
+    // Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
+    // 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
+    // the fragment in advance.
+    //
+    // The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
+    // route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
+    // you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
+    navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+      if (!History.started) return false;
+      if (!options || options === true) options = {trigger: !!options};
+
+      var url = this.root + (fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || ''));
+
+      // Strip the hash for matching.
+      fragment = fragment.replace(pathStripper, '');
+
+      if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
+      this.fragment = fragment;
+
+      // Don't include a trailing slash on the root.
+      if (fragment === '' && url !== '/') url = url.slice(0, -1);
+
+      // If we're using pushState we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
+      if (this._wantsPushState) {
+        this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);
+
+      // If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
+      // fragment to store history.
+      } else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
+        this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
+      // If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
+      // based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
+      } else {
+        return this.location.assign(url);
+      }
+      if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
+    },
+
+    // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
+    // a new one to the browser history.
+    _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
+      if (replace) {
+        var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
+        location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
+      } else {
+        // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
+        location.hash = '#' + fragment;
+      }
     }
-    if (options.trigger) return this.loadUrl(fragment);
-  },
 
-  // Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
-  // a new one to the browser history.
-  _updateHash: function(location, fragment, replace) {
-    if (replace) {
-      var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
-      location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
-    } else {
-      // Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
-      location.hash = '#' + fragment;
-    }
-  }
+  });
 
-});
   // !!!
   // Init.
-  Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = Backbone.extend;
+  ['Model', 'Collection', 'Router', 'View', 'History'].forEach(function(name) {
+    var item = Backbone[name];
+    if (item) item.extend = Backbone.extend;
+  });
 
   // Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
   // want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
   _.extend(Backbone, Events);
 
-  // Create the default Backbone.history.
-  Backbone.history = new History;
+  // Create the default Backbone.history if the History module is included.
+  if (History) Backbone.history = new History();
   return Backbone;
 });

examples/exoskeleton/package.json

 {
   "private": true,
   "dependencies": {
-    "exoskeleton": "^0.3.0",
+    "exoskeleton": "^0.7.0",
     "backbone.localstorage": "^1.1.16",
+    "backbone.nativeview": "^0.3.2",
     "todomvc-app-css": "^1.0.0",
     "todomvc-common": "^1.0.1",
     "microtemplates": "^0.1.0"