merge

Cython/Compiler/AutoDocTransforms.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class EmbedSignature(CythonTransform):
         try:
             denv = self.denv  # XXX
             ctval = default_val.compile_time_value(self.denv)
-            repr_val = '%r' % ctval
+            repr_val = repr(ctval)
             if isinstance(default_val, ExprNodes.UnicodeNode):
                 if repr_val[:1] != 'u':
                     return u'u%s' % repr_val
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ class EmbedSignature(CythonTransform):
                 if repr_val[:1] != 'b':
                     return u'b%s' % repr_val
             elif isinstance(default_val, ExprNodes.StringNode):
-                if repr_val[:1] in ('u', 'b'):
-                    repr_val[1:]
+                if repr_val[:1] in 'ub':
+                    return repr_val[1:]
             return repr_val
         except Exception:
             try:

Cython/Compiler/Buffer.py

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ def analyse_buffer_options(globalpos, env, posargs, dictargs, defaults=None, nee
     if defaults is None:
         defaults = buffer_defaults
     
-    posargs, dictargs = Interpreter.interpret_compiletime_options(posargs, dictargs, type_env=env)
+    posargs, dictargs = Interpreter.interpret_compiletime_options(posargs, dictargs, type_env=env, type_args = (0,'dtype'))
     
     if len(posargs) > buffer_positional_options_count:
         raise CompileError(posargs[-1][1], ERR_BUF_TOO_MANY)

Cython/Compiler/Code.py

@@ -637,6 +637,8 @@ class GlobalState(object):
     def put_cached_builtin_init(self, pos, name, cname):
         w = self.parts['cached_builtins']
         interned_cname = self.get_interned_identifier(name).cname
+        from ExprNodes import get_name_interned_utility_code
+        self.use_utility_code(get_name_interned_utility_code)
         w.putln('%s = __Pyx_GetName(%s, %s); if (!%s) %s' % (
             cname,
             Naming.builtins_cname,
@@ -667,7 +669,7 @@ class GlobalState(object):
         decls_writer = self.parts['decls']
         for _, cname, c in c_consts:
             decls_writer.putln('static char %s[] = "%s";' % (
-                cname, c.escaped_value))
+                cname, StringEncoding.split_string_literal(c.escaped_value)))
             if c.py_strings is not None:
                 for py_string in c.py_strings.itervalues():
                     py_strings.append((c.cname, len(py_string.cname), py_string))

Cython/Compiler/ExprNodes.py

@@ -1041,6 +1041,44 @@ class ImagNode(AtomicExprNode):
             code.put_gotref(self.py_result())
         
 
+class NewExprNode(AtomicExprNode):
+
+    # C++ new statement
+    #
+    # cppclass              string               c++ class to create
+    # template_parameters   None or [ExprNode]   temlate parameters, if any
+    
+    def infer_type(self, env):
+        entry = env.lookup(self.cppclass)
+        if entry is None or not entry.is_cpp_class:
+            error(self.pos, "new operator can only be applied to a C++ class")
+            return
+        self.cpp_check(env)
+        if self.template_parameters is not None:
+            template_types = [v.analyse_as_type(env) for v in self.template_parameters]
+            type = entry.type.specialize_here(self.pos, template_types)
+        else:
+            type = entry.type
+        constructor = type.scope.lookup(u'<init>')
+        if constructor is None:
+            return_type = PyrexTypes.CFuncType(type, [])
+            return_type = PyrexTypes.CPtrType(return_type)
+            type.scope.declare_cfunction(u'<init>', return_type, self.pos)
+            constructor = type.scope.lookup(u'<init>')
+        self.class_type = type
+        self.entry = constructor
+        self.type = constructor.type
+        return self.type
+    
+    def analyse_types(self, env):
+        self.infer_type(env)
+   
+    def generate_result_code(self, code):
+        pass
+   
+    def calculate_result_code(self):
+        return "new " + self.class_type.declaration_code("")
+
 
 class NameNode(AtomicExprNode):
     #  Reference to a local or global variable name.
@@ -1210,8 +1248,8 @@ class NameNode(AtomicExprNode):
                 self.is_temp = 0
             else:
                 self.is_temp = 1
+                env.use_utility_code(get_name_interned_utility_code)
             self.is_used_as_rvalue = 1
-            env.use_utility_code(get_name_interned_utility_code)
 
     def nogil_check(self, env):
         if self.is_used_as_rvalue:
@@ -1239,7 +1277,8 @@ class NameNode(AtomicExprNode):
         if entry.is_type and entry.type.is_extension_type:
             self.type_entry = entry
         if not (entry.is_const or entry.is_variable 
-            or entry.is_builtin or entry.is_cfunction):
+            or entry.is_builtin or entry.is_cfunction
+            or entry.is_cpp_class):
                 if self.entry.as_variable:
                     self.entry = self.entry.as_variable
                 else:
@@ -1297,6 +1336,7 @@ class NameNode(AtomicExprNode):
                 namespace = Naming.builtins_cname
             else: # entry.is_pyglobal
                 namespace = entry.scope.namespace_cname
+            code.globalstate.use_utility_code(get_name_interned_utility_code)
             code.putln(
                 '%s = __Pyx_GetName(%s, %s); %s' % (
                 self.result(),
@@ -1517,7 +1557,13 @@ class IteratorNode(ExprNode):
     
     def analyse_types(self, env):
         self.sequence.analyse_types(env)
-        self.sequence = self.sequence.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
+        if isinstance(self.sequence, SliceIndexNode) and \
+               (self.sequence.base.type.is_array or self.sequence.base.type.is_ptr) \
+               or self.sequence.type.is_array and self.sequence.type.size is not None:
+            # C array iteration will be transformed later on
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.sequence = self.sequence.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
         self.is_temp = 1
 
     gil_message = "Iterating over Python object"
@@ -1767,7 +1813,19 @@ class IndexNode(ExprNode):
     def analyse_as_type(self, env):
         base_type = self.base.analyse_as_type(env)
         if base_type and not base_type.is_pyobject:
-            return PyrexTypes.CArrayType(base_type, int(self.index.compile_time_value(env)))
+            if base_type.is_cpp_class:
+                if isinstance(self.index, TupleNode):
+                    template_values = self.index.args
+                else:
+                    template_values = [self.index]
+                import Nodes
+                type_node = Nodes.TemplatedTypeNode(
+                    pos = self.pos, 
+                    positional_args = template_values, 
+                    keyword_args = None)
+                return type_node.analyse(env, base_type = base_type)
+            else:
+                return PyrexTypes.CArrayType(base_type, int(self.index.compile_time_value(env)))
         return None
     
     def type_dependencies(self, env):
@@ -1869,18 +1927,33 @@ class IndexNode(ExprNode):
             else:
                 if self.base.type.is_ptr or self.base.type.is_array:
                     self.type = self.base.type.base_type
+                    if self.index.type.is_pyobject:
+                        self.index = self.index.coerce_to(
+                            PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, env)
+                    if not self.index.type.is_int:
+                        error(self.pos,
+                            "Invalid index type '%s'" %
+                                self.index.type)
+                elif self.base.type.is_cpp_class:
+                    function = env.lookup_operator("[]", [self.base, self.index])
+                    function = self.base.type.scope.lookup("operator[]")
+                    if function is None:
+                        error(self.pos, "Indexing '%s' not supported for index type '%s'" % (self.base.type, self.index.type))
+                        self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
+                        self.result_code = "<error>"
+                        return
+                    func_type = function.type
+                    if func_type.is_ptr:
+                        func_type = func_type.base_type
+                    self.index = self.index.coerce_to(func_type.args[0].type, env)
+                    self.type = func_type.return_type
+                    if setting and not func_type.return_type.is_reference:
+                        error(self.pos, "Can't set non-reference '%s'" % self.type)
                 else:
                     error(self.pos,
                         "Attempting to index non-array type '%s'" %
                             self.base.type)
                     self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
-                if self.index.type.is_pyobject:
-                    self.index = self.index.coerce_to(
-                        PyrexTypes.c_py_ssize_t_type, env)
-                if not self.index.type.is_int:
-                    error(self.pos,
-                        "Invalid index type '%s'" %
-                            self.index.type)
     gil_message = "Indexing Python object"
 
     def nogil_check(self, env):
@@ -2380,6 +2453,15 @@ class CallNode(ExprNode):
             self.analyse_types(env)
             self.coerce_to(type, env)
             return True
+        elif type and type.is_cpp_class:
+            for arg in self.args:
+                arg.analyse_types(env)
+            constructor = type.scope.lookup("<init>")
+            self.function = RawCNameExprNode(self.function.pos, constructor.type)
+            self.function.entry = constructor
+            self.function.set_cname(type.declaration_code(""))
+            self.analyse_c_function_call(env)
+            return True
 
     def nogil_check(self, env):
         func_type = self.function_type()
@@ -2426,6 +2508,8 @@ class SimpleCallNode(CallNode):
     def infer_type(self, env):
         function = self.function
         func_type = function.infer_type(env)
+        if isinstance(self.function, NewExprNode):
+            return PyrexTypes.CPtrType(self.function.class_type)
         if func_type.is_ptr:
             func_type = func_type.base_type
         if func_type.is_cfunction:
@@ -2515,36 +2599,26 @@ class SimpleCallNode(CallNode):
         return func_type
     
     def analyse_c_function_call(self, env):
-        func_type = self.function_type()
-        # Check function type
-        if not func_type.is_cfunction:
-            if not func_type.is_error:
-                error(self.pos, "Calling non-function type '%s'" %
-                    func_type)
+        if self.function.type.is_cpp_class:
+            function = self.function.type.scope.lookup("operator()")
+            if function is None:
+                self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
+                self.result_code = "<error>"
+                return
+        else:
+            function = self.function.entry
+        entry = PyrexTypes.best_match(self.args, function.all_alternatives(), self.pos)
+        if not entry:
             self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
             self.result_code = "<error>"
             return
+        self.function.entry = entry
+        self.function.type = entry.type
+        func_type = self.function_type()
         # Check no. of args
         max_nargs = len(func_type.args)
         expected_nargs = max_nargs - func_type.optional_arg_count
         actual_nargs = len(self.args)
-        if actual_nargs < expected_nargs \
-            or (not func_type.has_varargs and actual_nargs > max_nargs):
-                expected_str = str(expected_nargs)
-                if func_type.has_varargs:
-                    expected_str = "at least " + expected_str
-                elif func_type.optional_arg_count:
-                    if actual_nargs < max_nargs:
-                        expected_str = "at least " + expected_str
-                    else:
-                        expected_str = "at most " + str(max_nargs)
-                error(self.pos, 
-                    "Call with wrong number of arguments (expected %s, got %s)"
-                        % (expected_str, actual_nargs))
-                self.args = None
-                self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
-                self.result_code = "<error>"
-                return
         if func_type.optional_arg_count and expected_nargs != actual_nargs:
             self.has_optional_args = 1
             self.is_temp = 1
@@ -2557,7 +2631,10 @@ class SimpleCallNode(CallNode):
                 error(self.args[i].pos, 
                     "Python object cannot be passed as a varargs parameter")
         # Calc result type and code fragment
-        self.type = func_type.return_type
+        if isinstance(self.function, NewExprNode):
+            self.type = PyrexTypes.CPtrType(self.function.class_type)
+        else:
+            self.type = func_type.return_type
         if self.type.is_pyobject:
             self.result_ctype = py_object_type
             self.is_temp = 1
@@ -2574,7 +2651,7 @@ class SimpleCallNode(CallNode):
     
     def c_call_code(self):
         func_type = self.function_type()
-        if self.args is None or not func_type.is_cfunction:
+        if self.type is PyrexTypes.error_type or not func_type.is_cfunction:
             return "<error>"
         formal_args = func_type.args
         arg_list_code = []
@@ -2874,6 +2951,9 @@ class AttributeNode(ExprNode):
     def as_cython_attribute(self):
         if isinstance(self.obj, NameNode) and self.obj.is_cython_module:
             return self.attribute
+        cy = self.obj.as_cython_attribute()
+        if cy:
+            return "%s.%s" % (cy, self.attribute)
 
     def coerce_to(self, dst_type, env):
         #  If coercing to a generic pyobject and this is a cpdef function
@@ -4012,6 +4092,7 @@ class UnboundMethodNode(ExprNode):
                 code.error_goto_if_null(self.result(), self.pos)))
         code.put_gotref(self.py_result())
 
+
 class PyCFunctionNode(AtomicExprNode):
     #  Helper class used in the implementation of Python
     #  class definitions. Constructs a PyCFunction object
@@ -4088,6 +4169,8 @@ class UnopNode(ExprNode):
             self.coerce_operand_to_pyobject(env)
             self.type = py_object_type
             self.is_temp = 1
+        elif self.is_cpp_operation():
+            self.analyse_cpp_operation(env)
         else:
             self.analyse_c_operation(env)
     
@@ -4101,6 +4184,10 @@ class UnopNode(ExprNode):
         if self.is_py_operation():
             self.gil_error()
 
+    def is_cpp_operation(self):
+        type = self.operand.type
+        return type.is_cpp_class or type.is_reference and type.base_type.is_cpp_class
+    
     def coerce_operand_to_pyobject(self, env):
         self.operand = self.operand.coerce_to_pyobject(env)
     
@@ -4124,6 +4211,22 @@ class UnopNode(ExprNode):
                 (self.operator, self.operand.type))
         self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
 
+    def analyse_cpp_operation(self, env):
+        type = self.operand.type
+        if type.is_ptr or type.is_reference:
+            type = type.base_type
+        entry = env.lookup(type.name)
+        function = entry.type.scope.lookup("operator%s" % self.operator)
+        if not function:
+            error(self.pos, "'%s' operator not defined for %s"
+                % (self.operator, type))
+            self.type_error()
+            return
+        func_type = function.type
+        if func_type.is_ptr:
+            func_type = func_type.base_type
+        self.type = func_type.return_type
+
 
 class NotNode(ExprNode):
     #  'not' operator
@@ -4170,7 +4273,10 @@ class UnaryPlusNode(UnopNode):
         return "PyNumber_Positive"
     
     def calculate_result_code(self):
-        return self.operand.result()
+        if self.is_cpp_operation():
+            return "(+%s)" % self.operand.result()
+        else:
+            return self.operand.result()
 
 
 class UnaryMinusNode(UnopNode):
@@ -4216,6 +4322,45 @@ class TildeNode(UnopNode):
         return "(~%s)" % self.operand.result()
 
 
+class CUnopNode(UnopNode):
+
+    def is_py_operation(self):
+        return False
+
+class DereferenceNode(CUnopNode):
+    #  unary * operator
+
+    operator = '*'
+    
+    def analyse_c_operation(self, env):
+        if self.operand.type.is_ptr:
+            self.type = self.operand.type.base_type
+        else:
+            self.type_error()
+
+    def calculate_result_code(self):
+        return "(*%s)" % self.operand.result()
+
+
+class DecrementIncrementNode(CUnopNode):
+    #  unary ++/-- operator
+    
+    def analyse_c_operation(self, env):
+        if self.operand.type.is_ptr or self.operand.type.is_numeric:
+            self.type = self.operand.type
+        else:
+            self.type_error()
+
+    def calculate_result_code(self):
+        if self.is_prefix:
+            return "(%s%s)" % (self.operator, self.operand.result())
+        else:
+            return "(%s%s)" % (self.operand.result(), self.operator)
+
+def inc_dec_constructor(is_prefix, operator):
+    return lambda pos, **kwds: DecrementIncrementNode(pos, is_prefix=is_prefix, operator=operator, **kwds)
+
+
 class AmpersandNode(ExprNode):
     #  The C address-of operator.
     #
@@ -4570,8 +4715,12 @@ class BinopNode(ExprNode):
         self.operand2.analyse_types(env)
         if self.is_py_operation():
             self.coerce_operands_to_pyobjects(env)
-            self.type = py_object_type
+            self.type = self.result_type(self.operand1.type,
+                                         self.operand2.type)
+            assert self.type.is_pyobject
             self.is_temp = 1
+        elif self.is_cpp_operation():
+            self.analyse_cpp_operation(env)
         else:
             self.analyse_c_operation(env)
     
@@ -4581,8 +4730,59 @@ class BinopNode(ExprNode):
     def is_py_operation_types(self, type1, type2):
         return type1.is_pyobject or type2.is_pyobject
 
+    def is_cpp_operation(self):
+        type1 = self.operand1.type
+        type2 = self.operand2.type
+        if type1.is_reference:
+            type1 = type1.base_type
+        if type2.is_reference:
+            type2 = type2.base_type
+        return (type1.is_cpp_class
+            or type2.is_cpp_class)
+    
+    def analyse_cpp_operation(self, env):
+        type1 = self.operand1.type
+        type2 = self.operand2.type
+        entry = env.lookup_operator(self.operator, [self.operand1, self.operand2])
+        if not entry:
+            self.type_error()
+            return
+        func_type = entry.type
+        if func_type.is_ptr:
+            func_type = func_type.base_type
+        if len(func_type.args) == 1:
+            self.operand2 = self.operand2.coerce_to(func_type.args[0].type, env)
+        else:
+            self.operand1 = self.operand1.coerce_to(func_type.args[0].type, env)
+            self.operand2 = self.operand2.coerce_to(func_type.args[1].type, env)
+        self.type = func_type.return_type
+    
     def result_type(self, type1, type2):
         if self.is_py_operation_types(type1, type2):
+            if type2.is_string:
+                type2 = Builtin.bytes_type
+            if type1.is_string:
+                type1 = Builtin.bytes_type
+            elif self.operator == '%' \
+                     and type1 in (Builtin.str_type, Builtin.unicode_type):
+                # note that  b'%s' % b'abc'  doesn't work in Py3
+                return type1
+            if type1.is_builtin_type:
+                if type1 is type2:
+                    if self.operator in '**%+|&^':
+                        # FIXME: at least these operators should be safe - others?
+                        return type1
+                elif self.operator == '*':
+                    if type1 in (Builtin.bytes_type, Builtin.str_type, Builtin.unicode_type):
+                        return type1
+                    # multiplication of containers/numbers with an
+                    # integer value always (?) returns the same type
+                    if type2.is_int:
+                        return type1
+            elif type2.is_builtin_type and type1.is_int and self.operator == '*':
+                # multiplication of containers/numbers with an
+                # integer value always (?) returns the same type
+                return type2
             return py_object_type
         else:
             return self.compute_c_result_type(type1, type2)
@@ -4790,6 +4990,8 @@ class DivNode(NumBinopNode):
         else:
             self.ctruedivision = self.truedivision
         NumBinopNode.analyse_types(self, env)
+        if self.is_cpp_operation():
+            self.cdivision = True
         if not self.type.is_pyobject:
             self.zerodivision_check = (
                 self.cdivision is None and not env.directives['cdivision']
@@ -5184,6 +5386,15 @@ class CmpNode(object):
                 result = result and cascade.compile_time_value(operand2, denv)
         return result
 
+    def is_cpp_comparison(self):
+        type1 = self.operand1.type
+        type2 = self.operand2.type
+        if type1.is_reference:
+            type1 = type1.base_type
+        if type2.is_reference:
+            type2 = type2.base_type
+        return type1.is_cpp_class or type2.is_cpp_class
+
     def find_common_int_type(self, env, op, operand1, operand2):
         # type1 != type2 and at least one of the types is not a C int
         type1 = operand1.type
@@ -5442,6 +5653,11 @@ class PrimaryCmpNode(ExprNode, CmpNode):
     def analyse_types(self, env):
         self.operand1.analyse_types(env)
         self.operand2.analyse_types(env)
+        if self.is_cpp_comparison():
+            self.analyse_cpp_comparison(env)
+            if self.cascade:
+                error(self.pos, "Cascading comparison not yet supported for cpp types.")
+            return
         if self.cascade:
             self.cascade.analyse_types(env)
 
@@ -5470,7 +5686,27 @@ class PrimaryCmpNode(ExprNode, CmpNode):
             cdr = cdr.cascade
         if self.is_pycmp or self.cascade:
             self.is_temp = 1
-
+    
+    def analyse_cpp_comparison(self, env):
+        type1 = self.operand1.type
+        type2 = self.operand2.type
+        entry = env.lookup_operator(self.operator, [self.operand1, self.operand2])
+        if entry is None:
+            error(self.pos, "Invalid types for '%s' (%s, %s)" %
+                (self.operator, type1, type2))
+            self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
+            self.result_code = "<error>"
+            return
+        func_type = entry.type
+        if func_type.is_ptr:
+            func_type = func_type.base_type
+        if len(func_type.args) == 1:
+            self.operand2 = self.operand2.coerce_to(func_type.args[0].type, env)
+        else:
+            self.operand1 = self.operand1.coerce_to(func_type.args[0].type, env)
+            self.operand2 = self.operand2.coerce_to(func_type.args[1].type, env)
+        self.type = func_type.return_type
+    
     def has_python_operands(self):
         return (self.operand1.type.is_pyobject
             or self.operand2.type.is_pyobject)

Cython/Compiler/Interpreter.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class EmptyScope(object):
     
 empty_scope = EmptyScope()
 
-def interpret_compiletime_options(optlist, optdict, type_env=None):
+def interpret_compiletime_options(optlist, optdict, type_env=None, type_args=()):
     """
     Tries to interpret a list of compile time option nodes.
     The result will be a tuple (optlist, optdict) but where
@@ -34,21 +34,21 @@ def interpret_compiletime_options(optlist, optdict, type_env=None):
     A CompileError will be raised if there are problems.
     """
 
-    def interpret(node):
-        if isinstance(node, CBaseTypeNode):
+    def interpret(node, ix):
+        if ix in type_args:
             if type_env:
-                return (node.analyse(type_env), node.pos)
+                return (node.analyse_as_type(type_env), node.pos)
             else:
                 raise CompileError(node.pos, "Type not allowed here.")
         else:
             return (node.compile_time_value(empty_scope), node.pos)
      
     if optlist:
-        optlist = [interpret(x) for x in optlist]
+        optlist = [interpret(x, ix) for ix, x in enumerate(optlist)]
     if optdict:
         assert isinstance(optdict, DictNode)
         new_optdict = {}
         for item in optdict.key_value_pairs:
-            new_optdict[item.key.value] = interpret(item.value)
+            new_optdict[item.key.value] = interpret(item.value, item.key.value)
         optdict = new_optdict
     return (optlist, new_optdict)

Cython/Compiler/Main.py

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ class Context(object):
     #  include_directories   [string]
     #  future_directives     [object]
     
-    def __init__(self, include_directories, compiler_directives):
+    def __init__(self, include_directories, compiler_directives, cpp=False):
         #self.modules = {"__builtin__" : BuiltinScope()}
         import Builtin, CythonScope
         self.modules = {"__builtin__" : Builtin.builtin_scope}
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@ class Context(object):
         self.include_directories = include_directories
         self.future_directives = set()
         self.compiler_directives = compiler_directives
+        self.cpp = cpp
 
         self.pxds = {} # full name -> node tree
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ class Context(object):
         from ParseTreeTransforms import AnalyseDeclarationsTransform, AnalyseExpressionsTransform
         from ParseTreeTransforms import CreateClosureClasses, MarkClosureVisitor, DecoratorTransform
         from ParseTreeTransforms import InterpretCompilerDirectives, TransformBuiltinMethods
-        from TypeInference import MarkAssignments
+        from TypeInference import MarkAssignments, MarkOverflowingArithmatic
         from ParseTreeTransforms import AlignFunctionDefinitions, GilCheck
         from AnalysedTreeTransforms import AutoTestDictTransform
         from AutoDocTransforms import EmbedSignature
@@ -134,6 +135,7 @@ class Context(object):
             EmbedSignature(self),
             EarlyReplaceBuiltinCalls(self),
             MarkAssignments(self),
+            MarkOverflowingArithmatic(self),
             TransformBuiltinMethods(self),
             IntroduceBufferAuxiliaryVars(self),
             _check_c_declarations,
@@ -217,8 +219,11 @@ class Context(object):
             for phase in pipeline:
                 if phase is not None:
                     if DebugFlags.debug_verbose_pipeline:
+                        t = time()
                         print "Entering pipeline phase %r" % phase
                     data = phase(data)
+                    if DebugFlags.debug_verbose_pipeline:
+                        print "    %.3f seconds" % (time() - t)
         except CompileError, err:
             # err is set
             Errors.report_error(err)
@@ -451,6 +456,7 @@ class Context(object):
         if not isinstance(source_desc, FileSourceDescriptor):
             raise RuntimeError("Only file sources for code supported")
         source_filename = Utils.encode_filename(source_desc.filename)
+        scope.cpp = self.cpp
         # Parse the given source file and return a parse tree.
         try:
             f = Utils.open_source_file(source_filename, "rU")
@@ -540,7 +546,7 @@ def create_default_resultobj(compilation_source, options):
 
 def run_pipeline(source, options, full_module_name = None):
     # Set up context
-    context = Context(options.include_path, options.compiler_directives)
+    context = Context(options.include_path, options.compiler_directives, options.cplus)
 
     # Set up source object
     cwd = os.getcwd()

Cython/Compiler/ModuleNode.py

@@ -616,7 +616,10 @@ class ModuleNode(Nodes.Node, Nodes.BlockNode):
         includes = []
         for filename in env.include_files:
             # fake decoding of filenames to their original byte sequence
-            code.putln('#include "%s"' % filename)
+            if filename[0] == '<' and filename[-1] == '>':
+                code.putln('#include %s' % filename)
+            else:
+                code.putln('#include "%s"' % filename)
     
     def generate_filename_table(self, code):
         code.putln("")

Cython/Compiler/Nodes.py

+
 #
 #   Pyrex - Parse tree nodes
 #
@@ -18,10 +19,10 @@ import PyrexTypes
 import TypeSlots
 from PyrexTypes import py_object_type, error_type, CFuncType
 from Symtab import ModuleScope, LocalScope, GeneratorLocalScope, \
-    StructOrUnionScope, PyClassScope, CClassScope
+    StructOrUnionScope, PyClassScope, CClassScope, CppClassScope
 from Cython.Utils import open_new_file, replace_suffix
 from Code import UtilityCode
-from StringEncoding import EncodedString, escape_byte_string, split_docstring
+from StringEncoding import EncodedString, escape_byte_string, split_string_literal
 import Options
 import ControlFlow
 import DebugFlags
@@ -143,6 +144,15 @@ class Node(object):
 
     def gil_error(self, env=None):
         error(self.pos, "%s not allowed without gil" % self.gil_message)
+    
+    cpp_message = "Operation"
+    
+    def cpp_check(self, env):
+        if not env.is_cpp():
+            self.cpp_error()
+
+    def cpp_error(self):
+        error(self.pos, "%s only allowed in c++" % self.cpp_message)
 
     def clone_node(self):
         """Clone the node. This is defined as a shallow copy, except for member lists
@@ -447,7 +457,19 @@ class CPtrDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
                 "Pointer base type cannot be a Python object")
         ptr_type = PyrexTypes.c_ptr_type(base_type)
         return self.base.analyse(ptr_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)
-        
+
+class CReferenceDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
+    # base     CDeclaratorNode
+
+    child_attrs = ["base"]
+
+    def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty = 0):
+        if base_type.is_pyobject:
+            error(self.pos,
+                  "Reference base type cannot be a Python object")
+        ref_type = PyrexTypes.c_ref_type(base_type)
+        return self.base.analyse(ref_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)
+
 class CArrayDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
     # base        CDeclaratorNode
     # dimension   ExprNode
@@ -455,6 +477,19 @@ class CArrayDeclaratorNode(CDeclaratorNode):
     child_attrs = ["base", "dimension"]
     
     def analyse(self, base_type, env, nonempty = 0):
+        if base_type.is_cpp_class:
+            from ExprNodes import TupleNode
+            if isinstance(self.dimension, TupleNode):
+                args = self.dimension.args
+            else:
+                args = self.dimension,
+            values = [v.analyse_as_type(env) for v in args]
+            if None in values:
+                ix = values.index(None)
+                error(args[ix].pos, "Template parameter not a type.")
+                return error_type
+            base_type = base_type.specialize_here(self.pos, values)
+            return self.base.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)
         if self.dimension:
             self.dimension.analyse_const_expression(env)
             if not self.dimension.type.is_int:
@@ -626,6 +661,17 @@ class CArgDeclNode(Node):
             base_type = self.base_type.analyse(env, could_be_name = could_be_name)
             if hasattr(self.base_type, 'arg_name') and self.base_type.arg_name:
                 self.declarator.name = self.base_type.arg_name
+            # The parser is unable to resolve the ambiguity of [] as part of the 
+            # type (e.g. in buffers) or empty declarator (as with arrays). 
+            # This is only arises for empty multi-dimensional arrays.
+            if (base_type.is_array 
+                    and isinstance(self.base_type, TemplatedTypeNode) 
+                    and isinstance(self.declarator, CArrayDeclaratorNode)):
+                declarator = self.declarator
+                while isinstance(declarator.base, CArrayDeclaratorNode):
+                    declarator = declarator.base
+                declarator.base = self.base_type.array_declarator
+                base_type = base_type.base_type
             return self.declarator.analyse(base_type, env, nonempty = nonempty)
         else:
             return self.name_declarator, self.type
@@ -655,6 +701,9 @@ class CBaseTypeNode(Node):
     
     pass
     
+    def analyse_as_type(self, env):
+        return self.analyse(env)
+    
 class CAnalysedBaseTypeNode(Node):
     # type            type
     
@@ -714,7 +763,12 @@ class CSimpleBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
                         type = py_object_type
                     self.arg_name = self.name
                 else:
-                    error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
+                    if self.templates:
+                        if not self.name in self.templates:
+                            error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
+                        type = PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(self.name)
+                    else:
+                        error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a type identifier" % self.name)
         if self.complex:
             if not type.is_numeric or type.is_complex:
                 error(self.pos, "can only complexify c numeric types")
@@ -725,14 +779,14 @@ class CSimpleBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
         else:
             return PyrexTypes.error_type
 
-class CBufferAccessTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
+class TemplatedTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
     #  After parsing:
     #  positional_args  [ExprNode]        List of positional arguments
     #  keyword_args     DictNode          Keyword arguments
     #  base_type_node   CBaseTypeNode
 
     #  After analysis:
-    #  type             PyrexType.BufferType   ...containing the right options
+    #  type             PyrexTypes.BufferType or PyrexTypes.CppClassType  ...containing the right options
 
 
     child_attrs = ["base_type_node", "positional_args",
@@ -742,24 +796,58 @@ class CBufferAccessTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
 
     name = None
     
-    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False):
-        base_type = self.base_type_node.analyse(env)
+    def analyse(self, env, could_be_name = False, base_type = None):
+        if base_type is None:
+            base_type = self.base_type_node.analyse(env)
         if base_type.is_error: return base_type
-        import Buffer
-
-        options = Buffer.analyse_buffer_options(
-            self.pos,
-            env,
-            self.positional_args,
-            self.keyword_args,
-            base_type.buffer_defaults)
-
-        if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
-            # Py 2.x enforces byte strings as keyword arguments ...
-            options = dict([ (name.encode('ASCII'), value)
-                             for name, value in options.iteritems() ])
-
-        self.type = PyrexTypes.BufferType(base_type, **options)
+        
+        if base_type.is_cpp_class:
+            # Templated class
+            if self.keyword_args and self.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
+                error(self.pos, "c++ templates cannot take keyword arguments");
+                self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
+            else:
+                template_types = []
+                for template_node in self.positional_args:
+                    template_types.append(template_node.analyse_as_type(env))
+                self.type = base_type.specialize_here(self.pos, template_types)
+        
+        elif base_type.is_pyobject:
+            # Buffer
+            import Buffer
+
+            options = Buffer.analyse_buffer_options(
+                self.pos,
+                env,
+                self.positional_args,
+                self.keyword_args,
+                base_type.buffer_defaults)
+
+            if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+                # Py 2.x enforces byte strings as keyword arguments ...
+                options = dict([ (name.encode('ASCII'), value)
+                                 for name, value in options.iteritems() ])
+
+            self.type = PyrexTypes.BufferType(base_type, **options)
+        
+        else:
+            # Array
+            empty_declarator = CNameDeclaratorNode(self.pos, name="", cname=None)
+            if len(self.positional_args) > 1 or self.keyword_args.key_value_pairs:
+                error(self.pos, "invalid array declaration")
+                self.type = PyrexTypes.error_type
+            else:
+                # It would be nice to merge this class with CArrayDeclaratorNode, 
+                # but arrays are part of the declaration, not the type...
+                if not self.positional_args:
+                    dimension = None
+                else:
+                    dimension = self.positional_args[0]
+                self.array_declarator = CArrayDeclaratorNode(self.pos, 
+                    base = empty_declarator, 
+                    dimension = dimension)
+                self.type = self.array_declarator.analyse(base_type, env)[1]
+        
         return self.type
 
 class CComplexBaseTypeNode(CBaseTypeNode):
@@ -904,6 +992,46 @@ class CStructOrUnionDefNode(StatNode):
         pass
 
 
+class CppClassNode(CStructOrUnionDefNode):
+
+    #  name          string
+    #  cname         string or None
+    #  visibility    "extern"
+    #  in_pxd        boolean
+    #  attributes    [CVarDefNode] or None
+    #  entry         Entry
+    #  base_classes  [string]
+    #  templates     [string] or None
+
+    def analyse_declarations(self, env):
+        scope = None
+        if len(self.attributes) != 0:
+            scope = CppClassScope(self.name, env)
+        else:
+            self.attributes = None
+        base_class_types = []
+        for base_class_name in self.base_classes:
+            base_class_entry = env.lookup(base_class_name)
+            if base_class_entry is None:
+                error(self.pos, "'%s' not found" % base_class_name)
+            elif not base_class_entry.is_type or not base_class_entry.type.is_cpp_class:
+                error(self.pos, "'%s' is not a cpp class type" % base_class_name)
+            else:
+                base_class_types.append(base_class_entry.type)
+        if self.templates is None:
+            template_types = None
+        else:
+            template_types = [PyrexTypes.TemplatePlaceholderType(template_name) for template_name in self.templates]
+        self.entry = env.declare_cpp_class(
+            self.name, scope, self.pos,
+            self.cname, base_class_types, visibility = self.visibility, templates = template_types)
+        self.entry.is_cpp_class = 1
+        if self.attributes is not None:
+            if self.in_pxd and not env.in_cinclude:
+                self.entry.defined_in_pxd = 1
+            for attr in self.attributes:
+                attr.analyse_declarations(scope)
+
 class CEnumDefNode(StatNode):
     #  name           string or None
     #  cname          string or None
@@ -1936,7 +2064,7 @@ class DefNode(FuncDefNode):
             code.putln(
                 'static char %s[] = "%s";' % (
                     self.entry.doc_cname,
-                    split_docstring(escape_byte_string(docstr))))
+                    split_string_literal(escape_byte_string(docstr))))
         if with_pymethdef:
             code.put(
                 "static PyMethodDef %s = " % 
@@ -3391,8 +3519,14 @@ class DelStatNode(StatNode):
     def analyse_expressions(self, env):
         for arg in self.args:
             arg.analyse_target_expression(env, None)
-            if not arg.type.is_pyobject:
-                error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-Python object")
+            if arg.type.is_pyobject:
+                pass
+            elif arg.type.is_ptr and arg.type.base_type.is_cpp_class:
+                self.cpp_check(env)
+            elif arg.type.is_cpp_class:
+                error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-heap C++ object")
+            else:
+                error(arg.pos, "Deletion of non-Python, non-C++ object")
             #arg.release_target_temp(env)
 
     def nogil_check(self, env):
@@ -3406,6 +3540,9 @@ class DelStatNode(StatNode):
         for arg in self.args:
             if arg.type.is_pyobject:
                 arg.generate_deletion_code(code)
+            elif arg.type.is_ptr and arg.type.base_type.is_cpp_class:
+                arg.generate_result_code(code)
+                code.putln("delete %s;" % arg.result())
             # else error reported earlier
 
     def annotate(self, code):
@@ -4041,7 +4178,7 @@ class ForFromStatNode(LoopNode, StatNode):
                 target_node = ExprNodes.PyTempNode(self.target.pos, None)
                 target_node.allocate(code)
                 interned_cname = code.intern_identifier(self.target.entry.name)
-                code.putln("/*here*/")
+                code.globalstate.use_utility_code(ExprNodes.get_name_interned_utility_code)
                 code.putln("%s = __Pyx_GetName(%s, %s); %s" % (
                                 target_node.result(),
                                 Naming.module_cname, 
@@ -4767,7 +4904,9 @@ class FromImportStatNode(StatNode):
                         break
             else:
                 entry =  env.lookup(target.name)
-                if entry.is_type and entry.type.name == name and entry.type.module_name == self.module.module_name.value:
+                if (entry.is_type and 
+                    entry.type.name == name and
+                    entry.type.module_name == self.module.module_name.value):
                     continue # already cimported
                 target.analyse_target_expression(env, None)
                 if target.type is py_object_type:

Cython/Compiler/Optimize.py

@@ -89,10 +89,12 @@ class IterationTransform(Visitor.VisitorTransform):
             return self._transform_dict_iteration(
                 node, dict_obj=iterator, keys=True, values=False)
 
-        # C array slice iteration?
+        # C array (slice) iteration?
         if isinstance(iterator, ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode) and \
                (iterator.base.type.is_array or iterator.base.type.is_ptr):
             return self._transform_carray_iteration(node, iterator)
+        elif iterator.type.is_array:
+            return self._transform_carray_iteration(node, iterator)
         elif not isinstance(iterator, ExprNodes.SimpleCallNode):
             return node
 
@@ -131,13 +133,26 @@ class IterationTransform(Visitor.VisitorTransform):
         return node
 
     def _transform_carray_iteration(self, node, slice_node):
-        start = slice_node.start
-        stop = slice_node.stop
-        step = None
-        if not stop:
+        if isinstance(slice_node, ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode):
+            slice_base = slice_node.base
+            start = slice_node.start
+            stop = slice_node.stop
+            step = None
+            if not stop:
+                return node
+        elif slice_node.type.is_array and slice_node.type.size is not None:
+            slice_base = slice_node
+            start = None
+            stop = ExprNodes.IntNode(
+                slice_node.pos, value=str(slice_node.type.size))
+            step = None
+        else:
             return node
 
-        carray_ptr = slice_node.base.coerce_to_simple(self.current_scope)
+        ptr_type = slice_base.type
+        if ptr_type.is_array:
+            ptr_type = ptr_type.element_ptr_type()
+        carray_ptr = slice_base.coerce_to_simple(self.current_scope)
 
         if start and start.constant_result != 0:
             start_ptr_node = ExprNodes.AddNode(
@@ -145,7 +160,7 @@ class IterationTransform(Visitor.VisitorTransform):
                 operand1=carray_ptr,
                 operator='+',
                 operand2=start,
-                type=carray_ptr.type)
+                type=ptr_type)
         else:
             start_ptr_node = carray_ptr
 
@@ -154,13 +169,13 @@ class IterationTransform(Visitor.VisitorTransform):
             operand1=carray_ptr,
             operator='+',
             operand2=stop,
-            type=carray_ptr.type
+            type=ptr_type
             ).coerce_to_simple(self.current_scope)
 
-        counter = UtilNodes.TempHandle(carray_ptr.type)
+        counter = UtilNodes.TempHandle(ptr_type)
         counter_temp = counter.ref(node.target.pos)
 
-        if slice_node.base.type.is_string and node.target.type.is_pyobject:
+        if slice_base.type.is_string and node.target.type.is_pyobject:
             # special case: char* -> bytes
             target_value = ExprNodes.SliceIndexNode(
                 node.target.pos,
@@ -181,7 +196,7 @@ class IterationTransform(Visitor.VisitorTransform):
                                         type=PyrexTypes.c_int_type),
                 base=counter_temp,
                 is_buffer_access=False,
-                type=carray_ptr.type.base_type)
+                type=ptr_type.base_type)
 
         if target_value.type != node.target.type:
             target_value = target_value.coerce_to(node.target.type,
@@ -1606,20 +1621,20 @@ impl = ""
 pop_utility_code = UtilityCode(
 proto = """
 static CYTHON_INLINE PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_Pop(PyObject* L) {
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02040000
     if (likely(PyList_CheckExact(L))
             /* Check that both the size is positive and no reallocation shrinking needs to be done. */
             && likely(PyList_GET_SIZE(L) > (((PyListObject*)L)->allocated >> 1))) {
         Py_SIZE(L) -= 1;
         return PyList_GET_ITEM(L, PyList_GET_SIZE(L));
     }
-    else {
-        PyObject *r, *m;
-        m = __Pyx_GetAttrString(L, "pop");
-        if (!m) return NULL;
-        r = PyObject_CallObject(m, NULL);
-        Py_DECREF(m);
-        return r;
-    }
+#endif
+    PyObject *r, *m;
+    m = __Pyx_GetAttrString(L, "pop");
+    if (!m) return NULL;
+    r = PyObject_CallObject(m, NULL);
+    Py_DECREF(m);
+    return r;
 }
 """,
 impl = ""
@@ -1632,6 +1647,7 @@ static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_PopIndex(PyObject* L, Py_ssize_t ix);
 impl = """
 static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_PopIndex(PyObject* L, Py_ssize_t ix) {
     PyObject *r, *m, *t, *py_ix;
+#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02040000
     if (likely(PyList_CheckExact(L))) {
         Py_ssize_t size = PyList_GET_SIZE(L);
         if (likely(size > (((PyListObject*)L)->allocated >> 1))) {
@@ -1650,6 +1666,7 @@ static PyObject* __Pyx_PyObject_PopIndex(PyObject* L, Py_ssize_t ix) {
             }
         }
     }
+#endif
     py_ix = t = NULL;
     m = __Pyx_GetAttrString(L, "pop");
     if (!m) goto bad;

Cython/Compiler/ParseTreeTransforms.py

@@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ class PostParseError(CompileError): pass
 
 # error strings checked by unit tests, so define them
 ERR_CDEF_INCLASS = 'Cannot assign default value to fields in cdef classes, structs or unions'
-ERR_BUF_LOCALONLY = 'Buffer types only allowed as function local variables'
 ERR_BUF_DEFAULTS = 'Invalid buffer defaults specification (see docs)'
 ERR_INVALID_SPECIALATTR_TYPE = 'Special attributes must not have a type declared'
 class PostParse(CythonTransform):
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
     
     - Interpret some node structures into Python runtime values.
     Some nodes take compile-time arguments (currently:
-    CBufferAccessTypeNode[args] and __cythonbufferdefaults__ = {args}),
+    TemplatedTypeNode[args] and __cythonbufferdefaults__ = {args}),
     which should be interpreted. This happens in a general way
     and other steps should be taken to ensure validity.
 
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
     - For __cythonbufferdefaults__ the arguments are checked for
     validity.
 
-    CBufferAccessTypeNode has its directives interpreted:
+    TemplatedTypeNode has its directives interpreted:
     Any first positional argument goes into the "dtype" attribute,
     any "ndim" keyword argument goes into the "ndim" attribute and
     so on. Also it is checked that the directive combination is valid.
@@ -243,11 +242,6 @@ class PostParse(CythonTransform):
             self.context.nonfatal_error(e)
             return None
 
-    def visit_CBufferAccessTypeNode(self, node):
-        if not self.scope_type == 'function':
-            raise PostParseError(node.pos, ERR_BUF_LOCALONLY)
-        return node
-
 class PxdPostParse(CythonTransform, SkipDeclarations):
     """
     Basic interpretation/validity checking that should only be
@@ -329,7 +323,23 @@ class InterpretCompilerDirectives(CythonTransform, SkipDeclarations):
     duplication of functionality has to occur: We manually track cimports
     and which names the "cython" module may have been imported to.
     """
-    special_methods = set(['declare', 'union', 'struct', 'typedef', 'sizeof', 'typeof', 'cast', 'address', 'pointer', 'compiled', 'NULL'])
+    unop_method_nodes = {
+        'typeof': TypeofNode,
+        
+        'operator.address': AmpersandNode,
+        'operator.dereference': DereferenceNode,
+        'operator.preincrement' : inc_dec_constructor(True, '++'),
+        'operator.predecrement' : inc_dec_constructor(True, '--'),
+        'operator.postincrement': inc_dec_constructor(False, '++'),
+        'operator.postdecrement': inc_dec_constructor(False, '--'),
+
+        # For backwards compatability.
+        'address': AmpersandNode,
+    }
+    
+    special_methods = set(['declare', 'union', 'struct', 'typedef', 'sizeof',
+                           'cast', 'pointer', 'compiled', 'NULL']
+                          + unop_method_nodes.keys())
 
     def __init__(self, context, compilation_directive_defaults):
         super(InterpretCompilerDirectives, self).__init__(context)
@@ -364,26 +374,37 @@ class InterpretCompilerDirectives(CythonTransform, SkipDeclarations):
         node.cython_module_names = self.cython_module_names
         return node
 
-    # Track cimports of the cython module.
+    # The following four functions track imports and cimports that
+    # begin with "cython"
+    def is_cython_directive(self, name):
+        return (name in Options.directive_types or
+                name in self.special_methods or
+                PyrexTypes.parse_basic_type(name))
+
     def visit_CImportStatNode(self, node):
         if node.module_name == u"cython":
+            self.cython_module_names.add(node.as_name or u"cython")
+        elif node.module_name.startswith(u"cython."):
             if node.as_name:
-                modname = node.as_name
+                self.directive_names[node.as_name] = node.module_name[7:]
             else:
-                modname = u"cython"
-            self.cython_module_names.add(modname)
+                self.cython_module_names.add(u"cython")
+            # if this cimport was a compiler directive, we don't
+            # want to leave the cimport node sitting in the tree
+            return None
         return node
     
     def visit_FromCImportStatNode(self, node):
-        if node.module_name == u"cython":
+        if (node.module_name == u"cython") or \
+               node.module_name.startswith(u"cython."):
+            submodule = (node.module_name + u".")[7:]
             newimp = []
             for pos, name, as_name, kind in node.imported_names:
-                if (name in Options.directive_types or 
-                        name in self.special_methods or
-                        PyrexTypes.parse_basic_type(name)):
+                full_name = submodule + name
+                if self.is_cython_directive(full_name):
                     if as_name is None:
-                        as_name = name
-                    self.directive_names[as_name] = name
+                        as_name = full_name
+                    self.directive_names[as_name] = full_name
                     if kind is not None:
                         self.context.nonfatal_error(PostParseError(pos,
                             "Compiler directive imports must be plain imports"))
@@ -395,13 +416,14 @@ class InterpretCompilerDirectives(CythonTransform, SkipDeclarations):
         return node
         
     def visit_FromImportStatNode(self, node):
-        if node.module.module_name.value == u"cython":
+        if (node.module.module_name.value == u"cython") or \
+               node.module.module_name.value.startswith(u"cython."):
+            submodule = (node.module.module_name.value + u".")[7:]
             newimp = []
             for name, name_node in node.items:
-                if (name in Options.directive_types or 
-                        name in self.special_methods or
-                        PyrexTypes.parse_basic_type(name)):
-                    self.directive_names[name_node.name] = name
+                full_name = submodule + name
+                if self.is_cython_directive(full_name):
+                    self.directive_names[name_node.name] = full_name
                 else:
                     newimp.append((name, name_node))
             if not newimp:
@@ -1016,7 +1038,12 @@ class TransformBuiltinMethods(EnvTransform):
         # cython.foo
         function = node.function.as_cython_attribute()
         if function:
-            if function == u'cast':
+            if function in InterpretCompilerDirectives.unop_method_nodes:
+                if len(node.args) != 1:
+                    error(node.function.pos, u"%s() takes exactly one argument" % function)
+                else:
+                    node = InterpretCompilerDirectives.unop_method_nodes[function](node.function.pos, operand=node.args[0])
+            elif function == u'cast':
                 if len(node.args) != 2:
                     error(node.function.pos, u"cast() takes exactly two arguments")
                 else:
@@ -1034,16 +1061,6 @@ class TransformBuiltinMethods(EnvTransform):
                         node = SizeofTypeNode(node.function.pos, arg_type=type)
                     else:
                         node = SizeofVarNode(node.function.pos, operand=node.args[0])
-            elif function == 'typeof':
-                if len(node.args) != 1:
-                    error(node.function.pos, u"typeof() takes exactly one argument")
-                else:
-                    node = TypeofNode(node.function.pos, operand=node.args[0])
-            elif function == 'address':
-                if len(node.args) != 1:
-                    error(node.function.pos, u"address() takes exactly one argument")
-                else:
-                    node = AmpersandNode(node.function.pos, operand=node.args[0])
             elif function == 'cmod':
                 if len(node.args) != 2:
                     error(node.function.pos, u"cmod() takes exactly two arguments")

Cython/Compiler/Parsing.pxd

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ cpdef p_typecast(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_sizeof(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_yield_expression(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_power(PyrexScanner s)
+cpdef p_new_expr(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_trailer(PyrexScanner s, node1)
 cpdef p_call(PyrexScanner s, function)
 cpdef p_index(PyrexScanner s, base)
@@ -99,13 +100,13 @@ cpdef p_IF_statement(PyrexScanner s, ctx)
 cpdef p_statement(PyrexScanner s, ctx, bint first_statement = *)
 cpdef p_statement_list(PyrexScanner s, ctx, bint first_statement = *)
 cpdef p_suite(PyrexScanner s, ctx = *, bint with_doc = *, bint with_pseudo_doc = *)
-cpdef p_positional_and_keyword_args(PyrexScanner s, end_sy_set, type_positions= *, type_keywords= * )
+cpdef p_positional_and_keyword_args(PyrexScanner s, end_sy_set, templates = *)
 
-cpdef p_c_base_type(PyrexScanner s, bint self_flag = *, bint nonempty = *)
+cpdef p_c_base_type(PyrexScanner s, bint self_flag = *, bint nonempty = *, templates = *)
 cpdef p_calling_convention(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_c_complex_base_type(PyrexScanner s)
-cpdef p_c_simple_base_type(PyrexScanner s, self_flag, nonempty)
-cpdef p_buffer_access(PyrexScanner s, base_type_node)
+cpdef p_c_simple_base_type(PyrexScanner s, bint self_flag, bint nonempty, templates = *)
+cpdef p_buffer_or_template(PyrexScanner s, base_type_node, templates)
 cpdef bint looking_at_name(PyrexScanner s) except -2
 cpdef bint looking_at_expr(PyrexScanner s) except -2
 cpdef bint looking_at_base_type(PyrexScanner s) except -2
@@ -149,3 +150,4 @@ cpdef p_doc_string(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_code(PyrexScanner s, level= *)
 cpdef p_compiler_directive_comments(PyrexScanner s)
 cpdef p_module(PyrexScanner s, pxd, full_module_name)
+cpdef p_cpp_class_definition(PyrexScanner s, pos, ctx)

Cython/Compiler/Parsing.py

@@ -10,6 +10,15 @@ cython.declare(Nodes=object, ExprNodes=object, EncodedString=object)
 import os
 import re
 import sys
+
+try:
+    from __builtin__ import set
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        from builtins import set
+    except ImportError:
+        from sets import Set as set
+
 from Cython.Compiler.Scanning import PyrexScanner, FileSourceDescriptor
 import Nodes
 import ExprNodes
@@ -30,6 +39,8 @@ class Ctx(object):
     api = 0
     overridable = 0
     nogil = 0
+    namespace = None
+    templates = None
 
     def __init__(self, **kwds):
         self.__dict__.update(kwds)
@@ -298,6 +309,8 @@ def p_yield_expression(s):
 #power: atom trailer* ('**' factor)*
 
 def p_power(s):
+    if s.systring == 'new' and s.peek()[0] == 'IDENT':
+        return p_new_expr(s)
     n1 = p_atom(s)
     while s.sy in ('(', '[', '.'):
         n1 = p_trailer(s, n1)
@@ -308,6 +321,19 @@ def p_power(s):
         n1 = ExprNodes.binop_node(pos, '**', n1, n2)
     return n1
 
+def p_new_expr(s):
+    # s.systring == 'new'.
+    pos = s.position()
+    s.next()
+    name = p_ident(s)
+    if s.sy == '[':
+        s.next()
+        template_parameters = p_simple_expr_list(s)
+        s.expect(']')        
+    else:
+        template_parameters = None
+    return p_call(s, ExprNodes.NewExprNode(pos, cppclass = name, template_parameters = template_parameters))
+
 #trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
 
 def p_trailer(s, node1):
@@ -1458,6 +1484,29 @@ def p_with_statement(s):
         s.next()
         body = p_suite(s)
         return Nodes.GILStatNode(pos, state = state, body = body)
+    elif s.systring == 'template':
+        templates = []
+        s.next()
+        s.expect('[')
+        #s.next()
+        templates.append(s.systring)
+        s.next()
+        while s.systring == ',':
+            s.next()
+            templates.append(s.systring)
+            s.next()
+        s.expect(']')
+        if s.sy == ':':
+            s.next()
+            s.expect_newline("Syntax error in template function declaration")
+            s.expect_indent()
+            body_ctx = Ctx()
+            body_ctx.templates = templates
+            func_or_var = p_c_func_or_var_declaration(s, pos, body_ctx)
+            s.expect_dedent()
+            return func_or_var
+        else:
+            error(pos, "Syntax error in template function declaration")
     else:
         manager = p_expr(s)
         target = None
@@ -1683,16 +1732,12 @@ def p_suite(s, ctx = Ctx(), with_doc = 0, with_pseudo_doc = 0):
     else:
         return body
 
-def p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, end_sy_set, type_positions=(), type_keywords=()):
+def p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, end_sy_set, templates = None):
     """
     Parses positional and keyword arguments. end_sy_set
     should contain any s.sy that terminate the argument list.
     Argument expansion (* and **) are not allowed.
 
-    type_positions and type_keywords specifies which argument
-    positions and/or names which should be interpreted as
-    types. Other arguments will be treated as expressions.
-
     Returns: (positional_args, keyword_args)
     """
     positional_args = []
@@ -1703,35 +1748,33 @@ def p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, end_sy_set, type_positions=(), type_keyword
         if s.sy == '*' or s.sy == '**':
             s.error('Argument expansion not allowed here.')
 
-        was_keyword = False
         parsed_type = False
-        if s.sy == 'IDENT':
-            # Since we can have either types or expressions as positional args,
-            # we use a strategy of looking an extra step forward for a '=' and
-            # if it is a positional arg we backtrack.
+        if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.peek()[0] == '=':
             ident = s.systring
+            s.next() # s.sy is '='
             s.next()
-            if s.sy == '=':
-                s.next()
-                # Is keyword arg
-                if ident in type_keywords:
-                    arg = p_c_base_type(s)
-                    parsed_type = True
-                else:
-                    arg = p_simple_expr(s)
-                keyword_node = ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(
-                    arg.pos, value = EncodedString(ident))
-                keyword_args.append((keyword_node, arg))
-                was_keyword = True
+            if looking_at_expr(s):
+                arg = p_simple_expr(s)
             else:
-                s.put_back('IDENT', ident)
-                
-        if not was_keyword:
-            if pos_idx in type_positions:
-                arg = p_c_base_type(s)
+                base_type = p_c_base_type(s, templates = templates)
+                declarator = p_c_declarator(s, empty = 1)
+                arg = Nodes.CComplexBaseTypeNode(base_type.pos, 
+                    base_type = base_type, declarator = declarator)
                 parsed_type = True
-            else:
+            keyword_node = ExprNodes.IdentifierStringNode(
+                arg.pos, value = EncodedString(ident))
+            keyword_args.append((keyword_node, arg))
+            was_keyword = True
+                
+        else:
+            if looking_at_expr(s):
                 arg = p_simple_expr(s)
+            else:
+                base_type = p_c_base_type(s, templates = templates)
+                declarator = p_c_declarator(s, empty = 1)
+                arg = Nodes.CComplexBaseTypeNode(base_type.pos, 
+                    base_type = base_type, declarator = declarator)
+                parsed_type = True
             positional_args.append(arg)
             pos_idx += 1
             if len(keyword_args) > 0:
@@ -1741,20 +1784,18 @@ def p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, end_sy_set, type_positions=(), type_keyword
         if s.sy != ',':
             if s.sy not in end_sy_set:
                 if parsed_type:
-                    s.error("Expected: type")
-                else:
-                    s.error("Expected: expression")
+                    s.error("Unmatched %s" % " or ".join(end_sy_set))
             break
         s.next()
     return positional_args, keyword_args
 
-def p_c_base_type(s, self_flag = 0, nonempty = 0):
+def p_c_base_type(s, self_flag = 0, nonempty = 0, templates = None):
     # If self_flag is true, this is the base type for the
     # self argument of a C method of an extension type.
     if s.sy == '(':
         return p_c_complex_base_type(s)
     else:
-        return p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty = nonempty)
+        return p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty = nonempty, templates = templates)
 
 def p_calling_convention(s):
     if s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in calling_convention_words:
@@ -1776,7 +1817,7 @@ def p_c_complex_base_type(s):
     return Nodes.CComplexBaseTypeNode(pos, 
         base_type = base_type, declarator = declarator)
 
-def p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty):
+def p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty, templates = None):
     #print "p_c_simple_base_type: self_flag =", self_flag, nonempty
     is_basic = 0
     signed = 1
@@ -1827,31 +1868,27 @@ def p_c_simple_base_type(s, self_flag, nonempty):
             elif s.sy not in ('*', '**', '['):
                 s.put_back('IDENT', name)
                 name = None
-    
+
     type_node = Nodes.CSimpleBaseTypeNode(pos, 
         name = name, module_path = module_path,
         is_basic_c_type = is_basic, signed = signed,
         complex = complex, longness = longness, 
-        is_self_arg = self_flag)
+        is_self_arg = self_flag, templates = templates)
 
 
-    # Treat trailing [] on type as buffer access if it appears in a context
-    # where declarator names are required (so that it cannot mean int[] or
-    # sizeof(int[SIZE]))...
-    #
-    # (This means that buffers cannot occur where there can be empty declarators,
-    # which is an ok restriction to make.)
-    if nonempty and s.sy == '[':
-        return p_buffer_access(s, type_node)
+    if s.sy == '[':
+        return p_buffer_or_template(s, type_node, templates)
     else:
         return type_node
 
-def p_buffer_access(s, base_type_node):
+def p_buffer_or_template(s, base_type_node, templates):
     # s.sy == '['
     pos = s.position()
     s.next()
+    # Note that buffer_positional_options_count=1, so the only positional argument is dtype. 
+    # For templated types, all parameters are types. 
     positional_args, keyword_args = (
-        p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, (']',), (0,), ('dtype',))
+        p_positional_and_keyword_args(s, (']',), templates)
     )
     s.expect(']')
 
@@ -1860,8 +1897,7 @@ def p_buffer_access(s, base_type_node):
             ExprNodes.DictItemNode(pos=key.pos, key=key, value=value)
             for key, value in keyword_args
         ])
-
-    result = Nodes.CBufferAccessTypeNode(pos,
+    result = Nodes.TemplatedTypeNode(pos,
         positional_args = positional_args,
         keyword_args = keyword_dict,
         base_type_node = base_type_node)
@@ -2018,6 +2054,13 @@ def p_c_func_declarator(s, pos, ctx, base, cmethod_flag):
         exception_value = exc_val, exception_check = exc_check,
         nogil = nogil or ctx.nogil or with_gil, with_gil = with_gil)
 
+supported_overloaded_operators = set([
+    '+', '-', '*', '/', '%', 
+    '++', '--', '~', '|', '&', '^', '<<', '>>',
+    '==', '!=', '>=', '>', '<=', '<',
+    '[]', '()',
+])
+
 def p_c_simple_declarator(s, ctx, empty, is_type, cmethod_flag,
                           assignable, nonempty):
     pos = s.position()
@@ -2037,6 +2080,12 @@ def p_c_simple_declarator(s, ctx, empty, is_type, cmethod_flag,
         result = Nodes.CPtrDeclaratorNode(pos,
             base = Nodes.CPtrDeclaratorNode(pos,
                 base = base))
+    elif s.sy == '&':
+        s.next()
+        base = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, empty = empty, is_type = is_type,
+                              cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
+                              assignable = assignable, nonempty = nonempty)
+        result = Nodes.CReferenceDeclaratorNode(pos, base = base)
     else:
         rhs = None
         if s.sy == 'IDENT':
@@ -2053,6 +2102,27 @@ def p_c_simple_declarator(s, ctx, empty, is_type, cmethod_flag,
                 error(s.position(), "Empty declarator")
             name = ""
             cname = None
+        if cname is None and ctx.namespace is not None:
+            cname = ctx.namespace + "::" + name
+        if name == 'operator' and ctx.visibility == 'extern':
+            op = s.sy
+            s.next()
+            # Handle diphthong operators.
+            if op == '(':
+                s.expect(')')
+                op = '()'
+            elif op == '[':
+                s.expect(']')
+                op = '[]'
+            if op in ['-', '+', '|', '&'] and s.sy == op:
+                op = op*2
+                s.next()
+            if s.sy == '=':
+                op += s.sy
+                s.next()
+            if op not in supported_overloaded_operators:
+                s.error("Overloading operator '%s' not yet supported." % op)
+            name = name+op
         result = Nodes.CNameDeclaratorNode(pos,
             name = name, cname = cname, default = rhs)
     result.calling_convention = calling_convention
@@ -2184,6 +2254,10 @@ def p_cdef_statement(s, ctx):
         if ctx.overridable:
             error(pos, "Extension types cannot be declared cpdef")
         return p_c_class_definition(s, pos, ctx)
+    elif s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring == 'cppclass':
+        if ctx.visibility != 'extern':
+            error(pos, "C++ classes need to be declared extern")
+        return p_cpp_class_definition(s, pos, ctx)
     elif s.sy == 'IDENT' and s.systring in ("struct", "union", "enum", "packed"):
         if ctx.level not in ('module', 'module_pxd'):
             error(pos, "C struct/union/enum definition not allowed here")
@@ -2208,13 +2282,17 @@ def p_cdef_extern_block(s, pos, ctx):
         s.next()
     else:
         _, include_file = p_string_literal(s)
+    if s.systring == "namespace":
+        s.next()
+        ctx.namespace = p_dotted_name(s, as_allowed=False)[2].replace('.', '::')
     ctx = ctx(cdef_flag = 1, visibility = 'extern')
     if p_nogil(s):
         ctx.nogil = 1
     body = p_suite(s, ctx)
     return Nodes.CDefExternNode(pos,
         include_file = include_file,
-        body = body)
+        body = body,
+        namespace = ctx.namespace)
 
 def p_c_enum_definition(s, pos, ctx):
     # s.sy == ident 'enum'
@@ -2223,6 +2301,8 @@ def p_c_enum_definition(s, pos, ctx):
         name = s.systring
         s.next()
         cname = p_opt_cname(s)
+        if cname is None and ctx.namespace is not None:
+            cname = ctx.namespace + "::" + name
     else:
         name = None
         cname = None
@@ -2277,6 +2357,8 @@ def p_c_struct_or_union_definition(s, pos, ctx):
     s.next()
     name = p_ident(s)
     cname = p_opt_cname(s)
+    if cname is None and ctx.namespace is not None:
+        cname = ctx.namespace + "::" + name
     attributes = None
     if s.sy == ':':
         s.next()
@@ -2320,12 +2402,12 @@ def p_c_modifiers(s):
 def p_c_func_or_var_declaration(s, pos, ctx):
     cmethod_flag = ctx.level in ('c_class', 'c_class_pxd')
     modifiers = p_c_modifiers(s)
-    base_type = p_c_base_type(s, nonempty = 1)
+    base_type = p_c_base_type(s, nonempty = 1, templates = ctx.templates)
     declarator = p_c_declarator(s, ctx, cmethod_flag = cmethod_flag,
                                 assignable = 1, nonempty = 1)
     declarator.overridable = ctx.overridable
     if s.sy == ':':
-        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'c_class', 'module_pxd', 'c_class_pxd'):
+        if ctx.level not in ('module', 'c_class', 'module_pxd', 'c_class_pxd') and not ctx.templates:
             s.error("C function definition not allowed here")
         doc, suite = p_suite(s, Ctx(level = 'function'), with_doc = 1)
         result = Nodes.CFuncDefNode(pos,
@@ -2615,6 +2697,64 @@ def p_module(s, pxd, full_module_name):
                       full_module_name = full_module_name,
                       directive_comments = directive_comments)
 
+def p_cpp_class_definition(s, pos,  ctx):
+    # s.sy == 'cppclass'
+    s.next()
+    module_path = []
+    class_name = p_ident(s)
+    cname = p_opt_cname(s)
+    if cname is None and ctx.namespace is not None:
+        cname = ctx.namespace + "::" + class_name
+    if s.sy == '.':
+        error(pos, "Qualified class name not allowed C++ class")
+    if s.sy == '[':
+        s.next()
+        templates = [p_ident(s)]
+        while s.sy == ',':
+            s.next()
+            templates.append(p_ident(s))
+        s.expect(']')
+    else:
+        templates = None
+    if s.sy == '(':
+        s.next()
+        base_classes = [p_dotted_name(s, False)[2]]
+        while s.sy == ',':
+            s.next()
+            base_classes.append(p_dotted_name(s, False)[2])
+        s.expect(')')
+    else:
+        base_classes = []
+    if s.sy == '[':
+        error(s.position(), "Name options not allowed for C++ class")
+    if s.sy == ':':
+        s.next()
+        s.expect('NEWLINE')
+        s.expect_indent()
+        attributes = []
+        body_ctx = Ctx(visibility = ctx.visibility)
+        body_ctx.templates = templates
+        while s.sy != 'DEDENT':
+            if s.sy != 'pass':
+                attributes.append(
+                    p_c_func_or_var_declaration(s, s.position(), body_ctx))
+            else:
+                s.next()
+                s.expect_newline("Expected a newline")
+        s.expect_dedent()
+    else:
+        s.expect_newline("Syntax error in C++ class definition")
+    return Nodes.CppClassNode(pos,
+        name = class_name,
+        cname = cname,
+        base_classes = base_classes,
+        visibility = ctx.visibility,
+        in_pxd = ctx.level == 'module_pxd',
+        attributes = attributes,
+        templates = templates)
+
+
+
 #----------------------------------------------
 #
 #   Debugging

Cython/Compiler/PyrexTypes.py

+
+
 #
 #   Pyrex - Types
 #
@@ -6,6 +8,7 @@ from Code import UtilityCode
 import StringEncoding
 import Naming
 import copy
+from Errors import error
 
 class BaseType(object):
     #
@@ -40,6 +43,7 @@ class PyrexType(BaseType):
     #  is_array              boolean     Is a C array type
     #  is_ptr                boolean     Is a C pointer type
     #  is_null_ptr           boolean     Is the type of NULL
+    #  is_reference          boolean     Is a C reference type
     #  is_cfunction          boolean     Is a C function type
     #  is_struct_or_union    boolean     Is a C struct or union type
     #  is_struct             boolean     Is a C struct type
@@ -91,8 +95,10 @@ class PyrexType(BaseType):
     is_array = 0
     is_ptr = 0
     is_null_ptr = 0
+    is_reference = 0
     is_cfunction = 0
     is_struct_or_union = 0
+    is_cpp_class = 0
     is_struct = 0
     is_enum = 0
     is_typedef = 0
@@ -109,6 +115,10 @@ class PyrexType(BaseType):
         # If a typedef, returns the base type.
         return self
     
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        # TODO(danilo): Override wherever it makes sense.
+        return self
+    
     def literal_code(self, value):
         # Returns a C code fragment representing a literal
         # value of this type.
@@ -1328,9 +1338,19 @@ class CPtrType(CType):
                 return self.base_type.pointer_assignable_from_resolved_type(other_type)
             else:
                 return 0
+        if (self.base_type.is_cpp_class and other_type.is_ptr 
+                and other_type.base_type.is_cpp_class and other_type.base_type.is_subclass(self.base_type)):
+            return 1
         if other_type.is_array or other_type.is_ptr:
             return self.base_type.is_void or self.base_type.same_as(other_type.base_type)
         return 0
+    
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        base_type = self.base_type.specialize(values)
+        if base_type == self.base_type:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return CPtrType(base_type)
 
 
 class CNullPtrType(CPtrType):
@@ -1338,6 +1358,43 @@ class CNullPtrType(CPtrType):
     is_null_ptr = 1
     
 
+class CReferenceType(CType):
+
+    is_reference = 1
+
+    def __init__(self, base_type):
+        self.base_type = base_type
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<CReferenceType %s>" % repr(self.base_type)
+
+    def same_as_resolved_type(self, other_type):
+        return other_type.is_reference and self.base_type.same_as(other_type.base_type)
+    
+    def declaration_code(self, entity_code, 
+            for_display = 0, dll_linkage = None, pyrex = 0):
+        #print "CReferenceType.declaration_code: pointer to", self.base_type ###
+        return self.base_type.declaration_code(
+            "&%s" % entity_code,
+            for_display, dll_linkage, pyrex)
+    
+    def assignable_from_resolved_type(self, other_type):
+        if other_type is error_type:
+            return 1
+        elif other_type.is_reference and self.base_type == other_type.base_type:
+            return 1
+        elif other_type == self.base_type:
+            return 1
+        else: #for now
+            return 0
+        
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        base_type = self.base_type.specialize(values)
+        if base_type == self.base_type:
+            return self
+        else:
+            return CReferenceType(base_type)
+
 class CFuncType(CType):
     #  return_type      CType
     #  args             [CFuncTypeArg]
@@ -1347,13 +1404,15 @@ class CFuncType(CType):
     #  calling_convention  string  Function calling convention
     #  nogil            boolean    Can be called without gil
     #  with_gil         boolean    Acquire gil around function body
+    #  templates        [string] or None
     
     is_cfunction = 1
     original_sig = None
     
     def __init__(self, return_type, args, has_varargs = 0,
             exception_value = None, exception_check = 0, calling_convention = "",
-            nogil = 0, with_gil = 0, is_overridable = 0, optional_arg_count = 0):
+            nogil = 0, with_gil = 0, is_overridable = 0, optional_arg_count = 0,
+            templates = None):
         self.return_type = return_type
         self.args = args
         self.has_varargs = has_varargs
@@ -1364,6 +1423,7 @@ class CFuncType(CType):
         self.nogil = nogil
         self.with_gil = with_gil
         self.is_overridable = is_overridable
+        self.templates = templates
     
     def __repr__(self):
         arg_reprs = map(repr, self.args)
@@ -1567,6 +1627,23 @@ class CFuncType(CType):
         s = self.declaration_code("(*)", with_calling_convention=False)
         return '(%s)' % s
     
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        if self.templates is None:
+            new_templates = None
+        else:
+            new_templates = [v.specialize(values) for v in self.templates]
+        return CFuncType(self.return_type.specialize(values),
+                             [arg.specialize(values) for arg in self.args],
+                             has_varargs = 0,
+                             exception_value = self.exception_value,
+                             exception_check = self.exception_check,
+                             calling_convention = self.calling_convention,
+                             nogil = self.nogil,
+                             with_gil = self.with_gil,
+                             is_overridable = self.is_overridable,
+                             optional_arg_count = self.optional_arg_count,
+                             templates = new_templates)
+    
     def opt_arg_cname(self, arg_name):
         return self.op_arg_struct.base_type.scope.lookup(arg_name).cname
 
@@ -1593,6 +1670,9 @@ class CFuncTypeArg(object):
     
     def declaration_code(self, for_display = 0):
         return self.type.declaration_code(self.cname, for_display)
+    
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        return CFuncTypeArg(self.name, self.type.specialize(values), self.pos, self.cname)
 
 class StructUtilityCode(object):
     def __init__(self, type, forward_decl):
@@ -1732,6 +1812,124 @@ class CStructOrUnionType(CType):
                         for x in self.scope.var_entries]
         return max(child_depths) + 1
 
+class CppClassType(CType):
+    #  name          string
+    #  cname         string
+    #  scope         CppClassScope
+    #  templates     [string] or None
+    
+    is_cpp_class = 1
+    has_attributes = 1
+    exception_check = True
+    
+    def __init__(self, name, scope, cname, base_classes, templates = None, template_type = None):
+        self.name = name
+        self.cname = cname
+        self.scope = scope
+        self.base_classes = base_classes
+        self.operators = []
+        self.templates = templates
+        self.template_type = template_type
+        self.specializations = {}
+
+    def specialize_here(self, pos, template_values = None):
+        if self.templates is None:
+            error(pos, "'%s' type is not a template" % self);
+            return PyrexTypes.error_type
+        if len(self.templates) != len(template_values):
+            error(pos, "%s templated type receives %d arguments, got %d" % 
+                  (self.name, len(self.templates), len(template_values)))
+            return error_type
+        return self.specialize(dict(zip(self.templates, template_values)))
+    
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        if not self.templates:
+            return self
+        key = tuple(values.items())
+        if key in self.specializations:
+            return self.specializations[key]
+        template_values = [t.specialize(values) for t in self.templates]
+        specialized = self.specializations[key] = \
+            CppClassType(self.name, None, self.cname, self.base_classes, template_values, template_type=self)
+        specialized.scope = self.scope.specialize(values)
+        return specialized
+
+    def declaration_code(self, entity_code, for_display = 0, dll_linkage = None, pyrex = 0):
+        if self.templates:
+            template_strings = [param.declaration_code('', for_display, pyrex) for param in self.templates]
+            templates = "<" + ",".join(template_strings) + ">"
+        else:
+            templates = ""
+        if for_display or pyrex:
+            name = self.name
+        else:
+            name = self.cname
+        return "%s%s %s" % (name, templates, entity_code)
+
+    def is_subclass(self, other_type):
+        # TODO(danilo): Handle templates.
+        if self.same_as_resolved_type(other_type):
+            return 1
+        for base_class in self.base_classes:
+            if base_class.is_subclass(other_type):
+                return 1
+        return 0
+    
+    def same_as_resolved_type(self, other_type):
+        if other_type.is_cpp_class:
+            if self == other_type:
+                return 1
+            elif self.template_type and self.template_type == other_type.template_type:
+                if self.templates == other_type.templates:
+                    return 1
+                for t1, t2 in zip(self.templates, other_type.templates):
+                    if not t1.same_as_resolved_type(t2):
+                        return 0
+                return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def assignable_from_resolved_type(self, other_type):
+        # TODO: handle operator=(...) here?
+        if other_type is error_type:
+            return True
+        return other_type.is_cpp_class and other_type.is_subclass(self)
+    
+    def attributes_known(self):
+        return self.scope is not None
+
+
+class TemplatePlaceholderType(CType):
+    
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+    
+    def declaration_code(self, entity_code, for_display = 0, dll_linkage = None, pyrex = 0):
+        if entity_code:
+            return self.name + " " + entity_code
+        else:
+            return self.name
+    
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        if self in values:
+            return values[self]
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def same_as_resolved_type(self, other_type):
+        if isinstance(other_type, TemplatePlaceholderType):
+            return self.name == other_type.name
+        else:
+            return 0
+        
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self.name)
+    
+    def __cmp__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, TemplatePlaceholderType):
+            return cmp(self.name, other.name)
+        else:
+            return cmp(type(self), type(other))
+
 class CEnumType(CType):
     #  name           string
     #  cname          string or None
@@ -2001,6 +2199,137 @@ modifiers_and_name_to_type = {
     (1, 0, "bint"): c_bint_type,
 }
 
+def is_promotion0(src_type, dst_type):
+    if src_type.is_numeric and dst_type.is_numeric:
+        if src_type.is_int and dst_type.is_int:
+            if src_type.is_enum: 
+                return True
+            elif src_type.signed:
+                return dst_type.signed and src_type.rank <= dst_type.rank
+            elif dst_type.signed: # and not src_type.signed
+                src_type.rank < dst_type.rank
+            else:
+                return src_type.rank <= dst_type.rank
+        elif src_type.is_float and dst_type.is_float:
+            return src_type.rank <= dst_type.rank
+        else:
+            return False
+    else:
+        return False
+
+def is_promotion(src_type, dst_type):
+    # It's hard to find a hard definition of promotion, but empirical
+    # evidence suggests that the below is all that's allowed. 
+    if src_type.is_numeric:
+        if dst_type.same_as(c_int_type):
+            return src_type.is_enum or (src_type.is_int and (not src_type.signed) + src_type.rank < dst_type.rank)
+        elif dst_type.same_as(c_double_type):
+            return src_type.is_float and src_type.rank <= dst_type.rank
+    return False
+
+def best_match(args, functions, pos=None):
+    """
+    Given a list args of arguments and a list of functions, choose one
+    to call which seems to be the "best" fit for this list of arguments.
+    This function is used, e.g., when deciding which overloaded method
+    to dispatch for C++ classes.
+
+    We first eliminate functions based on arity, and if only one
+    function has the correct arity, we return it. Otherwise, we weight
+    functions based on how much work must be done to convert the
+    arguments, with the following priorities:
+      * identical types or pointers to identical types
+      * promotions 
+      * non-Python types
+    That is, we prefer functions where no arguments need converted,
+    and failing that, functions where only promotions are required, and
+    so on.
+
+    If no function is deemed a good fit, or if two or more functions have
+    the same weight, we return None (as there is no best match). If pos
+    is not None, we also generate an error.
+    """
+    # TODO: args should be a list of types, not a list of Nodes. 
+    actual_nargs = len(args)
+
+    candidates = []
+    errors = []
+    for func in functions:
+        error_mesg = ""
+        func_type = func.type
+        if func_type.is_ptr:
+            func_type = func_type.base_type
+        # Check function type
+        if not func_type.is_cfunction:
+            if not func_type.is_error and pos is not None:
+                error_mesg = "Calling non-function type '%s'" % func_type
+            errors.append((func, error_mesg))
+            continue
+        # Check no. of args
+        max_nargs = len(func_type.args)
+        min_nargs = max_nargs - func_type.optional_arg_count
+        if actual_nargs < min_nargs or \
+            (not func_type.has_varargs and actual_nargs > max_nargs):
+            if max_nargs == min_nargs and not func_type.has_varargs:
+                expectation = max_nargs
+            elif actual_nargs < min_nargs:
+                expectation = "at least %s" % min_nargs
+            else:
+                expectation = "at most %s" % max_nargs
+            error_mesg = "Call with wrong number of arguments (expected %s, got %s)" \
+                         % (expectation, actual_nargs)
+            errors.append((func, error_mesg))
+            continue
+        candidates.append((func, func_type))
+        
+    # Optimize the most common case of no overloading...
+    if len(candidates) == 1:
+        return candidates[0][0]
+    elif len(candidates) == 0:
+        if len(errors) == 1 and pos is not None:
+            error(pos, errors[0][1])
+        return None
+        
+    possibilities = []
+    bad_types = []
+    for func, func_type in candidates:
+        score = [0,0,0]
+        for i in range(min(len(args), len(func_type.args))):
+            src_type = args[i].type
+            dst_type = func_type.args[i].type
+            if dst_type.assignable_from(src_type):
+                if src_type == dst_type or (dst_type.is_reference and \
+                                            src_type == dst_type.base_type) \
+                                        or dst_type.same_as(src_type):
+                    pass # score 0
+                elif is_promotion(src_type, dst_type):
+                    score[2] += 1
+                elif not src_type.is_pyobject:
+                    score[1] += 1
+                else:
+                    score[0] += 1
+            else:
+                error_mesg = "Invalid conversion from '%s' to '%s'"%(src_type,
+                                                                     dst_type)
+                bad_types.append((func, error_mesg))
+                break
+        else:
+            possibilities.append((score, func)) # so we can sort it
+    if possibilities:
+        possibilities.sort()
+        if len(possibilities) > 1 and possibilities[0][0] == possibilities[1][0]:
+            if pos is not None:
+                error(pos, "ambiguous overloaded method")
+            return None
+        return possibilities[0][1]
+    if pos is not None:
+        if len(bad_types) == 1:
+            error(pos, bad_types[0][1])
+        else:
+            error(pos, "no suitable method found")
+    return None
+
+
 def widest_numeric_type(type1, type2):
     # Given two numeric types, return the narrowest type
     # encompassing both of them.
@@ -2039,6 +2368,17 @@ def spanning_type(type1, type2):
         return widest_numeric_type(type1, c_double_type)
     elif type1.is_pyobject ^ type2.is_pyobject:
         return py_object_type
+    elif type1.is_extension_type and type2.is_extension_type:
+        if type1.typeobj_is_imported() or type2.typeobj_is_imported():
+            return py_object_type
+        while True:
+            if type1.subtype_of(type2):
+                return type2
+            elif type2.subtype_of(type1):
+                return type1
+            type1, type2 = type1.base_type, type2.base_type
+            if type1 is None or type2 is None:
+                return py_object_type
     elif type1.assignable_from(type2):
         if type1.is_extension_type and type1.typeobj_is_imported():
             # external types are unsafe, so we use PyObject instead
@@ -2092,6 +2432,26 @@ def c_ptr_type(base_type):
     else:
         return CPtrType(base_type)
 
+def c_ref_type(base_type):
+    # Construct a C reference type
+    if base_type is error_type:
+        return error_type
+    else:
+        return CReferenceType(base_type)
+        
+def Node_to_type(node, env):
+    from ExprNodes import NameNode, AttributeNode, StringNode, error
+    if isinstance(node, StringNode):
+        node = NameNode(node.pos, name=node.value)
+    if isinstance(node, NameNode) and node.name in rank_to_type_name:
+        return simple_c_type(1, 0, node.name)
+    elif isinstance(node, (AttributeNode, NameNode)):
+        node.analyze_types(env)
+        if not node.entry.is_type:
+            pass
+    else:
+        error(node.pos, "Bad type")
+
 def same_type(type1, type2):
     return type1.same_as(type2)
     

Cython/Compiler/Scanning.py

@@ -97,7 +97,10 @@ def initial_compile_time_env():
         'UNAME_VERSION', 'UNAME_MACHINE')
     for name, value in zip(names, platform.uname()):
         benv.declare(name, value)
-    import __builtin__ as builtins
+    try:
+        import __builtin__ as builtins
+    except ImportError:
+        import builtins
     names = ('False', 'True',
         'abs', 'bool', 'chr', 'cmp', 'complex', 'dict', 'divmod', 'enumerate',
         'float', 'hash', 'hex', 'int', 'len', 'list', 'long', 'map', 'max', 'min',
@@ -355,6 +358,14 @@ class PyrexScanner(Scanner):
                 t = "%s %s" % (self.sy, self.systring)
             print("--- %3d %2d %s" % (line, col, t))
     
+    def peek(self):
+        saved = self.sy, self.systring
+        self.next()
+        next = self.sy, self.systring
+        self.unread(*next)
+        self.sy, self.systring = saved
+        return next
+    
     def put_back(self, sy, systring):
         self.unread(self.sy, self.systring)
         self.sy = sy

Cython/Compiler/StringEncoding.py

@@ -185,7 +185,9 @@ def escape_byte_string(s):
                 append(c)
         return join_bytes(l).decode('ISO-8859-1')
 
-def split_docstring(s):
+def split_string_literal(s):
+    # MSVC can't handle long string literals.
     if len(s) < 2047:
         return s
-    return '\\n\"\"'.join(s.split(r'\n'))
+    else:
+        return '""'.join([s[i:i+2000] for i in range(0, len(s), 2000)]).replace(r'\""', '""\\')

Cython/Compiler/Symtab.py

@@ -75,6 +75,7 @@ class Entry(object):
     # is_unbound_cmethod boolean  Is an unbound C method of an extension type
     # is_type          boolean    Is a type definition
     # is_cclass        boolean    Is an extension class
+    # is_cpp_class     boolean    Is a C++ class
     # is_const         boolean    Is a constant
     # is_property      boolean    Is a property of an extension type:
     # doc_cname        string or None  C const holding the docstring
@@ -118,6 +119,8 @@ class Entry(object):
     # inline_func_in_pxd boolean  Hacky special case for inline function in pxd file.
     #                             Ideally this should not be necesarry.
     # assignments      [ExprNode] List of expressions that get assigned to this entry.
+    # might_overflow   boolean    In an arithmatic expression that could cause
+    #                             overflow (used for type inference).
 
     inline_func_in_pxd = False
     borrowed = 0
@@ -133,6 +136,7 @@ class Entry(object):
     is_unbound_cmethod = 0
     is_type = 0
     is_cclass = 0
+    is_cpp_class = 0
     is_const = 0
     is_property = 0
     doc_cname = None
@@ -165,6 +169,7 @@ class Entry(object):
     is_overridable = 0
     buffer_aux = None
     prev_entry = None
+    might_overflow = 0
 
     def __init__(self, name, cname, type, pos = None, init = None):
         self.name = name
@@ -172,6 +177,7 @@ class Entry(object):
         self.type = type
         self.pos = pos
         self.init = init
+        self.overloaded_alternatives = []
         self.assignments = []
     
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -180,6 +186,9 @@ class Entry(object):
     def redeclared(self, pos):
         error(pos, "'%s' does not match previous declaration" % self.name)
         error(self.pos, "Previous declaration is here")
+    
+    def all_alternatives(self):
+        return [self] + self.overloaded_alternatives
 
 class Scope(object):
     # name              string             Unqualified name
@@ -290,6 +299,8 @@ class Scope(object):
         # Create new entry, and add to dictionary if
         # name is not None. Reports a warning if already 
         # declared.
+        if type.is_buffer and not isinstance(self, LocalScope):
+            error(pos, ERR_BUF_LOCALONLY)
         if not self.in_cinclude and cname and re.match("^_[_A-Z]+$", cname):
             # See http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Reserved-Names.html#Reserved-Names 
             warning(pos, "'%s' is a reserved name in C." % cname, -1)
@@ -303,6 +314,10 @@ class Scope(object):
         entry.in_cinclude = self.in_cinclude
         if name:
             entry.qualified_name = self.qualify_name(name)
+#            if name in entries and self.is_cpp():
+#                entries[name].overloaded_alternatives.append(entry)
+#            else:
+#                entries[name] = entry
             entries[name] = entry
         entry.scope = self
         entry.visibility = visibility
@@ -419,6 +434,10 @@ class Scope(object):
                 cname = name
             else:
                 cname = self.mangle(Naming.var_prefix, name)
+        if type.is_cpp_class and visibility != 'extern':
+            constructor = type.scope.lookup(u'<init>')
+            if constructor is not None and PyrexTypes.best_match([], constructor.all_alternatives()) is None:
+                error(pos, "C++ class must have a default constructor to be stack allocated")
         entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
         entry.is_variable = 1
         self.control_flow.set_state((), (name, 'initalized'), False)
@@ -445,22 +464,27 @@ class Scope(object):
                           cname = None, visibility = 'private', defining = 0,
                           api = 0, in_pxd = 0, modifiers = ()):
         # Add an entry for a C function.
+        if not cname:
+            if api or visibility != 'private':
+                cname = name
+            else:
+                cname = self.mangle(Naming.func_prefix, name)
         entry = self.lookup_here(name)
         if entry:
             if visibility != 'private' and visibility != entry.visibility:
                 warning(pos, "Function '%s' previously declared as '%s'" % (name, entry.visibility), 1)
             if not entry.type.same_as(type):
                 if visibility == 'extern' and entry.visibility == 'extern':
-                    warning(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration", 1)
-                    entry.type = type
+                    if self.is_cpp():
+                        temp = self.add_cfunction(name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers)
+                        temp.overloaded_alternatives = entry.all_alternatives()
+                        entry = temp
+                    else:
+                        warning(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration", 1)
+                        entry.type = type
                 else:
                     error(pos, "Function signature does not match previous declaration")
         else:
-            if not cname:
-                if api or visibility != 'private':
-                    cname = name
-                else:
-                    cname = self.mangle(Naming.func_prefix, name)
             entry = self.add_cfunction(name, type, pos, cname, visibility, modifiers)
             entry.func_cname = cname
         if in_pxd and visibility != 'extern':
@@ -537,6 +561,21 @@ class Scope(object):
         entry = self.lookup(name)
         if entry and entry.is_type:
             return entry.type
+    
+    def lookup_operator(self, operator, operands):
+        if operands[0].type.is_cpp_class:
+            obj_type = operands[0].type
+            if obj_type.is_reference:
+                obj_type = obj_type.base_type
+            method = obj_type.scope.lookup("operator%s" % operator)
+            if method is not None:
+                res = PyrexTypes.best_match(operands[1:], method.all_alternatives())
+                if res is not None:
+                    return res
+        function = self.lookup("operator%s" % operator)
+        if function is None:
+            return None
+        return PyrexTypes.best_match(operands, function.all_alternatives())
 
     def use_utility_code(self, new_code):
         self.global_scope().use_utility_code(new_code)
@@ -556,6 +595,13 @@ class Scope(object):
     def infer_types(self):
         from TypeInference import get_type_inferer
         get_type_inferer().infer_types(self)
+    
+    def is_cpp(self):
+        outer = self.outer_scope
+        if outer is None:
+            return False
+        else:
+            return outer.is_cpp()
 
 class PreImportScope(Scope):
 
@@ -684,6 +730,7 @@ class ModuleScope(Scope):
     # cimported_modules    [ModuleScope]      Modules imported with cimport
     # types_imported       {PyrexType : 1}    Set of types for which import code generated
     # has_import_star      boolean            Module contains import *
+    # cpp                  boolean            Compiling a C++ file
     
     is_module_scope = 1
     has_import_star = 0
@@ -957,6 +1004,42 @@ class ModuleScope(Scope):
         if typedef_flag and not self.in_cinclude:
             error(pos, "Forward-referenced type must use 'cdef', not 'ctypedef'")
     
+    def declare_cpp_class(self, name, scope,
+            pos, cname = None, base_classes = [],
+            visibility = 'extern', templates = None):
+        if visibility != 'extern':
+            error(pos, "C++ classes may only be extern")
+        if cname is None:
+            cname = name
+        entry = self.lookup(name)
+        if not entry:
+            type = PyrexTypes.CppClassType(
+                name, scope, cname, base_classes, templates = templates)
+            entry = self.declare_type(name, type, pos, cname,
+                visibility = visibility, defining = scope is not None)
+        else:
+            if not (entry.is_type and entry.type.is_cpp_class):
+                warning(pos, "'%s' redeclared  " % name, 0)
+            elif scope and entry.type.scope:
+                warning(pos, "'%s' already defined  (ignoring second definition)" % name, 0)
+            else:
+                if scope:
+                    entry.type.scope = scope
+                    self.type_entries.append(entry)
+        if not scope and not entry.type.scope:
+            entry.type.scope = CppClassScope(name, self)
+        if templates is not None:
+            for T in templates:
+                template_entry = entry.type.scope.declare(T.name, T.name, T, None, 'extern')
+                template_entry.is_type = 1
+        
+        def declare_inherited_attributes(entry, base_classes):
+            for base_class in base_classes:
+                declare_inherited_attributes(entry, base_class.base_classes)
+                entry.type.scope.declare_inherited_cpp_attributes(base_class.scope)                 
+        declare_inherited_attributes(entry, base_classes)
+        return entry
+    
     def allocate_vtable_names(self, entry):
         #  If extension type has a vtable, allocate vtable struct and
         #  slot names for it.
@@ -1062,6 +1145,9 @@ class ModuleScope(Scope):
         var_entry.is_readonly = 1
         entry.as_variable = var_entry
     
+    def is_cpp(self):
+        return self.cpp
+        
     def infer_types(self):
         from TypeInference import PyObjectTypeInferer
         PyObjectTypeInferer().infer_types(self)
@@ -1281,6 +1367,8 @@ class CClassScope(ClassScope):
                 cname = name
                 if visibility == 'private':
                     cname = c_safe_identifier(cname)
+            if type.is_cpp_class and visibility != 'extern':
+                error(pos, "C++ classes not allowed as members of an extension type, use a pointer or reference instead")
             entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
             entry.is_variable = 1
             self.var_entries.append(entry)
@@ -1420,6 +1508,67 @@ class CClassScope(ClassScope):
             entry.is_inherited = 1
             
         
+class CppClassScope(Scope):
+    #  Namespace of a C++ class.
+    inherited_var_entries = []
+    
+    def __init__(self, name, outer_scope):
+        Scope.__init__(self, name, outer_scope, None)
+        self.directives = outer_scope.directives
+
+    def declare_var(self, name, type, pos, 
+            cname = None, visibility = 'extern', is_cdef = 0, allow_pyobject = 0):
+        # Add an entry for an attribute.
+        if not cname:
+            cname = name
+        if type.is_cfunction:
+            type = PyrexTypes.CPtrType(type)
+        entry = self.declare(name, cname, type, pos, visibility)
+        entry.is_variable = 1
+        self.var_entries.append(entry)
+        if type.is_pyobject and not allow_pyobject:
+            error(pos,
+                "C++ class member cannot be a Python object")
+        return entry
+
+    def declare_cfunction(self, name, type, pos,
+            cname = None, visibility = 'extern', defining = 0,
+            api = 0, in_pxd = 0, modifiers = ()):
+        if name == self.name.split('::')[-1] and cname is None:
+            name = '<init>'
+            type.return_type = self.lookup(self.name).type
+        prev_entry = self.lookup_here(name)
+        entry = self.declare_var(name, type, pos, cname, visibility)
+        if prev_entry:
+            entry.overloaded_alternatives = prev_entry.all_alternatives()
+
+    def declare_inherited_cpp_attributes(self, base_scope):
+        # Declare entries for all the C++ attributes of an
+        # inherited type, with cnames modified appropriately
+        # to work with this type.
+        for base_entry in \
+            base_scope.inherited_var_entries + base_scope.var_entries:
+                entry = self.declare(base_entry.name, base_entry.cname, 
+                    base_entry.type, None, 'extern')
+                entry.is_variable = 1
+                self.inherited_var_entries.append(entry)
+        for base_entry in base_scope.cfunc_entries:
+            entry = self.declare_cfunction(base_entry.name, base_entry.type,
+                                       base_entry.pos, base_entry.cname,
+                                       base_entry.visibility, base_entry.func_modifiers)
+            entry.is_inherited = 1
+    
+    def specialize(self, values):
+        scope = CppClassScope(self.name, self.outer_scope)
+        for entry in self.entries.values():
+            scope.declare_var(entry.name,
+                                entry.type.specialize(values),
+                                entry.pos,
+                                entry.cname,
+                                entry.visibility)
+        return scope
+        
+        
 class PropertyScope(Scope):
     #  Scope holding the __get__, __set__ and __del__ methods for
     #  a property of an extension type.
@@ -1479,3 +1628,7 @@ static PyObject* __Pyx_Method_ClassMethod(PyObject *method) {
     return NULL;
 }
 """)
+
+#------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+ERR_BUF_LOCALONLY = 'Buffer types only allowed as function local variables'

Cython/Compiler/Tests/TestBuffer.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class TestBufferParsing(CythonTest):
     def test_basic(self):
         t = self.parse(u"cdef object[float, 4, ndim=2, foo=foo] x")
         bufnode = t.stats[0].base_type
-        self.assert_(isinstance(bufnode, CBufferAccessTypeNode))
+        self.assert_(isinstance(bufnode, TemplatedTypeNode))
         self.assertEqual(2, len(bufnode.positional_args))
 #        print bufnode.dump()
         # should put more here...
@@ -32,14 +32,6 @@ class TestBufferParsing(CythonTest):
     def test_type_keyword(self):
         self.parse(u"cdef object[foo=foo, dtype=short unsigned int] x")
 
-    def test_notype_as_expr1(self):
-        self.not_parseable("Expected: expression",
-                           u"cdef object[foo2=short unsigned int] x")
-
-    def test_notype_as_expr2(self):
-        self.not_parseable("Expected: expression",
-                           u"cdef object[int, short unsigned int] x")
-
     def test_pos_after_key(self):
         self.not_parseable("Non-keyword arg following keyword arg",
                            u"cdef object[foo=1, 2] x")
@@ -65,7 +57,7 @@ class TestBufferOptions(CythonTest):
             vardef = root.stats[0].body.stats[0]
             assert isinstance(vardef, CVarDefNode) # use normal assert as this is to validate the test code
             buftype = vardef.base_type
-            self.assert_(isinstance(buftype, CBufferAccessTypeNode))
+            self.assert_(isinstance(buftype, TemplatedTypeNode))
             self.assert_(isinstance(buftype.base_type_node, CSimpleBaseTypeNode))
             self.assertEqual(u"object", buftype.base_type_node.name)
             return buftype

Cython/Compiler/TypeInference.py

@@ -112,6 +112,62 @@ class MarkAssignments(CythonTransform):
         self.visitchildren(node)
         return node
 
+class MarkOverflowingArithmatic(CythonTransform):
+
+    # It may be possible to integrate this with the above for
+    # performance improvements (though likely not worth it).
+
+    might_overflow = False
+
+    def __call__(self, root):
+        self.env_stack = []
+        self.env = root.scope
+        return super(MarkOverflowingArithmatic, self).__call__(root)        
+
+    def visit_safe_node(self, node):
+        self.might_overflow, saved = False, self.might_overflow
+        self.visitchildren(node)
+        self.might_overflow = saved
+        return node
+
+    def visit_neutral_node(self, node):
+        self.visitchildren(node)
+        return node
+
+    def visit_dangerous_node(self, node):
+        self.might_overflow, saved = True, self.might_overflow
+        self.visitchildren(node)
+        self.might_overflow = saved
+        return node
+    
+    def visit_FuncDefNode(self, node):
+        self.env_stack.append(self.env)
+        self.env = node.local_scope
+        self.visit_safe_node(node)
+        self.env = self.env_stack.pop()
+        return node
+
+    def visit_NameNode(self, node):
+        if self.might_overflow:
+            entry = node.entry or self.env.lookup(node.name)
+            if entry:
+                entry.might_overflow = True
+        return node
+    
+    def visit_BinopNode(self, node):
+        if node.operator in '&|^':
+            return self.visit_neutral_node(node)
+        else:
+            return self.visit_dangerous_node(node)
+    
+    visit_UnopNode = visit_neutral_node
+    
+    visit_UnaryMinusNode = visit_dangerous_node
+    
+    visit_InPlaceAssignmentNode = visit_dangerous_node
+    
+    visit_Node = visit_safe_node
+
 
 class PyObjectTypeInferer:
     """
@@ -175,7 +231,7 @@ class SimpleAssignmentTypeInferer:
                 entry = ready_to_infer.pop()
                 types = [expr.infer_type(scope) for expr in entry.assignments]
                 if types:
-                    entry.type = spanning_type(types)
+                    entry.type = spanning_type(types, entry.might_overflow)
                 else:
                     # FIXME: raise a warning?
                     # print "No assignments", entry.pos, entry
@@ -188,9 +244,9 @@ class SimpleAssignmentTypeInferer:
                 if len(deps) == 1 and deps == set([entry]):
                     types = [expr.infer_type(scope) for expr in entry.assignments if expr.type_dependencies(scope) == ()]
                     if types:
-                        entry.type = spanning_type(types)
+                        entry.type = spanning_type(types, entry.might_overflow)
                         types = [expr.infer_type(scope) for expr in entry.assignments]
-                        entry.type = spanning_type(types) # might be wider...
+                        entry.type = spanning_type(types, entry.might_overflow) # might be wider...
                         resolve_dependancy(entry)
                         del dependancies_by_entry[entry]
                         if ready_to_infer:
@@ -218,11 +274,11 @@ def find_spanning_type(type1, type2):
         return PyrexTypes.c_double_type
     return result_type
 
-def aggressive_spanning_type(types):
+def aggressive_spanning_type(types, might_overflow):
     result_type = reduce(find_spanning_type, types)
     return result_type
 
-def safe_spanning_type(types):
+def safe_spanning_type(types, might_overflow):
     result_type = reduce(find_spanning_type, types)
     if result_type.is_pyobject:
         # any specific Python type is always safe to infer
@@ -235,6 +291,22 @@ def safe_spanning_type(types):
         # find_spanning_type() only returns 'bint' for clean boolean
         # operations without other int types, so this is safe, too
         return result_type
+    elif result_type.is_ptr and not (result_type.is_int and result_type.rank == 0):
+        # Any pointer except (signed|unsigned|) char* can't implicitly 
+        # become a PyObject.
+        return result_type
+    elif result_type.is_cpp_class:
+        # These can't implicitly become Python objects either.
+        return result_type
+    elif result_type.is_struct:
+        # Though we have struct -> object for some structs, this is uncommonly
+        # used, won't arise in pure Python, and there shouldn't be side
+        # effects, so I'm declaring this safe.
+        return result_type
+    # TODO: double complex should be OK as well, but we need 
+    # to make sure everything is supported.
+    elif result_type.is_int and not might_overflow:
+        return result_type
     return py_object_type
 
 

Cython/Compiler/Visitor.py

@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ class TreeVisitor(BasicVisitor):
 
     def dump_node(self, node, indent=0):
         ignored = list(node.child_attrs) + [u'child_attrs', u'pos',
-                                            u'gil_message', u'subexprs']
+                                            u'gil_message', u'cpp_message', 
+                                            u'subexprs']
         values = []
         pos = node.pos
         if pos:

Cython/Distutils/__init__.py

@@ -7,5 +7,6 @@
 # and keep the old one under the module name _build_ext,
 # so that *our* build_ext can make use of it.
 
-from build_ext import build_ext
+from Cython.Distutils.build_ext import build_ext
+    
 # from extension import Extension

Cython/Distutils/build_ext.py

@@ -15,16 +15,6 @@ from distutils.sysconfig import customize_compiler, get_python_version
 from distutils.dep_util import newer, newer_group
 from distutils import log
 from distutils.dir_util import mkpath
-try:
-    from Cython.Compiler.Main \
-        import CompilationOptions, \
-               default_options as pyrex_default_options, \
-               compile as cython_compile
-    from Cython.Compiler.Errors import PyrexError
-except ImportError, e:
-    print "failed to import Cython: %s" % e
-    PyrexError = None
-
 from distutils.command import build_ext as _build_ext
 
 extension_name_re = _build_ext.extension_name_re
@@ -83,18 +73,22 @@ class build_ext(_build_ext.build_ext):
             self.build_extension(ext)
 
     def cython_sources(self, sources, extension):
-
         """
         Walk the list of source files in 'sources', looking for Cython
         source files (.pyx and .py).  Run Cython on all that are
         found, and return a modified 'sources' list with Cython source
         files replaced by the generated C (or C++) files.
         """
-
-        if PyrexError == None:
-            raise DistutilsPlatformError, \
-                  ("Cython does not appear to be installed "
-                   "on platform '%s'") % os.name
+        try:
+            from Cython.Compiler.Main \
+                import CompilationOptions, \
+                       default_options as pyrex_default_options, \
+                       compile as cython_compile
+            from Cython.Compiler.Errors import PyrexError
+        except ImportError:
+            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
+            print("failed to import Cython: %s" % e)
+            raise DistutilsPlatformError("Cython does not appear to be installed")
 
         new_sources = []
         pyrex_sources = []

Cython/Includes/stl.pxd

+cdef extern from "<vector>" namespace std:
+
+	cdef cppclass vector[TYPE]:
+		#constructors
+		__init__()
+		__init__(vector&)
+		__init__(int)
+		__init__(int, TYPE&)
+		__init__(iterator, iterator)
+		#operators
+		TYPE& __getitem__(int)
+		TYPE& __setitem__(int, TYPE&)
+		vector __new__(vector&)
+		bool __eq__(vector&, vector&)
+		bool __ne__(vector&, vector&)
+		bool __lt__(vector&, vector&)
+		bool __gt__(vector&, vector&)
+		bool __le__(vector&, vector&)
+		bool __ge__(vector&, vector&)
+		#others
+		void assign(int, TYPE)
+		#void assign(iterator, iterator)
+		TYPE& at(int)
+		TYPE& back()
+		iterator begin()
+		int capacity()
+		void clear()
+		bool empty()
+		iterator end()
+		iterator erase(iterator)
+		iterator erase(iterator, iterator)
+		TYPE& front()
+		iterator insert(iterator, TYPE&)
+		void insert(iterator, int, TYPE&)
+		void insert(iterator, iterator)
+		int max_size()
+		void pop_back()
+		void push_back(TYPE&)
+		iterator rbegin()
+		iterator rend()
+		void reserve(int)
+		void resize(int)
+		void resize(int, TYPE&) #void resize(size_type num, const TYPE& = TYPE())
+		int size()
+		void swap(container&)
+
+cdef extern from "<deque>" namespace std:
+
+	cdef cppclass deque[TYPE]:
+		#constructors
+		__init__()
+		__init__(deque&)
+		__init__(int)
+		__init__(int, TYPE&)
+		__init__(iterator, iterator)
+		#operators
+		TYPE& operator[]( size_type index );
+		const TYPE& operator[]( size_type index ) const;
+		deque __new__(deque&);
+		bool __eq__(deque&, deque&);
+		bool __ne__(deque&, deque&);
+		bool __lt__(deque&, deque&);
+		bool __gt__(deque&, deque&);
+		bool __le__(deque&, deque&);
+		bool __ge__(deque&, deque&);
+		#others
+		void assign(int, TYPE&)
+		void assign(iterator, iterator)
+		TYPE& at(int)
+		TYPE& back()
+		iterator begin()
+		void clear()
+		bool empty()
+		iterator end()
+		iterator erase(iterator)
+		iterator erase(iterator, iterator)
+		TYPE& front()
+		iterator insert(iterator, TYPE&)
+		void insert(iterator, int, TYPE&)
+		void insert(iterator, iterator, iterator)
+		int max_size()
+		void pop_back()
+		void pop_front()
+		void push_back(TYPE&)
+		void push_front(TYPE&)
+		iterator rbegin()
+		iterator rend()
+		void resize(int)
+		void resize(int, TYPE&)
+		int size()
+		void swap(container&)

Demos/setup.py

@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ except:
 ext_modules=[ 
     Extension("primes",       ["primes.pyx"]),
     Extension("spam",         ["spam.pyx"]),
+    Extension("square",         ["square.pyx"], language="c++"),
 ]
 
 for file in glob.glob("*.pyx"):
-    if file != "numeric_demo.pyx":
+    if file != "numeric_demo.pyx" and file != "square.pyx":
         ext_modules.append(Extension(file[:-4], [file], include_dirs = numpy_include_dirs))
 
 setup(

Tools/cython-mode.el

-;;;; `Cython' mode.

(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.pyx\\'" . cython-mode))

(define-derived-mode cython-mode python-mode "Cython"
  (font-lock-add-keywords
   nil
   `((,(concat "\\<\\(NULL"
	       "\\|c\\(def\\|har\\|typedef\\)"
	       "\\|e\\(num\\|xtern\\)"
	       "\\|float"
	       "\\|in\\(clude\\|t\\)"
	       "\\|object\\|public\\|struct\\|type\\|union\\|void"
	       "\\)\\>")
      1 font-lock-keyword-face t))))
+;; Cython mode
\ No newline at end of file
+
+(require 'python-mode)
+
+(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.pyx\\'" . cython-mode))
+(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.pxd\\'" . cython-mode))
+(add-to-list 'auto-mode-alist '("\\.pxi\\'" . cython-mode))
+
+
+(defun cython-compile ()
+  "Compile the file via Cython."
+  (interactive)
+  (let ((cy-buffer (current-buffer)))
+    (with-current-buffer
+        (compile compile-command)
+      (set (make-local-variable 'cython-buffer) cy-buffer)
+      (add-to-list (make-local-variable 'compilation-finish-functions)
+                   'cython-compilation-finish)))
+  )
+
+(defun cython-compilation-finish (buffer how)
+  "Called when Cython compilation finishes."
+  ;; XXX could annotate source here
+  )
+
+(defvar cython-mode-map
+  (let ((map (make-sparse-keymap)))
+    ;; Will inherit from `python-mode-map' thanks to define-derived-mode.
+    (define-key map "\C-c\C-c" 'cython-compile)
+    map)
+  "Keymap used in `cython-mode'.")
+
+(defvar cython-font-lock-keywords
+  `(;; new keywords in Cython language
+    (,(regexp-opt '("by" "cdef" "cimport" "cpdef" "ctypedef" "enum" "except?"
+                    "extern" "gil" "include" "nogil" "property" "public"
+                    "readonly" "struct" "union" "DEF" "IF" "ELIF" "ELSE") 'words)
+     1 font-lock-keyword-face)
+    ;; C and Python types (highlight as builtins)
+    (,(regexp-opt '("NULL" "bint" "char" "dict" "double" "float" "int" "list"
+                    "long" "object" "Py_ssize_t" "short" "size_t" "void") 'words)
+     1 font-lock-builtin-face)
+    ;; cdef is used for more than functions, so simply highlighting the next
+    ;; word is problematic. struct, enum and property work though.
+    ("\\<\\(?:struct\\|enum\\)[ \t]+\\([a-zA-Z_]+[a-zA-Z0-9_]*\\)"
+     1 py-class-name-face)
+    ("\\<property[ \t]+\\([a-zA-Z_]+[a-zA-Z0-9_]*\\)"
+     1 font-lock-function-name-face))
+  "Additional font lock keywords for Cython mode.")
+
+(define-derived-mode cython-mode python-mode "Cython"
+  "Major mode for Cython development, derived from Python mode.
+
+\\{cython-mode-map}"
+  (setcar font-lock-defaults
+          (append python-font-lock-keywords cython-font-lock-keywords))
+  (set (make-local-variable 'compile-command)
+       (concat "cython -a " buffer-file-name))
+  (add-to-list (make-local-variable 'compilation-finish-functions)
+               'cython-compilation-finish)
+)
+
+(provide 'cython-mode)

runtests.py

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ from distutils.core import Extension
 from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as _build_ext
 distutils_distro = Distribution()
 
-TEST_DIRS = ['compile', 'errors', 'run', 'pyregr']
-TEST_RUN_DIRS = ['run', 'pyregr']
+TEST_DIRS = ['compile', 'errors', 'run', 'wrappers', 'pyregr']
+TEST_RUN_DIRS = ['run', 'wrappers', 'pyregr']
 
 # Lists external modules, and a matcher matching tests
 # which should be excluded if the module is not present.
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ EXT_DEP_INCLUDES = [
 ]
 
 VER_DEP_MODULES = {
-# such as:
-#    (2,4) : (operator.le, lambda x: x in ['run.set']),
+    (2,4) : (operator.le, lambda x: x in ['run.extern_builtins_T258'
+                                          ]),
     (3,): (operator.ge, lambda x: x in ['run.non_future_division',
                                         'compile.extsetslice',
                                         'compile.extdelslice']),
@@ -200,10 +200,10 @@ class TestBuilder(object):
                           fork=self.fork)
 
 class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def __init__(self, directory, workdir, module, language='c',
+    def __init__(self, test_directory, workdir, module, language='c',
                  expect_errors=False, annotate=False, cleanup_workdir=True,
                  cleanup_sharedlibs=True, cython_only=False, fork=True):
-        self.directory = directory
+        self.test_directory = test_directory
         self.workdir = workdir
         self.module = module
         self.language = language
@@ -257,8 +257,8 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         self.runCompileTest()
 
     def runCompileTest(self):
-        self.compile(self.directory, self.module, self.workdir,
-                     self.directory, self.expect_errors, self.annotate)
+        self.compile(self.test_directory, self.module, self.workdir,
+                     self.test_directory, self.expect_errors, self.annotate)
 
     def find_module_source_file(self, source_file):
         if not os.path.exists(source_file):
@@ -269,8 +269,15 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         target = '%s.%s' % (module_name, self.language)
         return target
 
-    def split_source_and_output(self, directory, module, workdir):
-        source_file = os.path.join(directory, module) + '.pyx'
+    def find_source_files(self, test_directory, module_name):
+        is_related = re.compile('%s_.*[.]%s' % (module_name, self.language)).match
+        return [self.build_target_filename(module_name)] + [
+            os.path.join(test_directory, filename)
+            for filename in os.listdir(test_directory)
+            if is_related(filename) and os.path.isfile(os.path.join(test_directory, filename)) ]
+
+    def split_source_and_output(self, test_directory, module, workdir):
+        source_file = os.path.join(test_directory, module) + '.pyx'
         source_and_output = codecs.open(
             self.find_module_source_file(source_file), 'rU', 'ISO-8859-1')
         out = codecs.open(os.path.join(workdir, module + '.pyx'),
@@ -289,12 +296,12 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         else:
             return geterrors()
 
-    def run_cython(self, directory, module, targetdir, incdir, annotate):
+    def run_cython(self, test_directory, module, targetdir, incdir, annotate):
         include_dirs = INCLUDE_DIRS[:]
         if incdir:
             include_dirs.append(incdir)
         source = self.find_module_source_file(
-            os.path.join(directory, module + '.pyx'))
+            os.path.join(test_directory, module + '.pyx'))
         target = os.path.join(targetdir, self.build_target_filename(module))
         options = CompilationOptions(
             pyrex_default_options,
@@ -309,7 +316,7 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         cython_compile(source, options=options,
                        full_module_name=module)
 
-    def run_distutils(self, module, workdir, incdir):
+    def run_distutils(self, test_directory, module, workdir, incdir):
         cwd = os.getcwd()
         os.chdir(workdir)
         try:
@@ -324,7 +331,7 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                     ext_include_dirs += get_additional_include_dirs()
             extension = Extension(
                 module,
-                sources = [self.build_target_filename(module)],
+                sources = self.find_source_files(test_directory, module),
                 include_dirs = ext_include_dirs,
                 extra_compile_args = CFLAGS,
                 )
@@ -337,19 +344,19 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         finally:
             os.chdir(cwd)
 
-    def compile(self, directory, module, workdir, incdir,
+    def compile(self, test_directory, module, workdir, incdir,
                 expect_errors, annotate):
         expected_errors = errors = ()
         if expect_errors:
             expected_errors = self.split_source_and_output(
-                directory, module, workdir)
-            directory = workdir
+                test_directory, module, workdir)
+            test_directory = workdir
 
         if WITH_CYTHON:
             old_stderr = sys.stderr
             try:
                 sys.stderr = ErrorWriter()
-                self.run_cython(directory, module, workdir, incdir, annotate)
+                self.run_cython(test_directory, module, workdir, incdir, annotate)
                 errors = sys.stderr.geterrors()
             finally:
                 sys.stderr = old_stderr
@@ -373,7 +380,7 @@ class CythonCompileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
                 raise
         else:
             if not self.cython_only:
-                self.run_distutils(module, workdir, incdir)
+                self.run_distutils(test_directory, module, workdir, incdir)
 
 class CythonRunTestCase(CythonCompileTestCase):
     def shortDescription(self):
@@ -649,7 +656,7 @@ class FileListExcluder:
                 self.excludes[line.split()[0]] = True
                 
     def __call__(self, testname):
-        return testname.split('.')[-1] in self.excludes
+        return testname in self.excludes or testname.split('.')[-1] in self.excludes
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     from optparse import OptionParser

setup.py

@@ -25,6 +25,11 @@ if sys.platform == "darwin":
 
 setup_args = {}
 
+def add_command_class(name, cls):
+    cmdclasses = setup_args.get('cmdclass', {})
+    cmdclasses[name] = cls
+    setup_args['cmdclass'] = cmdclasses
+
 if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
     import lib2to3.refactor
     from distutils.command.build_py \
@@ -34,7 +39,7 @@ if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
                if fix.split('fix_')[-1] not in ('next',)
                ]
     build_py.fixer_names = fixers
-    setup_args['cmdclass'] = {"build_py" : build_py}
+    add_command_class("build_py", build_py)
 
 
 if sys.version_info < (2,4):
@@ -72,54 +77,84 @@ else:
     else:
         scripts = ["cython.py"]
 
+def compile_cython_modules():
+    source_root = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    compiled_modules = ["Cython.Plex.Scanners",
+                        "Cython.Compiler.Scanning",
+                        "Cython.Compiler.Parsing",
+                        "Cython.Compiler.Visitor",
+                        "Cython.Runtime.refnanny"]
+    extensions = []
 
-try:
     if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
-        raise ValueError
-    sys.argv.remove("--no-cython-compile")
-except ValueError:
-    try:
-        from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as build_ext_orig
-        class build_ext(build_ext_orig):
-            def build_extension(self, ext, *args, **kargs):
-                try:
-                    build_ext_orig.build_extension(self, ext, *args, **kargs)
-                except StandardError:
-                    print("Compilation of '%s' failed" % ext.sources[0])
-        from Cython.Compiler.Main import compile
-        from Cython import Utils
-        source_root = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        compiled_modules = ["Cython.Plex.Scanners",
-                            "Cython.Compiler.Scanning",
-                            "Cython.Compiler.Parsing",
-                            "Cython.Compiler.Visitor",
-                            "Cython.Runtime.refnanny"]
-        extensions = []
+        from Cython.Distutils import build_ext as build_ext_orig
         for module in compiled_modules:
             source_file = os.path.join(source_root, *module.split('.'))
             if os.path.exists(source_file + ".py"):
                 pyx_source_file = source_file + ".py"
             else:
                 pyx_source_file = source_file + ".pyx"
-            c_source_file = source_file + ".c"
-            if not os.path.exists(c_source_file) or \
-               Utils.file_newer_than(pyx_source_file,
-                                     Utils.modification_time(c_source_file)):
-                print("Compiling module %s ..." % module)
-                result = compile(pyx_source_file)
-                c_source_file = result.c_file
-            if c_source_file:
-                extensions.append(
-                    Extension(module, sources = [c_source_file])
-                    )
-            else:
-                print("Compilation failed")
-        if extensions:
-            setup_args['ext_modules'] = extensions
-            setup_args['cmdclass'] = {"build_ext" : build_ext}
-    except Exception:
-        print("ERROR: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
-        print("Extension module compilation failed, using plain Python implementation")
+            extensions.append(
+                Extension(module, sources = [pyx_source_file])
+                )
+
+        class build_ext(build_ext_orig):
+            def build_extensions(self):
+                # add path where 2to3 installed the transformed sources
+                # and make sure Python (re-)imports them from there
+                already_imported = [ module for module in sys.modules
+                                     if module == 'Cython' or module.startswith('Cython.') ]
+                for module in already_imported:
+                    del sys.modules[module]
+                sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(source_root, self.build_lib))
+
+                build_ext_orig.build_extensions(self)
+
+        setup_args['ext_modules'] = extensions
+        add_command_class("build_ext", build_ext)
+
+    else: # Python 2.x
+        from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext as build_ext_orig
+        try:
+            class build_ext(build_ext_orig):
+                def build_extension(self, ext, *args, **kargs):
+                    try:
+                        build_ext_orig.build_extension(self, ext, *args, **kargs)
+                    except StandardError:
+                        print("Compilation of '%s' failed" % ext.sources[0])
+            from Cython.Compiler.Main import compile
+            from Cython import Utils
+            source_root = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+            for module in compiled_modules:
+                source_file = os.path.join(source_root, *module.split('.'))
+                if os.path.exists(source_file + ".py"):
+                    pyx_source_file = source_file + ".py"
+                else:
+                    pyx_source_file = source_file + ".pyx"
+                c_source_file = source_file + ".c"
+                if not os.path.exists(c_source_file) or \
+                   Utils.file_newer_than(pyx_source_file,
+                                         Utils.modification_time(c_source_file)):
+                    print("Compiling module %s ..." % module)
+                    result = compile(pyx_source_file)
+                    c_source_file = result.c_file
+                if c_source_file:
+                    extensions.append(
+                        Extension(module, sources = [c_source_file])
+                        )
+                else:
+                    print("Compilation failed")
+            if extensions:
+                setup_args['ext_modules'] = extensions
+                add_command_class("build_ext", build_ext)
+        except Exception:
+            print("ERROR: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
+            print("Extension module compilation failed, using plain Python implementation")
+
+try:
+    sys.argv.remove("--no-cython-compile")
+except ValueError:
+    compile_cython_modules()
 
 setup_args.update(setuptools_extra_args)
 

tests/bugs.txt

@@ -8,3 +8,6 @@ unsignedbehaviour_T184
 missing_baseclass_in_predecl_T262
 cfunc_call_tuple_args_T408
 cascaded_list_unpacking_T467
+compile.cpp_operators
+cppwrap
+cpp_overload_wrapper

tests/compile/cpp_operators.pyx

+cdef extern from "operators.h":
+    cdef cppclass Operators:
+        Operators(int)
+        Operators operator+(Operators)
+        Operators __add__(Operators, Operators)
+        Operators __sub__(Operators, Operators)
+        Operators __mul__(Operators, Operators)
+        Operators __div__(Operators, Operators)
+        bool __lt__(Operators, Operators)
+        bool __le__(Operators, Operators)
+        bool __eq__(Operators, Operators)
+        bool __ne__(Operators, Operators)
+        bool __gt__(Operators, Operators)
+        bool __ge__(Operators, Operators)
+        Operators __rshift__(Operators, int)
+        Operators __lshift__(Operators, int)
+        Operators __mod__(Operators, int)
+
+cdef int v = 10
+cdef Operators a
+cdef Operators b
+cdef Operators c
+
+c = a + b
+c = a - b
+c = a * b
+c = a / b
+c = a << 2
+c = a >> 1
+c = b % 2
+a < b
+a <= b
+a == b
+a != b
+a > b
+a >= b
+

tests/compile/cpp_templates.pyx

+cdef extern from "templates.h":
+    cdef cppclass TemplateTest1[T]:
+        TemplateTest1()
+        T value
+        int t
+        T getValue()
+
+    cdef cppclass TemplateTest2[T, U]:
+        TemplateTest2()
+        T value1
+        U value2
+        T getValue1()
+        U getValue2()
+
+cdef TemplateTest1[int] a
+cdef TemplateTest1[int]* b = new TemplateTest1[int]()
+
+cdef int c = a.getValue()
+c = b.getValue()
+
+cdef TemplateTest2[int, char] d
+cdef TemplateTest2[int, char]* e = new TemplateTest2[int, char]()
+
+c = d.getValue1()
+c = e.getValue2()
+
+cdef char f = d.getValue2()
+f = e.getValue2()
+
+del b, e

tests/compile/declarations.pyx

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ cdef extern int (*iapfn())[5]
 cdef extern char *(*cpapfn())[5]
 cdef extern int fnargfn(int ())
 
+cdef extern int ia[]
+cdef extern int iaa[][3]
+cdef extern int a(int[][3], int[][3][5])
+
 cdef void f():
     cdef void *p=NULL
     global ifnp, cpa

tests/compile/msvc_strings.pyx

+"""A long module docstring.
+
+Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer sit amet
+mauris mauris, sit amet venenatis nisl. Vivamus a est porta enim sollicitudin
+mollis. Proin fringilla massa vel ante gravida luctus. Nunc quis nunc id quam
+hendrerit posuere. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient
+montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam porttitor interdum sollicitudin. Mauris
+malesuada tellus tellus. Mauris condimentum nunc et sapien pellentesque
+gravida. Suspendisse sed ipsum orci. Duis ut lacus dui. Integer ac gravida sem.
+Vivamus fermentum porttitor velit ac blandit. Maecenas pulvinar ullamcorper
+enim, vitae aliquet tortor scelerisque et. Vestibulum ante massa, sodales et
+bibendum dignissim, consectetur vitae metus. Quisque vel dui erat, vel commodo
+metus. Aliquam arcu dolor, viverra sit amet porttitor a, faucibus eu augue.
+
+Sed ornare, enim eget ultricies suscipit, nunc dui lacinia enim, vitae tempus
+nunc libero vitae ligula. Nam et commodo ligula. Pellentesque tincidunt lorem
+at elit aliquam at fringilla libero tempor. Donec molestie consectetur nibh, ac
+varius ante dictum id. Suspendisse lectus nibh, molestie vel dapibus eget,
+egestas ut eros. Mauris vel mauris turpis, vitae bibendum nunc. Vestibulum
+nulla enim, vestibulum vitae tincidunt et, gravida eu metus. Nulla sagittis,
+odio a placerat laoreet, arcu lectus vestibulum nunc, in hendrerit tortor quam
+sit amet turpis. In et purus vel dui pellentesque tincidunt. Donec dictum nibh
+sed quam luctus sit amet luctus justo dapibus. Integer nulla elit, lacinia
+aliquet euismod sed, tempus vitae lectus. Fusce non sapien dolor. Suspendisse
+ut est ut dui tempor ultricies id ut elit. Aenean adipiscing sollicitudin enim,
+nec porttitor est porttitor eget. Proin lobortis ante ut diam sodales volutpat.
+Donec urna diam, porttitor nec laoreet ut, rhoncus non diam.
+
+Ut sed mi vitae turpis semper semper. Integer sit amet lorem sapien. Aliquam
+risus diam, vulputate id sagittis et, molestie ut lectus. Aliquam erat
+volutpat. Morbi aliquet venenatis metus in posuere. Cras vitae purus nunc, ut
+vestibulum ipsum. Nullam vehicula dui in urna iaculis lobortis. Ut a est non
+est tincidunt iaculis. Vivamus rutrum velit non nunc malesuada sed bibendum mi
+iaculis. Sed id lacus in sem tempor vestibulum. Cras bibendum accumsan
+suscipit. Phasellus congue nisl consectetur turpis rhoncus aliquet posuere
+libero fringilla. Sed eros tellus, hendrerit nec imperdiet vitae, blandit ac
+dolor. Nulla facilisi. Morbi ullamcorper libero odio, at cursus tortor. Cras
+ultricies tellus eget justo cursus cursus. Donec at mi massa, auctor suscipit
+sem.
+
+Proin dolor purus, semper sed ultrices ut, iaculis at tortor. Donec risus enim,
+interdum et convallis nec, aliquam eget velit. Curabitur eget lectus dolor.
+Integer id turpis eu nulla euismod tincidunt. Fusce elit nibh, dapibus sit amet
+tempus ac, convallis eu libero. Donec dui justo, molestie sed euismod porta,
+ultricies id orci. Praesent a tellus et risus faucibus porttitor pellentesque
+in purus. Fusce blandit risus ac tortor viverra vitae molestie odio convallis.
+Donec rhoncus volutpat mauris, sit amet mattis libero dapibus id. Ut rhoncus
+venenatis nisi ac dictum. In non nulla eget massa convallis facilisis. Praesent
+nec odio id odio semper lobortis non eu erat. Proin quis gravida magna. Sed
+rhoncus lectus auctor arcu posuere a auctor dui pellentesque.
+
+Sed enim nulla, luctus quis sagittis sed, vestibulum eget metus. Mauris ornare
+pretium fringilla. Proin ligula eros, fermentum in placerat sit amet, placerat
+vel mauris. Nulla magna enim, luctus eget euismod ac, lacinia vel lorem. Duis
+mi leo, porttitor vitae dictum ac, ultrices iaculis metus. Quisque libero mi,
+aliquet quis vestibulum eget, porttitor non justo. Praesent ac metus felis.
+Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac
+turpis egestas. Donec vel enim sit amet ante imperdiet commodo sed vel nisi.
+Praesent semper viverra nulla vehicula sollicitudin. Fusce lacinia aliquet
+ullamcorper. Donec vitae diam est. Integer volutpat hendrerit turpis ut
+bibendum. Integer et dui augue.
+
+Nunc ut nisl in felis feugiat semper nec sit amet purus. Proin convallis
+ultrices nisl ut vehicula. Pellentesque neque mi, elementum vel placerat nec,
+laoreet ac nulla. Pellentesque aliquam dui a metus iaculis posuere. Curabitur
+dapibus faucibus metus. Donec quis diam dui. Proin at mi nec augue cursus
+pulvinar eu vel metus. Curabitur eget turpis ac risus dignissim luctus sed id
+ligula. Etiam lectus neque, varius ut euismod nec, euismod quis nulla. Ut
+feugiat, quam id tempor luctus, metus eros lacinia diam, nec dapibus tellus dui
+quis diam. Nam interdum, orci id fringilla mattis, ipsum eros pellentesque
+turpis, hendrerit dignissim justo dui interdum ante. Curabitur aliquam nisi ut
+dui lacinia tempor. Nulla lobortis tellus non sapien dignissim ut dapibus dui
+aliquet. Nam scelerisque, urna a aliquam malesuada, mi tortor scelerisque
+libero, quis pellentesque erat eros ut justo.
+
+Phasellus nulla purus, suscipit vel gravida euismod, malesuada et odio.
+Vestibulum non libero eget lacus venenatis auctor quis a est. Nunc id leo est.
+Curabitur pulvinar viverra sapien at viverra. Cras pretium justo et lorem
+lobortis id tempor nisi accumsan. Cras egestas tortor in risus hendrerit eu
+varius purus suscipit. Nullam mauris eros, mattis at tempor vitae, mollis vitae
+velit. Etiam at adipiscing lectus. Quisque molestie, metus id posuere pharetra,
+lorem enim vehicula mauris, ut ultricies purus justo a lacus. Vivamus blandit
+euismod adipiscing. Nam eu ligula at elit ultricies tempus. Nunc ac sodales
+neque. Ut dui diam, porttitor a pulvinar vel, sodales sit amet turpis. Donec
+vitae eros at neque luctus scelerisque. In consequat elementum iaculis. Donec
+ullamcorper dolor eu quam volutpat rhoncus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
+consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras laoreet ante eget dolor sagittis imperdiet.
+Proin magna urna, porta id blandit nec, commodo eget lorem.
+
+Etiam imperdiet, orci sit amet rutrum consectetur, orci augue tempus lacus, id
+venenatis sapien nisl a est. Sed accumsan massa sed libero consectetur
+scelerisque. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia
+nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Sed nunc risus, lobortis id egestas nec,
+suscipit id magna. Morbi at iaculis mauris. Proin felis sem, tempus non
+pellentesque congue, vehicula sit amet eros. Maecenas porttitor erat ac dolor
+pharetra iaculis. Cras tincidunt, nulla eget malesuada egestas, sem diam
+consequat quam, sed feugiat nulla orci at mauris. Quisque non arcu diam, ac
+lacinia felis. Nunc iaculis mollis egestas. Etiam imperdiet dolor consectetur
+eros feugiat fringilla sed in lacus. Nunc nec tincidunt dolor. Etiam sagittis
+tortor condimentum nunc fermentum vestibulum. Vivamus lobortis, magna sit amet
+scelerisque lobortis, sem eros molestie leo, eget aliquet ligula est in lectus.
+Duis placerat porta pulvinar. Sed sed adipiscing ante. Vestibulum ante ipsum
+primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Nam accumsan
+iaculis augue, sed varius dui sagittis id. Etiam sit amet eleifend augue.
+
+Ut sit amet nibh sit amet justo tempor condimentum. Ut faucibus sagittis
+volutpat. Duis vestibulum feugiat sollicitudin. Aenean cursus luctus urna at
+consectetur. Nullam tincidunt, eros a iaculis sodales, tellus est imperdiet
+arcu, sit amet tincidunt orci felis et tortor. Mauris rutrum venenatis nunc ut
+rutrum. Phasellus nec erat magna, in tincidunt orci. Sed sit amet suscipit
+tellus. Mauris ut nisi turpis. Suspendisse augue turpis, condimentum ac
+bibendum in, vestibulum nec eros. Curabitur dapibus pulvinar vehicula. Fusce
+consequat, erat in malesuada hendrerit, tellus urna pharetra lacus, sed euismod
+nisi urna sed nisi. Etiam fermentum accumsan nunc, sed bibendum dui iaculis id.
+Etiam blandit fermentum ligula nec viverra. Vivamus venenatis arcu in nulla
+euismod euismod. Donec sit amet augue nec metus varius fringilla. Vivamus
+pulvinar elit ac mi rhoncus in luctus diam egestas. Curabitur a felis eget arcu
+pretium tempus eu sed mauris. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci
+luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae;
+
+Mauris malesuada, nibh ac venenatis hendrerit, ligula dui condimentum tellus,
+sit amet pretium diam tortor vel risus. Suspendisse suscipit consequat eros id
+dignissim. Cras interdum lorem ac massa euismod non porta enim pretium. Aliquam
+ultrices nibh vitae ligula consectetur vel sollicitudin lacus volutpat.
+Phasellus vulputate iaculis sem nec laoreet. Nam leo sem, tempor eu condimentum
+id, imperdiet sed dolor. Donec pharetra velit non libero euismod tempor.
+Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere
+cubilia Curae; Sed fermentum, libero a posuere posuere, enim elit imperdiet
+enim, a sollicitudin est felis non libero. Sed vel dolor ut arcu dapibus
+iaculis nec a mauris. Morbi ullamcorper ultrices venenatis. Fusce luctus ante
+sit amet lacus venenatis ut rutrum elit lobortis. Nulla fermentum tortor ac
+sapien fringilla quis iaculis quam egestas.
+
+Aliquam et tortor est, at elementum mauris. Morbi posuere erat nec leo
+vulputate in pellentesque tortor condimentum. Vestibulum at orci augue. Aenean
+pellentesque sapien id felis consequat varius. Suspendisse bibendum enim sit
+amet mi imperdiet vel suscipit nisi tristique. Curabitur velit massa,
+consectetur ac mattis vel, accumsan at nunc. Donec porta, nibh nec consequat
+convallis, urna neque auctor erat, eu convallis lorem leo convallis turpis.
+Morbi non mauris non metus ornare vulputate. Sed aliquet, dolor ut egestas
+fermentum, metus purus mollis elit, nec commodo odio quam quis nisl. Aliquam
+erat volutpat. Suspendisse sed faucibus urna. Integer suscipit rutrum
+condimentum. Praesent dignissim libero eget metus luctus consectetur.
+
+Vestibulum ac erat felis, vitae iaculis erat. Duis interdum lacinia arcu, non
+lacinia urna luctus in. Curabitur feugiat sapien sapien, in vestibulum diam.
+Phasellus lobortis massa ut metus pretium dignissim. Fusce quis sem odio.
+Integer pellentesque sodales augue id tincidunt. Pellentesque habitant morbi
+tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum
+lorem odio, semper vel scelerisque sit amet, sagittis ac libero. Vestibulum
+ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae;
+Nam egestas ultricies dui at gravida. Duis tristique, eros id consectetur
+pellentesque, nulla arcu ultricies tortor, ut pulvinar sapien lacus in elit.
+Vivamus dolor massa, pulvinar at mollis vitae, euismod ut dolor. Vivamus a
+magna ante. Vestibulum vitae fringilla leo. Ut gravida magna in quam fringilla
+ultricies. Mauris rhoncus enim id sem interdum blandit. Pellentesque luctus leo
+sit amet felis viverra ac accumsan purus mollis. Aenean pretium fringilla quam
+nec laoreet.
+
+Nulla id mauris mauris. Nam varius bibendum tristique. Integer ante felis,
+volutpat sed dignissim vel, interdum molestie nisi. Etiam mollis accumsan elit,
+ut gravida eros molestie nec. Nullam quis velit ac purus imperdiet sodales.
+Donec semper placerat venenatis. Cras dolor risus, sodales sed scelerisque nec,
+sollicitudin pretium felis. Quisque pretium felis id turpis bibendum pulvinar
+ornare id nibh. Morbi lobortis leo non mi porttitor vulputate. Vestibulum nec
+odio tellus, ut blandit ligula. In pellentesque neque sit amet dui pulvinar sed
+laoreet dui vehicula. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam feugiat dictum
+blandit. Praesent lacinia tincidunt elit, quis consectetur tortor molestie
+commodo.
+
+Ut sit amet accumsan lorem. Cras quam nunc, malesuada tempor volutpat vitae,
+aliquam eu diam. Sed sem nibh, bibendum nec sollicitudin at, interdum et magna.
+Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur
+ridiculus mus. Aliquam vitae sem non elit pharetra vestibulum et condimentum
+libero. Nam egestas ultricies hendrerit. Nunc nec fringilla nulla. Aliquam
+risus tellus, hendrerit non dapibus a, tincidunt vel ante. Vivamus mollis,
+magna et lacinia tincidunt, dui massa porta odio, ac ornare felis massa nec
+lorem. Mauris sagittis lacus sed metus mollis ac egestas lectus porttitor.
+Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cum sociis natoque
+penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Integer
+vitae lacinia libero. Phasellus at neque enim, sit amet dictum mi.
+
+Ut risus nisi, vestibulum vel congue eget, egestas in ipsum. Duis faucibus
+tempus sodales. Duis convallis pellentesque arcu rhoncus congue. Nunc ac mauris
+eu purus vestibulum congue. Praesent convallis semper augue vel volutpat.
+Integer dictum varius placerat. Vestibulum convallis tortor non mi lacinia ac
+aliquet dui ultricies. Donec ultrices purus eros. Maecenas venenatis posuere
+massa, nec consectetur lacus cursus eget. Donec quam lacus, tempus id placerat
+et, posuere sed libero. Proin auctor diam ut arcu viverra ut imperdiet tellus
+dapibus.
+
+Morbi ac mauris quis tellus porttitor eleifend. Sed et ante magna, ut sodales
+sapien. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices
+posuere cubilia Curae; Integer mattis venenatis mi non ullamcorper. Vestibulum
+magna enim, aliquam non interdum ut, dignissim vitae ante. Praesent dignissim,
+est at pretium posuere, nisl ante varius felis, vitae posuere enim nulla et
+nunc. Morbi sagittis suscipit leo, eu accumsan ligula volutpat non. Donec ut
+tincidunt magna. Integer ac libero mi. Sed non eros dolor, in tincidunt enim.
+Curabitur iaculis erat quis felis iaculis ut volutpat augue malesuada.
+Pellentesque eget arcu ligula, ut volutpat purus. Suspendisse dictum lorem quis
+sapien lacinia pretium. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
+elit.
+
+Proin sagittis egestas massa et tempor. Mauris et eros ante, id porta sem. Duis
+ac eros vitae ipsum ultrices malesuada eget a risus. Morbi imperdiet, est a
+hendrerit tristique, mi erat molestie lacus, ac tempor risus nulla id erat.
+Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac
+turpis egestas. Etiam congue, lacus quis ultricies consequat, diam metus
+convallis enim, ut volutpat enim urna vitae erat. In quam risus, molestie et
+dapibus id, elementum sit amet ligula. Nam faucibus lacus id dolor facilisis
+viverra. Nullam vehicula massa ac arcu consectetur vulputate. Praesent nec
+augue ac justo dapibus vehicula. Aliquam consectetur hendrerit dolor, et mollis
+nisl auctor ut.
+
+Ut sagittis risus at felis fringilla ultricies. Vestibulum non urna nibh, nec
+pretium dolor. Nulla imperdiet lobortis eros at pharetra. Vivamus cursus
+pellentesque ornare. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
+Fusce arcu quam, pulvinar at rutrum vitae, ornare vitae leo. Maecenas vehicula
+magna sit amet nulla bibendum condimentum. Curabitur ultrices tempor fringilla.
+Vivamus pretium suscipit molestie. Donec arcu diam, ultricies ac pellentesque
+eu, venenatis et sapien.
+
+Nam dictum orci augue, vel eleifend leo. Nam at lacus sapien, nec pretium eros.
+In egestas, enim sed sagittis feugiat, purus odio tristique lectus, vel
+condimentum leo turpis ac odio. Nam iaculis mi quis odio posuere et venenatis
+velit ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Proin nec dolor ac quam euismod gravida quis
+et eros. Nam interdum condimentum mattis. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et
+magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Praesent a nisi eu massa
+mollis posuere sed a nunc. Aenean tempus enim a justo rhoncus quis ultrices
+nisl commodo.
+
+Aenean imperdiet mauris a ipsum venenatis vel scelerisque lorem rutrum. Donec
+ut nunc eros, eget accumsan felis. Nullam ullamcorper porta dictum. Donec
+accumsan cursus vestibulum. Aenean in sapien velit. Vivamus nec massa mi. Fusce
+felis tortor, bibendum non volutpat a, fringilla quis nisi. Duis varius
+bibendum erat, quis fermentum sem accumsan eget. Maecenas massa felis, porta
+sed laoreet eu, luctus eu lectus. Cras id nibh vitae erat fringilla rutrum.
+Maecenas eget consequat est. Vivamus viverra, felis vel faucibus rhoncus, quam
+ipsum elementum libero, quis convallis urna purus ut mauris. Nam quis urna
+vitae enim consequat placerat. Vivamus congue augue sit amet lectus luctus
+tempor. Cras ut justo convallis est egestas pellentesque ac nec orci.
+
+Vivamus rutrum bibendum ante, at cursus erat pulvinar ornare. Proin imperdiet
+scelerisque ante eu vestibulum. Nullam ullamcorper metus nec purus auctor
+lobortis. Proin sed lacus et ipsum tempor tempus. Vivamus odio dolor, vulputate
+vitae semper sit amet, aliquet egestas orci. Nullam non quam eu quam sagittis
+porta. Nunc in velit id erat commodo viverra. Praesent nec est augue, nec
+sagittis erat. Cras sed turpis quis enim tempor sagittis. Donec in justo ac
+nisl porta condimentum id vestibulum nulla. Nam elementum ultricies nunc a
+bibendum.
+
+Aenean tincidunt nisl non augue pellentesque sit amet convallis neque semper.
+Cras placerat suscipit massa sed volutpat. Integer vulputate imperdiet enim,
+vitae vulputate sapien mattis feugiat. Vivamus pharetra facilisis mauris a
+gravida. Nulla non venenatis est. Duis lobortis consectetur sem ac aliquam. In
+eget sapien odio. Vivamus pulvinar ultricies magna, quis laoreet dui porta et.
+Integer tempus malesuada velit, et consequat odio ultrices sed. Aliquam
+malesuada commodo diam vel posuere. Morbi porttitor, elit vitae auctor gravida,
+lorem massa bibendum arcu, vel placerat nulla justo at augue.
+
+Aliquam libero quam, mattis blandit congue sit amet, fermentum ac augue.
+Aliquam malesuada molestie vulputate. Duis id porta augue. Vestibulum diam
+dolor, ultrices sit amet porttitor id, convallis id lectus. Etiam ac augue
+tincidunt nisi tempor molestie euismod id nisl. Nam et tortor ac arcu viverra
+pulvinar. Fusce pulvinar rhoncus leo, a faucibus enim interdum non. Aliquam
+vulputate mattis consectetur. Pellentesque sit amet quam sem. Cras eget arcu eu
+elit volutpat volutpat. Integer sed varius enim. Integer sit amet felis orci,
+id dignissim sapien. Sed vitae lorem sed libero facilisis fringilla.
+Pellentesque congue tristique purus, eleifend semper risus suscipit quis.
+Phasellus rutrum quam vitae arcu vulputate porta. Sed tristique arcu nec mi
+porttitor lacinia.
+
+Donec congue feugiat diam quis pretium. Vivamus at luctus nunc. Integer
+vulputate laoreet mauris quis auctor. Nunc at ultrices libero. Maecenas porta
+faucibus purus non vehicula. Sed sit amet metus vitae mi ultrices scelerisque
+nec quis risus. Phasellus pellentesque tincidunt massa id ultricies. Aliquam
+dictum arcu ac dolor interdum rutrum. Nulla facilisi. Duis nisi est, tincidunt
+a sagittis id, sollicitudin at odio. Curabitur sed est eu sapien faucibus
+dignissim in quis tortor.
+
+Nunc ac elit tortor, non lobortis massa. Proin posuere ante ut metus vehicula
+suscipit. Proin mattis mauris ac lectus consequat rutrum. Nam arcu lectus,
+commodo non pretium a, pharetra semper dolor. Fusce eleifend hendrerit
+adipiscing. Nunc et eleifend erat. Suspendisse tempus nisl ut arcu blandit ut
+adipiscing nisi tristique. Suspendisse molestie facilisis risus sed fermentum.
+Praesent tempor convallis ultricies. Integer et elit velit, at consectetur
+risus.
+
+Vestibulum mollis adipiscing sodales. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus
+orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Mauris dictum molestie porta.
+Nam convallis nisl quis lacus vulputate in convallis risus sagittis. Vivamus
+accumsan faucibus cursus. Ut ultricies imperdiet ligula scelerisque blandit. In
+ornare egestas purus, at convallis velit egestas laoreet. Class aptent taciti
+sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Nulla
+quis imperdiet est. Nunc tempus magna quis lacus feugiat et posuere lacus
+vehicula. Cras lacinia aliquam est at vehicula. Aenean congue elit in ante
+dignissim vitae fermentum lectus aliquam. Mauris at odio magna, at interdum
+dui. Cras fringilla mi velit, nec varius neque.
+
+Fusce et volutpat lacus. Suspendisse id turpis et urna varius convallis in eu
+purus. Nulla facilisi. Etiam mauris nisl, ultrices ac porttitor sit amet,
+facilisis ut neque. Nullam ut velit quis velit tincidunt rhoncus. Praesent
+tristique porttitor euismod. Nulla non felis ante, feugiat commodo turpis. In
+nec venenatis mi. Duis tempus tempor purus, vitae consectetur mi ornare eu.
+Proin sed consequat erat. Quisque nec sem dui. Nam semper, ligula facilisis
+pretium interdum, diam lectus sollicitudin lorem, in elementum nisi lorem
+scelerisque justo. Nullam ac fringilla nunc. Maecenas malesuada ligula in massa
+sollicitudin sit amet auctor ipsum malesuada. Vestibulum ut augue in magna
+lobortis varius eget in ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
+
+Cras vel sagittis mi. Aenean urna sapien, ultrices et tristique et, aliquam vel
+libero. Nullam in consequat ante. Suspendisse libero augue, pulvinar a
+dignissim vitae, fringilla malesuada dui. Phasellus augue ante, pulvinar eget
+tincidunt vel, venenatis sed arcu. Pellentesque ac purus orci, vel molestie
+turpis. Nulla consectetur sollicitudin dolor, sed ornare arcu accumsan
+fermentum. Fusce vestibulum nisi at leo interdum eu sollicitudin lacus dictum.
+Fusce malesuada consequat ipsum ut convallis. Maecenas in eros sit amet elit
+consectetur fringilla nec a nibh. Ut et velit vel ligula pharetra elementum.
+Nullam aliquam, tellus vel cursus lacinia, dui libero dictum turpis, nec
+lacinia dolor nunc vel diam. Pellentesque convallis dui quis lacus ornare at
+rutrum lorem pellentesque. Suspendisse potenti. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et
+magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
+
+Nunc ac nibh sed mauris ornare cursus. Praesent enim mauris, tincidunt vitae
+convallis ac, ultricies imperdiet sapien. Duis sodales ligula eget lorem
+suscipit sed consectetur metus pretium. Nam in magna augue, quis volutpat
+mauris. Quisque pretium lobortis orci quis laoreet. Nam ut nisi diam. Sed
+ultrices ultrices dapibus. Integer feugiat mauris id orci pulvinar eu tempus
+nibh viverra. Etiam venenatis bibendum massa a consequat. Fusce interdum velit
+ac mauris rhoncus non cursus neque consectetur. Vestibulum dictum eros ac metus
+fringilla venenatis. Phasellus auctor dui non nulla molestie id malesuada
+mauris euismod. Aenean id tortor ac justo eleifend mollis non vel arcu. Duis ac
+lorem tortor. Donec volutpat purus sed nunc luctus interdum hendrerit nulla
+ullamcorper. Sed consectetur interdum aliquet. Proin ullamcorper risus ut ante
+lacinia sagittis. Nunc varius eleifend purus, ac pellentesque urna viverra id.
+Praesent euismod, sapien accumsan gravida dictum, massa massa euismod sapien,
+ut auctor tellus arcu sed diam.
+
+Vivamus tincidunt dolor non lorem pellentesque at tempus elit adipiscing.
+Vestibulum tempor aliquam consectetur. Mauris nec dictum nisl. Donec
+scelerisque ornare condimentum. Phasellus laoreet justo nec nibh convallis
+convallis. Duis id orci sapien, eget pulvinar justo. Aenean id arcu felis, eu
+iaculis nibh. Aenean eleifend pretium rutrum. Aliquam molestie sem quis tellus
+aliquam eleifend. Mauris et purus orci. Nunc et accumsan tortor. Phasellus
+semper eleifend nisi, a faucibus risus vehicula id. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
+consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas in felis et est lacinia eleifend vel sed
+ipsum. Aliquam commodo molestie lorem id hendrerit. Nam sed tellus urna, sed
+dignissim eros.
+
+"""
+
+
+A_LONG_STRING = """A long string.
+
+Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer sit amet
+mauris mauris, sit amet venenatis nisl. Vivamus a est porta enim sollicitudin
+mollis. Proin fringilla massa vel ante gravida luctus. Nunc quis nunc id quam
+hendrerit posuere. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient
+montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam porttitor interdum sollicitudin. Mauris
+malesuada tellus tellus. Mauris condimentum nunc et sapien pellentesque
+gravida. Suspendisse sed ipsum orci. Duis ut lacus dui. Integer ac gravida sem.
+Vivamus fermentum porttitor velit ac blandit. Maecenas pulvinar ullamcorper
+enim, vitae aliquet tortor scelerisque et. Vestibulum ante massa, sodales et
+bibendum dignissim, consectetur vitae metus. Quisque vel dui erat, vel commodo
+metus. Aliquam arcu dolor, viverra sit amet porttitor a, faucibus eu augue.
+
+Sed ornare, enim eget ultricies suscipit, nunc dui lacinia enim, vitae tempus
+nunc libero vitae ligula. Nam et commodo ligula. Pellentesque tincidunt lorem
+at elit aliquam at fringilla libero tempor. Donec molestie consectetur nibh, ac
+varius ante dictum id. Suspendisse lectus nibh, molestie vel dapibus eget,
+egestas ut eros. Mauris vel mauris turpis, vitae bibendum nunc. Vestibulum
+nulla enim, vestibulum vitae tincidunt et, gravida eu metus. Nulla sagittis,
+odio a placerat laoreet, arcu lectus vestibulum nunc, in hendrerit tortor quam
+sit amet turpis. In et purus vel dui pellentesque tincidunt. Donec dictum nibh
+sed quam luctus sit amet luctus justo dapibus. Integer nulla elit, lacinia
+aliquet euismod sed, tempus vitae lectus. Fusce non sapien dolor. Suspendisse
+ut est ut dui tempor ultricies id ut elit. Aenean adipiscing sollicitudin enim,
+nec porttitor est porttitor eget. Proin lobortis ante ut diam sodales volutpat.
+Donec urna diam, porttitor nec laoreet ut, rhoncus non diam.
+
+Ut sed mi vitae turpis semper semper. Integer sit amet lorem sapien. Aliquam
+risus diam, vulputate id sagittis et, molestie ut lectus. Aliquam erat
+volutpat. Morbi aliquet venenatis metus in posuere. Cras vitae purus nunc, ut
+vestibulum ipsum. Nullam vehicula dui in urna iaculis lobortis. Ut a est non
+est tincidunt iaculis. Vivamus rutrum velit non nunc malesuada sed bibendum mi
+iaculis. Sed id lacus in sem tempor vestibulum. Cras bibendum accumsan
+suscipit. Phasellus congue nisl consectetur turpis rhoncus aliquet posuere
+libero fringilla. Sed eros tellus, hendrerit nec imperdiet vitae, blandit ac
+dolor. Nulla facilisi. Morbi ullamcorper libero odio, at cursus tortor. Cras
+ultricies tellus eget justo cursus cursus. Donec at mi massa, auctor suscipit
+sem.
+
+Proin dolor purus, semper sed ultrices ut, iaculis at tortor. Donec risus enim,
+interdum et convallis nec, aliquam eget velit. Curabitur eget lectus dolor.
+Integer id turpis eu nulla euismod tincidunt. Fusce elit nibh, dapibus sit amet
+tempus ac, convallis eu libero. Donec dui justo, molestie sed euismod porta,
+ultricies id orci. Praesent a tellus et risus faucibus porttitor pellentesque
+in purus. Fusce blandit risus ac tortor viverra vitae molestie odio convallis.
+Donec rhoncus volutpat mauris, sit amet mattis libero dapibus id. Ut rhoncus
+venenatis nisi ac dictum. In non nulla eget massa convallis facilisis. Praesent
+nec odio id odio semper lobortis non eu erat. Proin quis gravida magna. Sed
+rhoncus lectus auctor arcu posuere a auctor dui pellentesque.
+
+Sed enim nulla, luctus quis sagittis sed, vestibulum eget metus. Mauris ornare
+pretium fringilla. Proin ligula eros, fermentum in placerat sit amet, placerat
+vel mauris. Nulla magna enim, luctus eget euismod ac, lacinia vel lorem. Duis
+mi leo, porttitor vitae dictum ac, ultrices iaculis metus. Quisque libero mi,
+aliquet quis vestibulum eget, porttitor non justo. Praesent ac metus felis.
+Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac
+turpis egestas. Donec vel enim sit amet ante imperdiet commodo sed vel nisi.
+Praesent semper viverra nulla vehicula sollicitudin. Fusce lacinia aliquet
+ullamcorper. Donec vitae diam est. Integer volutpat hendrerit turpis ut
+bibendum. Integer et dui augue.
+
+Nunc ut nisl in felis feugiat semper nec sit amet purus. Proin convallis
+ultrices nisl ut vehicula. Pellentesque neque mi, elementum vel placerat nec,
+laoreet ac nulla. Pellentesque aliquam dui a metus iaculis posuere. Curabitur
+dapibus faucibus metus. Donec quis diam dui. Proin at mi nec augue cursus
+pulvinar eu vel metus. Curabitur eget turpis ac risus dignissim luctus sed id
+ligula. Etiam lectus neque, varius ut euismod nec, euismod quis nulla. Ut
+feugiat, quam id tempor luctus, metus eros lacinia diam, nec dapibus tellus dui
+quis diam. Nam interdum, orci id fringilla mattis, ipsum eros pellentesque
+turpis, hendrerit dignissim justo dui interdum ante. Curabitur aliquam nisi ut
+dui lacinia tempor. Nulla lobortis tellus non sapien dignissim ut dapibus dui
+aliquet. Nam scelerisque, urna a aliquam malesuada, mi tortor scelerisque
+libero, quis pellentesque erat eros ut justo.
+
+Phasellus nulla purus, suscipit vel gravida euismod, malesuada et odio.
+Vestibulum non libero eget lacus venenatis auctor quis a est. Nunc id leo est.
+Curabitur pulvinar viverra sapien at viverra. Cras pretium justo et lorem
+lobortis id tempor nisi accumsan. Cras egestas tortor in risus hendrerit eu
+varius purus suscipit. Nullam mauris eros, mattis at tempor vitae, mollis vitae
+velit. Etiam at adipiscing lectus. Quisque molestie, metus id posuere pharetra,
+lorem enim vehicula mauris, ut ultricies purus justo a lacus. Vivamus blandit
+euismod adipiscing. Nam eu ligula at elit ultricies tempus. Nunc ac sodales
+neque. Ut dui diam, porttitor a pulvinar vel, sodales sit amet turpis. Donec
+vitae eros at neque luctus scelerisque. In consequat elementum iaculis. Donec
+ullamcorper dolor eu quam volutpat rhoncus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
+consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras laoreet ante eget dolor sagittis imperdiet.
+Proin magna urna, porta id blandit nec, commodo eget lorem.
+
+Etiam imperdiet, orci sit amet rutrum consectetur, orci augue tempus lacus, id
+venenatis sapien nisl a est. Sed accumsan massa sed libero consectetur
+scelerisque. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia
+nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Sed nunc risus, lobortis id egestas nec,
+suscipit id magna. Morbi at iaculis mauris. Proin felis sem, tempus non
+pellentesque congue, vehicula sit amet eros. Maecenas porttitor erat ac dolor
+pharetra iaculis. Cras tincidunt, nulla eget malesuada egestas, sem diam
+consequat quam, sed feugiat nulla orci at mauris. Quisque non arcu diam, ac
+lacinia felis. Nunc iaculis mollis egestas. Etiam imperdiet dolor consectetur
+eros feugiat fringilla sed in lacus. Nunc nec tincidunt dolor. Etiam sagittis
+tortor condimentum nunc fermentum vestibulum. Vivamus lobortis, magna sit amet
+scelerisque lobortis, sem eros molestie leo, eget aliquet ligula est in lectus.
+Duis placerat porta pulvinar. Sed sed adipiscing ante. Vestibulum ante ipsum
+primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Nam accumsan
+iaculis augue, sed varius dui sagittis id. Etiam sit amet eleifend augue.
+
+Ut sit amet nibh sit amet justo tempor condimentum. Ut faucibus sagittis
+volutpat. Duis vestibulum feugiat sollicitudin. Aenean cursus luctus urna at
+consectetur. Nullam tincidunt, eros a iaculis sodales, tellus est imperdiet
+arcu, sit amet tincidunt orci felis et tortor. Mauris rutrum venenatis nunc ut
+rutrum. Phasellus nec erat magna, in tincidunt orci. Sed sit amet suscipit
+tellus. Mauris ut nisi turpis. Suspendisse augue turpis, condimentum ac
+bibendum in, vestibulum nec eros. Curabitur dapibus pulvinar vehicula. Fusce
+consequat, erat in malesuada hendrerit, tellus urna pharetra lacus, sed euismod
+nisi urna sed nisi. Etiam fermentum accumsan nunc, sed bibendum dui iaculis id.
+Etiam blandit fermentum ligula nec viverra. Vivamus venenatis arcu in nulla
+euismod euismod. Donec sit amet augue nec metus varius fringilla. Vivamus
+pulvinar elit ac mi rhoncus in luctus diam egestas. Curabitur a felis eget arcu
+pretium tempus eu sed mauris. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci
+luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae;
+
+Mauris malesuada, nibh ac venenatis hendrerit, ligula dui condimentum tellus,
+sit amet pretium diam tortor vel risus. Suspendisse suscipit consequat eros id
+dignissim. Cras interdum lorem ac massa euismod non porta enim pretium. Aliquam
+ultrices nibh vitae ligula consectetur vel sollicitudin lacus volutpat.
+Phasellus vulputate iaculis sem nec laoreet. Nam leo sem, tempor eu condimentum
+id, imperdiet sed dolor. Donec pharetra velit non libero euismod tempor.
+Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere
+cubilia Curae; Sed fermentum, libero a posuere posuere, enim elit imperdiet
+enim, a sollicitudin est felis non libero. Sed vel dolor ut arcu dapibus
+iaculis nec a mauris. Morbi ullamcorper ultrices venenatis. Fusce luctus ante
+sit amet lacus venenatis ut rutrum elit lobortis. Nulla fermentum tortor ac
+sapien fringilla quis iaculis quam egestas.
+
+Aliquam et tortor est, at elementum mauris. Morbi posuere erat nec leo
+vulputate in pellentesque tortor condimentum. Vestibulum at orci augue. Aenean
+pellentesque sapien id felis consequat varius. Suspendisse bibendum enim sit
+amet mi imperdiet vel suscipit nisi tristique. Curabitur velit massa,
+consectetur ac mattis vel, accumsan at nunc. Donec porta, nibh nec consequat
+convallis, urna neque auctor erat, eu convallis lorem leo convallis turpis.
+Morbi non mauris non metus ornare vulputate. Sed aliquet, dolor ut egestas
+fermentum, metus purus mollis elit, nec commodo odio quam quis nisl. Aliquam
+erat volutpat. Suspendisse sed faucibus urna. Integer suscipit rutrum
+condimentum. Praesent dignissim libero eget metus luctus consectetur.
+
+Vestibulum ac erat felis, vitae iaculis erat. Duis interdum lacinia arcu, non
+lacinia urna luctus in. Curabitur feugiat sapien sapien, in vestibulum diam.
+Phasellus lobortis massa ut metus pretium dignissim. Fusce quis sem odio.
+Integer pellentesque sodales augue id tincidunt. Pellentesque habitant morbi
+tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Vestibulum
+lorem odio, semper vel scelerisque sit amet, sagittis ac libero. Vestibulum
+ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae;
+Nam egestas ultricies dui at gravida. Duis tristique, eros id consectetur
+pellentesque, nulla arcu ultricies tortor, ut pulvinar sapien lacus in elit.
+Vivamus dolor massa, pulvinar at mollis vitae, euismod ut dolor. Vivamus a
+magna ante. Vestibulum vitae fringilla leo. Ut gravida magna in quam fringilla
+ultricies. Mauris rhoncus enim id sem interdum blandit. Pellentesque luctus leo
+sit amet felis viverra ac accumsan purus mollis. Aenean pretium fringilla quam
+nec laoreet.
+
+Nulla id mauris mauris. Nam varius bibendum tristique. Integer ante felis,
+volutpat sed dignissim vel, interdum molestie nisi. Etiam mollis accumsan elit,
+ut gravida eros molestie nec. Nullam quis velit ac purus imperdiet sodales.
+Donec semper placerat venenatis. Cras dolor risus, sodales sed scelerisque nec,
+sollicitudin pretium felis. Quisque pretium felis id turpis bibendum pulvinar
+ornare id nibh. Morbi lobortis leo non mi porttitor vulputate. Vestibulum nec
+odio tellus, ut blandit ligula. In pellentesque neque sit amet dui pulvinar sed
+laoreet dui vehicula. In hac habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam feugiat dictum
+blandit. Praesent lacinia tincidunt elit, quis consectetur tortor molestie
+commodo.
+
+Ut sit amet accumsan lorem. Cras quam nunc, malesuada tempor volutpat vitae,
+aliquam eu diam. Sed sem nibh, bibendum nec sollicitudin at, interdum et magna.
+Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur
+ridiculus mus. Aliquam vitae sem non elit pharetra vestibulum et condimentum
+libero. Nam egestas ultricies hendrerit. Nunc nec fringilla nulla. Aliquam
+risus tellus, hendrerit non dapibus a, tincidunt vel ante. Vivamus mollis,
+magna et lacinia tincidunt, dui massa porta odio, ac ornare felis massa nec
+lorem. Mauris sagittis lacus sed metus mollis ac egestas lectus porttitor.
+Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cum sociis natoque
+penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Integer
+vitae lacinia libero. Phasellus at neque enim, sit amet dictum mi.
+
+Ut risus nisi, vestibulum vel congue eget, egestas in ipsum. Duis faucibus
+tempus sodales. Duis convallis pellentesque arcu rhoncus congue. Nunc ac mauris
+eu purus vestibulum congue. Praesent convallis semper augue vel volutpat.
+Integer dictum varius placerat. Vestibulum convallis tortor non mi lacinia ac
+aliquet dui ultricies. Donec ultrices purus eros. Maecenas venenatis posuere
+massa, nec consectetur lacus cursus eget. Donec quam lacus, tempus id placerat
+et, posuere sed libero. Proin auctor diam ut arcu viverra ut imperdiet tellus
+dapibus.
+
+Morbi ac mauris quis tellus porttitor eleifend. Sed et ante magna, ut sodales
+sapien. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices
+posuere cubilia Curae; Integer mattis venenatis mi non ullamcorper. Vestibulum
+magna enim, aliquam non interdum ut, dignissim vitae ante. Praesent dignissim,
+est at pretium posuere, nisl ante varius felis, vitae posuere enim nulla et
+nunc. Morbi sagittis suscipit leo, eu accumsan ligula volutpat non. Donec ut
+tincidunt magna. Integer ac libero mi. Sed non eros dolor, in tincidunt enim.
+Curabitur iaculis erat quis felis iaculis ut volutpat augue malesuada.
+Pellentesque eget arcu ligula, ut volutpat purus. Suspendisse dictum lorem quis
+sapien lacinia pretium. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing
+elit.
+
+Proin sagittis egestas massa et tempor. Mauris et eros ante, id porta sem. Duis
+ac eros vitae ipsum ultrices malesuada eget a risus. Morbi imperdiet, est a
+hendrerit tristique, mi erat molestie lacus, ac tempor risus nulla id erat.
+Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac
+turpis egestas. Etiam congue, lacus quis ultricies consequat, diam metus
+convallis enim, ut volutpat enim urna vitae erat. In quam risus, molestie et
+dapibus id, elementum sit amet ligula. Nam faucibus lacus id dolor facilisis
+viverra. Nullam vehicula massa ac arcu consectetur vulputate. Praesent nec
+augue ac justo dapibus vehicula. Aliquam consectetur hendrerit dolor, et mollis
+nisl auctor ut.
+
+Ut sagittis risus at felis fringilla ultricies. Vestibulum non urna nibh, nec
+pretium dolor. Nulla imperdiet lobortis eros at pharetra. Vivamus cursus
+pellentesque ornare. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
+Fusce arcu quam, pulvinar at rutrum vitae, ornare vitae leo. Maecenas vehicula
+magna sit amet nulla bibendum condimentum. Curabitur ultrices tempor fringilla.
+Vivamus pretium suscipit molestie. Donec arcu diam, ultricies ac pellentesque
+eu, venenatis et sapien.
+
+Nam dictum orci augue, vel eleifend leo. Nam at lacus sapien, nec pretium eros.
+In egestas, enim sed sagittis feugiat, purus odio tristique lectus, vel
+condimentum leo turpis ac odio. Nam iaculis mi quis odio posuere et venenatis
+velit ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Proin nec dolor ac quam euismod gravida quis
+et eros. Nam interdum condimentum mattis. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et
+magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Praesent a nisi eu massa
+mollis posuere sed a nunc. Aenean tempus enim a justo rhoncus quis ultrices
+nisl commodo.
+
+Aenean imperdiet mauris a ipsum venenatis vel scelerisque lorem rutrum. Donec
+ut nunc eros, eget accumsan felis. Nullam ullamcorper porta dictum. Donec
+accumsan cursus vestibulum. Aenean in sapien velit. Vivamus nec massa mi. Fusce
+felis tortor, bibendum non volutpat a, fringilla quis nisi. Duis varius
+bibendum erat, quis fermentum sem accumsan eget. Maecenas massa felis, porta
+sed laoreet eu, luctus eu lectus. Cras id nibh vitae erat fringilla rutrum.
+Maecenas eget consequat est. Vivamus viverra, felis vel faucibus rhoncus, quam
+ipsum elementum libero, quis convallis urna purus ut mauris. Nam quis urna
+vitae enim consequat placerat. Vivamus congue augue sit amet lectus luctus
+tempor. Cras ut justo convallis est egestas pellentesque ac nec orci.
+
+Vivamus rutrum bibendum ante, at cursus erat pulvinar ornare. Proin imperdiet
+scelerisque ante eu vestibulum. Nullam ullamcorper metus nec purus auctor
+lobortis. Proin sed lacus et ipsum tempor tempus. Vivamus odio dolor, vulputate
+vitae semper sit amet, aliquet egestas orci. Nullam non quam eu quam sagittis
+porta. Nunc in velit id erat commodo viverra. Praesent nec est augue, nec
+sagittis erat. Cras sed turpis quis enim tempor sagittis. Donec in justo ac
+nisl porta condimentum id vestibulum nulla. Nam elementum ultricies nunc a
+bibendum.
+
+Aenean tincidunt nisl non augue pellentesque sit amet convallis neque semper.
+Cras placerat suscipit massa sed volutpat. Integer vulputate imperdiet enim,
+vitae vulputate sapien mattis feugiat. Vivamus pharetra facilisis mauris a
+gravida. Nulla non venenatis est. Duis lobortis consectetur sem ac aliquam. In
+eget sapien odio. Vivamus pulvinar ultricies magna, quis laoreet dui porta et.
+Integer tempus malesuada velit, et consequat odio ultrices sed. Aliquam
+malesuada commodo diam vel posuere. Morbi porttitor, elit vitae auctor gravida,
+lorem massa bibendum arcu, vel placerat nulla justo at augue.
+
+Aliquam libero quam, mattis blandit congue sit amet, fermentum ac augue.
+Aliquam malesuada molestie vulputate. Duis id porta augue. Vestibulum diam
+dolor, ultrices sit amet porttitor id, convallis id lectus. Etiam ac augue
+tincidunt nisi tempor molestie euismod id nisl. Nam et tortor ac arcu viverra
+pulvinar. Fusce pulvinar rhoncus leo, a faucibus enim interdum non. Aliquam
+vulputate mattis consectetur. Pellentesque sit amet quam sem. Cras eget arcu eu
+elit volutpat volutpat. Integer sed varius enim. Integer sit amet felis orci,
+id dignissim sapien. Sed vitae lorem sed libero facilisis fringilla.
+Pellentesque congue tristique purus, eleifend semper risus suscipit quis.
+Phasellus rutrum quam vitae arcu vulputate porta. Sed tristique arcu nec mi
+porttitor lacinia.
+
+Donec congue feugiat diam quis pretium. Vivamus at luctus nunc. Integer
+vulputate laoreet mauris quis auctor. Nunc at ultrices libero. Maecenas porta
+faucibus purus non vehicula. Sed sit amet metus vitae mi ultrices scelerisque
+nec quis risus. Phasellus pellentesque tincidunt massa id ultricies. Aliquam
+dictum arcu ac dolor interdum rutrum. Nulla facilisi. Duis nisi est, tincidunt
+a sagittis id, sollicitudin at odio. Curabitur sed est eu sapien faucibus
+dignissim in quis tortor.
+
+Nunc ac elit tortor, non lobortis massa. Proin posuere ante ut metus vehicula
+suscipit. Proin mattis mauris ac lectus consequat rutrum. Nam arcu lectus,
+commodo non pretium a, pharetra semper dolor. Fusce eleifend hendrerit
+adipiscing. Nunc et eleifend erat. Suspendisse tempus nisl ut arcu blandit ut
+adipiscing nisi tristique. Suspendisse molestie facilisis risus sed fermentum.
+Praesent tempor convallis ultricies. Integer et elit velit, at consectetur
+risus.
+
+Vestibulum mollis adipiscing sodales. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus
+orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Mauris dictum molestie porta.
+Nam convallis nisl quis lacus vulputate in convallis risus sagittis. Vivamus
+accumsan faucibus cursus. Ut ultricies imperdiet ligula scelerisque blandit. In
+ornare egestas purus, at convallis velit egestas laoreet. Class aptent taciti
+sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Nulla
+quis imperdiet est. Nunc tempus magna quis lacus feugiat et posuere lacus
+vehicula. Cras lacinia aliquam est at vehicula. Aenean congue elit in ante
+dignissim vitae fermentum lectus aliquam. Mauris at odio magna, at interdum
+dui. Cras fringilla mi velit, nec varius neque.
+
+Fusce et volutpat lacus. Suspendisse id turpis et urna varius convallis in eu
+purus. Nulla facilisi. Etiam mauris nisl, ultrices ac porttitor sit amet,
+facilisis ut neque. Nullam ut velit quis velit tincidunt rhoncus. Praesent
+tristique porttitor euismod. Nulla non felis ante, feugiat commodo turpis. In
+nec venenatis mi. Duis tempus tempor purus, vitae consectetur mi ornare eu.
+Proin sed consequat erat. Quisque nec sem dui. Nam semper, ligula facilisis
+pretium interdum, diam lectus sollicitudin lorem, in elementum nisi lorem
+scelerisque justo. Nullam ac fringilla nunc. Maecenas malesuada ligula in massa
+sollicitudin sit amet auctor ipsum malesuada. Vestibulum ut augue in magna
+lobortis varius eget in ipsum. In hac habitasse platea dictumst.
+
+Cras vel sagittis mi. Aenean urna sapien, ultrices et tristique et, aliquam vel
+libero. Nullam in consequat ante. Suspendisse libero augue, pulvinar a
+dignissim vitae, fringilla malesuada dui. Phasellus augue ante, pulvinar eget
+tincidunt vel, venenatis sed arcu. Pellentesque ac purus orci, vel molestie
+turpis. Nulla consectetur sollicitudin dolor, sed ornare arcu accumsan
+fermentum. Fusce vestibulum nisi at leo interdum eu sollicitudin lacus dictum.
+Fusce malesuada consequat ipsum ut convallis. Maecenas in eros sit amet elit
+consectetur fringilla nec a nibh. Ut et velit vel ligula pharetra elementum.
+Nullam aliquam, tellus vel cursus lacinia, dui libero dictum turpis, nec
+lacinia dolor nunc vel diam. Pellentesque convallis dui quis lacus ornare at
+rutrum lorem pellentesque. Suspendisse potenti. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et
+magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus.
+
+Nunc ac nibh sed mauris ornare cursus. Praesent enim mauris, tincidunt vitae
+convallis ac, ultricies imperdiet sapien. Duis sodales ligula eget lorem
+suscipit sed consectetur metus pretium. Nam in magna augue, quis volutpat
+mauris. Quisque pretium lobortis orci quis laoreet. Nam ut nisi diam. Sed
+ultrices ultrices dapibus. Integer feugiat mauris id orci pulvinar eu tempus
+nibh viverra. Etiam venenatis bibendum massa a consequat. Fusce interdum velit
+ac mauris rhoncus non cursus neque consectetur. Vestibulum dictum eros ac metus
+fringilla venenatis. Phasellus auctor dui non nulla molestie id malesuada
+mauris euismod. Aenean id tortor ac justo eleifend mollis non vel arcu. Duis ac
+lorem tortor. Donec volutpat purus sed nunc luctus interdum hendrerit nulla
+ullamcorper. Sed consectetur interdum aliquet. Proin ullamcorper risus ut ante
+lacinia sagittis. Nunc varius eleifend purus, ac pellentesque urna viverra id.
+Praesent euismod, sapien accumsan gravida dictum, massa massa euismod sapien,
+ut auctor tellus arcu sed diam.
+
+Vivamus tincidunt dolor non lorem pellentesque at tempus elit adipiscing.
+Vestibulum tempor aliquam consectetur. Mauris nec dictum nisl. Donec
+scelerisque ornare condimentum. Phasellus laoreet justo nec nibh convallis
+convallis. Duis id orci sapien, eget pulvinar justo. Aenean id arcu felis, eu
+iaculis nibh. Aenean eleifend pretium rutrum. Aliquam molestie sem quis tellus
+aliquam eleifend. Mauris et purus orci. Nunc et accumsan tortor. Phasellus
+semper eleifend nisi, a faucibus risus vehicula id. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
+consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas in felis et est lacinia eleifend vel sed
+ipsum. Aliquam commodo molestie lorem id hendrerit. Nam sed tellus urna, sed
+dignissim eros.
+
+"""
+
+def a_function():
+    """"A long function docstring.
+
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer sit amet
+    mauris mauris, sit amet venenatis nisl. Vivamus a est porta enim
+    sollicitudin mollis. Proin fringilla massa vel ante gravida luctus. Nunc
+    quis nunc id quam hendrerit posuere. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis
+    dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam porttitor interdum
+    sollicitudin. Mauris malesuada tellus tellus. Mauris condimentum nunc et
+    sapien pellentesque gravida. Suspendisse sed ipsum orci. Duis ut lacus dui.
+    Integer ac gravida sem. Vivamus fermentum porttitor velit ac blandit.
+    Maecenas pulvinar ullamcorper enim, vitae aliquet tortor scelerisque et.
+    Vestibulum ante massa, sodales et bibendum dignissim, consectetur vitae
+    metus. Quisque vel dui erat, vel commodo metus. Aliquam arcu dolor, viverra
+    sit amet porttitor a, faucibus eu augue.
+
+    Sed ornare, enim eget ultricies suscipit, nunc dui lacinia enim, vitae
+    tempus nunc libero vitae ligula. Nam et commodo ligula. Pellentesque
+    tincidunt lorem at elit aliquam at fringilla libero tempor. Donec molestie
+    consectetur nibh, ac varius ante dictum id. Suspendisse lectus nibh,
+    molestie vel dapibus eget, egestas ut eros. Mauris vel mauris turpis, vitae
+    bibendum nunc. Vestibulum nulla enim, vestibulum vitae tincidunt et,
+    gravida eu metus. Nulla sagittis, odio a placerat laoreet, arcu lectus
+    vestibulum nunc, in hendrerit tortor quam sit amet turpis. In et purus vel
+    dui pellentesque tincidunt. Donec dictum nibh sed quam luctus sit amet
+    luctus justo dapibus. Integer nulla elit, lacinia aliquet euismod sed,
+    tempus vitae lectus. Fusce non sapien dolor. Suspendisse ut est ut dui
+    tempor ultricies id ut elit. Aenean adipiscing sollicitudin enim, nec
+    porttitor est porttitor eget. Proin lobortis ante ut diam sodales volutpat.
+    Donec urna diam, porttitor nec laoreet ut, rhoncus non diam.
+
+    Ut sed mi vitae turpis semper semper. Integer sit amet lorem sapien.
+    Aliquam risus diam, vulputate id sagittis et, molestie ut lectus. Aliquam
+    erat volutpat. Morbi aliquet venenatis metus in posuere. Cras vitae purus
+    nunc, ut vestibulum ipsum. Nullam vehicula dui in urna iaculis lobortis. Ut
+    a est non est tincidunt iaculis. Vivamus rutrum velit non nunc malesuada
+    sed bibendum mi iaculis. Sed id lacus in sem tempor vestibulum. Cras
+    bibendum accumsan suscipit. Phasellus congue nisl consectetur turpis
+    rhoncus aliquet posuere libero fringilla. Sed eros tellus, hendrerit nec
+    imperdiet vitae, blandit ac dolor. Nulla facilisi. Morbi ullamcorper libero
+    odio, at cursus tortor. Cras ultricies tellus eget justo cursus cursus.
+    Donec at mi massa, auctor suscipit sem.
+
+    Proin dolor purus, semper sed ultrices ut, iaculis at tortor. Donec risus
+    enim, interdum et convallis nec, aliquam eget velit. Curabitur eget lectus
+    dolor. Integer id turpis eu nulla euismod tincidunt. Fusce elit nibh,
+    dapibus sit amet tempus ac, convallis eu libero. Donec dui justo, molestie
+    sed euismod porta, ultricies id orci. Praesent a tellus et risus faucibus
+    porttitor pellentesque in purus. Fusce blandit risus ac tortor viverra
+    vitae molestie odio convallis. Donec rhoncus volutpat mauris, sit amet
+    mattis libero dapibus id. Ut rhoncus venenatis nisi ac dictum. In non nulla
+    eget massa convallis facilisis. Praesent nec odio id odio semper lobortis
+    non eu erat. Proin quis gravida magna. Sed rhoncus lectus auctor arcu
+    posuere a auctor dui pellentesque.
+
+    Sed enim nulla, luctus quis sagittis sed, vestibulum eget metus. Mauris
+    ornare pretium fringilla. Proin ligula eros, fermentum in placerat sit
+    amet, placerat vel mauris. Nulla magna enim, luctus eget euismod ac,
+    lacinia vel lorem. Duis mi leo, porttitor vitae dictum ac, ultrices iaculis
+    metus. Quisque libero mi, aliquet quis vestibulum eget, porttitor non
+    justo. Praesent ac metus felis. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique
+    senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Donec vel enim sit
+    amet ante imperdiet commodo sed vel nisi. Praesent semper viverra nulla
+    vehicula sollicitudin. Fusce lacinia aliquet ullamcorper. Donec vitae diam
+    est. Integer volutpat hendrerit turpis ut bibendum. Integer et dui augue.
+
+    Nunc ut nisl in felis feugiat semper nec sit amet purus. Proin convallis
+    ultrices nisl ut vehicula. Pellentesque neque mi, elementum vel placerat
+    nec, laoreet ac nulla. Pellentesque aliquam dui a metus iaculis posuere.
+    Curabitur dapibus faucibus metus. Donec quis diam dui. Proin at mi nec
+    augue cursus pulvinar eu vel metus. Curabitur eget turpis ac risus
+    dignissim luctus sed id ligula. Etiam lectus neque, varius ut euismod nec,
+    euismod quis nulla. Ut feugiat, quam id tempor luctus, metus eros lacinia
+    diam, nec dapibus tellus dui quis diam. Nam interdum, orci id fringilla
+    mattis, ipsum eros pellentesque turpis, hendrerit dignissim justo dui
+    interdum ante. Curabitur aliquam nisi ut dui lacinia tempor. Nulla lobortis
+    tellus non sapien dignissim ut dapibus dui aliquet. Nam scelerisque, urna a
+    aliquam malesuada, mi tortor scelerisque libero, quis pellentesque erat
+    eros ut justo.
+
+    Phasellus nulla purus, suscipit vel gravida euismod, malesuada et odio.
+    Vestibulum non libero eget lacus venenatis auctor quis a est. Nunc id leo
+    est. Curabitur pulvinar viverra sapien at viverra. Cras pretium justo et
+    lorem lobortis id tempor nisi accumsan. Cras egestas tortor in risus
+    hendrerit eu varius purus suscipit. Nullam mauris eros, mattis at tempor
+    vitae, mollis vitae velit. Etiam at adipiscing lectus. Quisque molestie,
+    metus id posuere pharetra, lorem enim vehicula mauris, ut ultricies purus
+    justo a lacus. Vivamus blandit euismod adipiscing. Nam eu ligula at elit
+    ultricies tempus. Nunc ac sodales neque. Ut dui diam, porttitor a pulvinar
+    vel, sodales sit amet turpis. Donec vitae eros at neque luctus scelerisque.
+    In consequat elementum iaculis. Donec ullamcorper dolor eu quam volutpat
+    rhoncus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Cras
+    laoreet ante eget dolor sagittis imperdiet. Proin magna urna, porta id
+    blandit nec, commodo eget lorem.
+
+    Etiam imperdiet, orci sit amet rutrum consectetur, orci augue tempus lacus,
+    id venenatis sapien nisl a est. Sed accumsan massa sed libero consectetur
+    scelerisque. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia
+    nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Sed nunc risus, lobortis id egestas nec,
+    suscipit id magna. Morbi at iaculis mauris. Proin felis sem, tempus non
+    pellentesque congue, vehicula sit amet eros. Maecenas porttitor erat ac
+    dolor pharetra iaculis. Cras tincidunt, nulla eget malesuada egestas, sem
+    diam consequat quam, sed feugiat nulla orci at mauris. Quisque non arcu
+    diam, ac lacinia felis. Nunc iaculis mollis egestas. Etiam imperdiet dolor
+    consectetur eros feugiat fringilla sed in lacus. Nunc nec tincidunt dolor.
+    Etiam sagittis tortor condimentum nunc fermentum vestibulum. Vivamus
+    lobortis, magna sit amet scelerisque lobortis, sem eros molestie leo, eget
+    aliquet ligula est in lectus. Duis placerat porta pulvinar. Sed sed
+    adipiscing ante. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et
+    ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Nam accumsan iaculis augue, sed varius dui
+    sagittis id. Etiam sit amet eleifend augue.
+
+    Ut sit amet nibh sit amet justo tempor condimentum. Ut faucibus sagittis
+    volutpat. Duis vestibulum feugiat sollicitudin. Aenean cursus luctus urna
+    at consectetur. Nullam tincidunt, eros a iaculis sodales, tellus est
+    imperdiet arcu, sit amet tincidunt orci felis et tortor. Mauris rutrum
+    venenatis nunc ut rutrum. Phasellus nec erat magna, in tincidunt orci. Sed
+    sit amet suscipit tellus. Mauris ut nisi turpis. Suspendisse augue turpis,
+    condimentum ac bibendum in, vestibulum nec eros. Curabitur dapibus pulvinar
+    vehicula. Fusce consequat, erat in malesuada hendrerit, tellus urna
+    pharetra lacus, sed euismod nisi urna sed nisi. Etiam fermentum accumsan
+    nunc, sed bibendum dui iaculis id. Etiam blandit fermentum ligula nec
+    viverra. Vivamus venenatis arcu in nulla euismod euismod. Donec sit amet
+    augue nec metus varius fringilla. Vivamus pulvinar elit ac mi rhoncus in
+    luctus diam egestas. Curabitur a felis eget arcu pretium tempus eu sed
+    mauris. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices
+    posuere cubilia Curae;
+
+    Mauris malesuada, nibh ac venenatis hendrerit, ligula dui condimentum
+    tellus, sit amet pretium diam tortor vel risus. Suspendisse suscipit
+    consequat eros id dignissim. Cras interdum lorem ac massa euismod non porta
+    enim pretium. Aliquam ultrices nibh vitae ligula consectetur vel
+    sollicitudin lacus volutpat. Phasellus vulputate iaculis sem nec laoreet.
+    Nam leo sem, tempor eu condimentum id, imperdiet sed dolor. Donec pharetra
+    velit non libero euismod tempor. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus
+    orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Sed fermentum, libero a
+    posuere posuere, enim elit imperdiet enim, a sollicitudin est felis non
+    libero. Sed vel dolor ut arcu dapibus iaculis nec a mauris. Morbi
+    ullamcorper ultrices venenatis. Fusce luctus ante sit amet lacus venenatis
+    ut rutrum elit lobortis. Nulla fermentum tortor ac sapien fringilla quis
+    iaculis quam egestas.
+
+    Aliquam et tortor est, at elementum mauris. Morbi posuere erat nec leo
+    vulputate in pellentesque tortor condimentum. Vestibulum at orci augue.
+    Aenean pellentesque sapien id felis consequat varius. Suspendisse bibendum
+    enim sit amet mi imperdiet vel suscipit nisi tristique. Curabitur velit
+    massa, consectetur ac mattis vel, accumsan at nunc. Donec porta, nibh nec
+    consequat convallis, urna neque auctor erat, eu convallis lorem leo
+    convallis turpis. Morbi non mauris non metus ornare vulputate. Sed aliquet,
+    dolor ut egestas fermentum, metus purus mollis elit, nec commodo odio quam
+    quis nisl. Aliquam erat volutpat. Suspendisse sed faucibus urna. Integer
+    suscipit rutrum condimentum. Praesent dignissim libero eget metus luctus
+    consectetur.
+
+    Vestibulum ac erat felis, vitae iaculis erat. Duis interdum lacinia arcu,
+    non lacinia urna luctus in. Curabitur feugiat sapien sapien, in vestibulum
+    diam. Phasellus lobortis massa ut metus pretium dignissim. Fusce quis sem
+    odio. Integer pellentesque sodales augue id tincidunt. Pellentesque
+    habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis
+    egestas. Vestibulum lorem odio, semper vel scelerisque sit amet, sagittis
+    ac libero. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices
+    posuere cubilia Curae; Nam egestas ultricies dui at gravida. Duis
+    tristique, eros id consectetur pellentesque, nulla arcu ultricies tortor,
+    ut pulvinar sapien lacus in elit. Vivamus dolor massa, pulvinar at mollis
+    vitae, euismod ut dolor. Vivamus a magna ante. Vestibulum vitae fringilla
+    leo. Ut gravida magna in quam fringilla ultricies. Mauris rhoncus enim id
+    sem interdum blandit. Pellentesque luctus leo sit amet felis viverra ac
+    accumsan purus mollis. Aenean pretium fringilla quam nec laoreet.
+
+    Nulla id mauris mauris. Nam varius bibendum tristique. Integer ante felis,
+    volutpat sed dignissim vel, interdum molestie nisi. Etiam mollis accumsan
+    elit, ut gravida eros molestie nec. Nullam quis velit ac purus imperdiet
+    sodales. Donec semper placerat venenatis. Cras dolor risus, sodales sed
+    scelerisque nec, sollicitudin pretium felis. Quisque pretium felis id
+    turpis bibendum pulvinar ornare id nibh. Morbi lobortis leo non mi
+    porttitor vulputate. Vestibulum nec odio tellus, ut blandit ligula. In
+    pellentesque neque sit amet dui pulvinar sed laoreet dui vehicula. In hac
+    habitasse platea dictumst. Etiam feugiat dictum blandit. Praesent lacinia
+    tincidunt elit, quis consectetur tortor molestie commodo.
+
+    Ut sit amet accumsan lorem. Cras quam nunc, malesuada tempor volutpat
+    vitae, aliquam eu diam. Sed sem nibh, bibendum nec sollicitudin at,
+    interdum et magna. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient
+    montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Aliquam vitae sem non elit pharetra
+    vestibulum et condimentum libero. Nam egestas ultricies hendrerit. Nunc nec
+    fringilla nulla. Aliquam risus tellus, hendrerit non dapibus a, tincidunt
+    vel ante. Vivamus mollis, magna et lacinia tincidunt, dui massa porta odio,
+    ac ornare felis massa nec lorem. Mauris sagittis lacus sed metus mollis ac
+    egestas lectus porttitor. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
+    adipiscing elit. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient
+    montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Integer vitae lacinia libero. Phasellus at
+    neque enim, sit amet dictum mi.
+
+    Ut risus nisi, vestibulum vel congue eget, egestas in ipsum. Duis faucibus
+    tempus sodales. Duis convallis pellentesque arcu rhoncus congue. Nunc ac
+    mauris eu purus vestibulum congue. Praesent convallis semper augue vel
+    volutpat. Integer dictum varius placerat. Vestibulum convallis tortor non
+    mi lacinia ac aliquet dui ultricies. Donec ultrices purus eros. Maecenas
+    venenatis posuere massa, nec consectetur lacus cursus eget. Donec quam
+    lacus, tempus id placerat et, posuere sed libero. Proin auctor diam ut arcu
+    viverra ut imperdiet tellus dapibus.
+
+    Morbi ac mauris quis tellus porttitor eleifend. Sed et ante magna, ut
+    sodales sapien. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et
+    ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Integer mattis venenatis mi non
+    ullamcorper. Vestibulum magna enim, aliquam non interdum ut, dignissim
+    vitae ante. Praesent dignissim, est at pretium posuere, nisl ante varius
+    felis, vitae posuere enim nulla et nunc. Morbi sagittis suscipit leo, eu
+    accumsan ligula volutpat non. Donec ut tincidunt magna. Integer ac libero
+    mi. Sed non eros dolor, in tincidunt enim. Curabitur iaculis erat quis
+    felis iaculis ut volutpat augue malesuada. Pellentesque eget arcu ligula,
+    ut volutpat purus. Suspendisse dictum lorem quis sapien lacinia pretium.
+    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit.
+
+    Proin sagittis egestas massa et tempor. Mauris et eros ante, id porta sem.
+    Duis ac eros vitae ipsum ultrices malesuada eget a risus. Morbi imperdiet,
+    est a hendrerit tristique, mi erat molestie lacus, ac tempor risus nulla id
+    erat. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada
+    fames ac turpis egestas. Etiam congue, lacus quis ultricies consequat, diam
+    metus convallis enim, ut volutpat enim urna vitae erat. In quam risus,
+    molestie et dapibus id, elementum sit amet ligula. Nam faucibus lacus id
+    dolor facilisis viverra. Nullam vehicula massa ac arcu consectetur
+    vulputate. Praesent nec augue ac justo dapibus vehicula. Aliquam
+    consectetur hendrerit dolor, et mollis nisl auctor ut.
+
+    Ut sagittis risus at felis fringilla ultricies. Vestibulum non urna nibh,
+    nec pretium dolor. Nulla imperdiet lobortis eros at pharetra. Vivamus
+    cursus pellentesque ornare. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur
+    adipiscing elit. Fusce arcu quam, pulvinar at rutrum vitae, ornare vitae
+    leo. Maecenas vehicula magna sit amet nulla bibendum condimentum. Curabitur
+    ultrices tempor fringilla. Vivamus pretium suscipit molestie. Donec arcu
+    diam, ultricies ac pellentesque eu, venenatis et sapien.
+
+    Nam dictum orci augue, vel eleifend leo. Nam at lacus sapien, nec pretium
+    eros. In egestas, enim sed sagittis feugiat, purus odio tristique lectus,
+    vel condimentum leo turpis ac odio. Nam iaculis mi quis odio posuere et
+    venenatis velit ultricies. Nulla facilisi. Proin nec dolor ac quam euismod
+    gravida quis et eros. Nam interdum condimentum mattis. Cum sociis natoque
+    penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Praesent
+    a nisi eu massa mollis posuere sed a nunc. Aenean tempus enim a justo
+    rhoncus quis ultrices nisl commodo.
+
+    Aenean imperdiet mauris a ipsum venenatis vel scelerisque lorem rutrum.
+    Donec ut nunc eros, eget accumsan felis. Nullam ullamcorper porta dictum.
+    Donec accumsan cursus vestibulum. Aenean in sapien velit. Vivamus nec massa
+    mi. Fusce felis tortor, bibendum non volutpat a, fringilla quis nisi. Duis
+    varius bibendum erat, quis fermentum sem accumsan eget. Maecenas massa
+    felis, porta sed laoreet eu, luctus eu lectus. Cras id nibh vitae erat
+    fringilla rutrum. Maecenas eget consequat est. Vivamus viverra, felis vel
+    faucibus rhoncus, quam ipsum elementum libero, quis convallis urna purus ut
+    mauris. Nam quis urna vitae enim consequat placerat. Vivamus congue augue
+    sit amet lectus luctus tempor. Cras ut justo convallis est egestas
+    pellentesque ac nec orci.
+
+    Vivamus rutrum bibendum ante, at cursus erat pulvinar ornare. Proin
+    imperdiet scelerisque ante eu vestibulum. Nullam ullamcorper metus nec
+    purus auctor lobortis. Proin sed lacus et ipsum tempor tempus. Vivamus odio
+    dolor, vulputate vitae semper sit amet, aliquet egestas orci. Nullam non
+    quam eu quam sagittis porta. Nunc in velit id erat commodo viverra.
+    Praesent nec est augue, nec sagittis erat. Cras sed turpis quis enim tempor
+    sagittis. Donec in justo ac nisl porta condimentum id vestibulum nulla. Nam
+    elementum ultricies nunc a bibendum.
+
+    Aenean tincidunt nisl non augue pellentesque sit amet convallis neque
+    semper. Cras placerat suscipit massa sed volutpat. Integer vulputate
+    imperdiet enim, vitae vulputate sapien mattis feugiat. Vivamus pharetra
+    facilisis mauris a gravida. Nulla non venenatis est. Duis lobortis
+    consectetur sem ac aliquam. In eget sapien odio. Vivamus pulvinar ultricies
+    magna, quis laoreet dui porta et. Integer tempus malesuada velit, et
+    consequat odio ultrices sed. Aliquam malesuada commodo diam vel posuere.
+    Morbi porttitor, elit vitae auctor gravida, lorem massa bibendum arcu, vel
+    placerat nulla justo at augue.
+
+    Aliquam libero quam, mattis blandit congue sit amet, fermentum ac augue.
+    Aliquam malesuada molestie vulputate. Duis id porta augue. Vestibulum diam
+    dolor, ultrices sit amet porttitor id, convallis id lectus. Etiam ac augue
+    tincidunt nisi tempor molestie euismod id nisl. Nam et tortor ac arcu
+    viverra pulvinar. Fusce pulvinar rhoncus leo, a faucibus enim interdum non.
+    Aliquam vulputate mattis consectetur. Pellentesque sit amet quam sem. Cras
+    eget arcu eu elit volutpat volutpat. Integer sed varius enim. Integer sit
+    amet felis orci, id dignissim sapien. Sed vitae lorem sed libero facilisis
+    fringilla. Pellentesque congue tristique purus, eleifend semper risus
+    suscipit quis. Phasellus rutrum quam vitae arcu vulputate porta. Sed
+    tristique arcu nec mi porttitor lacinia.
+
+    Donec congue feugiat diam quis pretium. Vivamus at luctus nunc. Integer
+    vulputate laoreet mauris quis auctor. Nunc at ultrices libero. Maecenas
+    porta faucibus purus non vehicula. Sed sit amet metus vitae mi ultrices
+    scelerisque nec quis risus. Phasellus pellentesque tincidunt massa id
+    ultricies. Aliquam dictum arcu ac dolor interdum rutrum. Nulla facilisi.
+    Duis nisi est, tincidunt a sagittis id, sollicitudin at odio. Curabitur sed
+    est eu sapien faucibus dignissim in quis tortor.
+
+    Nunc ac elit tortor, non lobortis massa. Proin posuere ante ut metus
+    vehicula suscipit. Proin mattis mauris ac lectus consequat rutrum. Nam arcu
+    lectus, commodo non pretium a, pharetra semper dolor. Fusce eleifend
+    hendrerit adipiscing. Nunc et eleifend erat. Suspendisse tempus nisl ut
+    arcu blandit ut adipiscing nisi tristique. Suspendisse molestie facilisis
+    risus sed fermentum. Praesent tempor convallis ultricies. Integer et elit
+    velit, at consectetur risus.
+
+    Vestibulum mollis adipiscing sodales. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in
+    faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Mauris dictum
+    molestie porta. Nam convallis nisl quis lacus vulputate in convallis risus
+    sagittis. Vivamus accumsan faucibus cursus. Ut ultricies imperdiet ligula
+    scelerisque blandit. In ornare egestas purus, at convallis velit egestas
+    laoreet. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia
+    nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Nulla quis imperdiet est. Nunc tempus magna
+    quis lacus feugiat et posuere lacus vehicula. Cras lacinia aliquam est at
+    vehicula. Aenean congue elit in ante dignissim vitae fermentum lectus
+    aliquam. Mauris at odio magna, at interdum dui. Cras fringilla mi velit,
+    nec varius neque.
+
+    Fusce et volutpat lacus. Suspendisse id turpis et urna varius convallis in
+    eu purus. Nulla facilisi. Etiam mauris nisl, ultrices ac porttitor sit
+    amet, facilisis ut neque. Nullam ut velit quis velit tincidunt rhoncus.
+    Praesent tristique porttitor euismod. Nulla non felis ante, feugiat commodo
+    turpis. In nec venenatis mi. Duis tempus tempor purus, vitae consectetur mi
+    ornare eu. Proin sed consequat erat. Quisque nec sem dui. Nam semper,
+    ligula facilisis pretium interdum, diam lectus sollicitudin lorem, in
+    elementum nisi lorem scelerisque justo. Nullam ac fringilla nunc. Maecenas
+    malesuada ligula in massa sollicitudin sit amet auctor ipsum malesuada.
+    Vestibulum ut augue in magna lobortis varius eget in ipsum. In hac
+    habitasse platea dictumst.
+
+    Cras vel sagittis mi. Aenean urna sapien, ultrices et tristique et, aliquam
+    vel libero. Nullam in consequat ante. Suspendisse libero augue, pulvinar a
+    dignissim vitae, fringilla malesuada dui. Phasellus augue ante, pulvinar
+    eget tincidunt vel, venenatis sed arcu. Pellentesque ac purus orci, vel
+    molestie turpis. Nulla consectetur sollicitudin dolor, sed ornare arcu
+    accumsan fermentum. Fusce vestibulum nisi at leo interdum eu sollicitudin
+    lacus dictum. Fusce malesuada consequat ipsum ut convallis. Maecenas in
+    eros sit amet elit consectetur fringilla nec a nibh. Ut et velit vel ligula
+    pharetra elementum. Nullam aliquam, tellus vel cursus lacinia, dui libero
+    dictum turpis, nec lacinia dolor nunc vel diam. Pellentesque convallis dui
+    quis lacus ornare at rutrum lorem pellentesque. Suspendisse potenti. Cum
+    sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur
+    ridiculus mus.
+
+    Nunc ac nibh sed mauris ornare cursus. Praesent enim mauris, tincidunt
+    vitae convallis ac, ultricies imperdiet sapien. Duis sodales ligula eget
+    lorem suscipit sed consectetur metus pretium. Nam in magna augue, quis
+    volutpat mauris. Quisque pretium lobortis orci quis laoreet. Nam ut nisi
+    diam. Sed ultrices ultrices dapibus. Integer feugiat mauris id orci
+    pulvinar eu tempus nibh viverra. Etiam venenatis bibendum massa a
+    consequat. Fusce interdum velit ac mauris rhoncus non cursus neque
+    consectetur. Vestibulum dictum eros ac metus fringilla venenatis. Phasellus
+    auctor dui non nulla molestie id malesuada mauris euismod. Aenean id tortor
+    ac justo eleifend mollis non vel arcu. Duis ac lorem tortor. Donec volutpat
+    purus sed nunc luctus interdum hendrerit nulla ullamcorper. Sed consectetur
+    interdum aliquet. Proin ullamcorper risus ut ante lacinia sagittis. Nunc
+    varius eleifend purus, ac pellentesque urna viverra id. Praesent euismod,
+    sapien accumsan gravida dictum, massa massa euismod sapien, ut auctor
+    tellus arcu sed diam.
+
+    Vivamus tincidunt dolor non lorem pellentesque at tempus elit adipiscing.
+    Vestibulum tempor aliquam consectetur. Mauris nec dictum nisl. Donec
+    scelerisque ornare condimentum. Phasellus laoreet justo nec nibh convallis
+    convallis. Duis id orci sapien, eget pulvinar justo. Aenean id arcu felis,
+    eu iaculis nibh. Aenean eleifend pretium rutrum. Aliquam molestie sem quis
+    tellus aliquam eleifend. Mauris et purus orci. Nunc et accumsan tortor.
+    Phasellus semper eleifend nisi, a faucibus risus vehicula id. Lorem ipsum
+    dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Maecenas in felis et est
+    lacinia eleifend vel sed ipsum. Aliquam commodo molestie lorem id
+    hendrerit. Nam sed tellus urna, sed dignissim eros.
+
+    """
+
+    return A_LONG_STRING

tests/compile/operators.h

+#ifndef _OPERATORS_H_
+#define _OPERATORS_H_
+
+class Operators
+{
+public:
+    int value;
+    Operators() { }
+    Operators(int value) { this->value = value; }
+    virtual ~Operators() { }
+    Operators operator+(Operators f) { return Operators(this->value + f.value); }
+    Operators operator-(Operators f) { return Operators(this->value - f.value); }
+    Operators operator*(Operators f) { return Operators(this->value * f.value); }
+    Operators operator/(Operators f) { return Operators(this->value / f.value); }
+    bool operator<(Operators f) { return this->value < f.value; }
+    bool operator<=(Operators f) { return this->value <= f.value; }
+    bool operator==(Operators f) { return this->value == f.value; }
+    bool operator!=(Operators f) { return this->value != f.value; }
+    bool operator>(Operators f) { return this->value > f.value; }
+    bool operator>=(Operators f) { return this->value >= f.value; }
+    Operators operator>>(int v) { return Operators(this->value >> v); }
+    Operators operator<<(int v) { return Operators(this->value << v); }
+    Operators operator%(int v) { return Operators(this->value % v); }
+};
+
+#endif

tests/compile/templates.h

+#ifndef _TEMPLATES_H_
+#define _TEMPLATES_H_
+
+template<class T>
+class TemplateTest1
+{
+public:
+    T value;
+    int t;
+    TemplateTest1() { }
+    T getValue() { return value; }
+};
+
+template<class T, class U>
+class TemplateTest2
+{
+public:
+    T value1;
+    U value2;
+    TemplateTest2() { }
+    T getValue1() { return value1; }
+    U getValue2() { return value2; }
+};
+
+#endif

tests/errors/e_bufaccess.pyx

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ def f():
     cdef object[int, 2, well] buf6
 
 _ERRORS = u"""
-1:11: Buffer types only allowed as function local variables
-3:15: Buffer types only allowed as function local variables
-6:27: "fakeoption" is not a buffer option
+1:17: Buffer types only allowed as function local variables
+3:21: Buffer types only allowed as function local variables
+6:31: "fakeoption" is not a buffer option
 """
 #TODO:
 #7:22: "ndim" must be non-negative

tests/errors/e_del.pyx

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ def f(a):
 	del s.m # error: deletion of non-Python object
 _ERRORS = u"""
 8:6: Cannot assign to or delete this
-9:45: Deletion of non-Python object
-11:6: Deletion of non-Python object
-12:6: Deletion of non-Python object
+9:45: Deletion of non-Python, non-C++ object
+11:6: Deletion of non-Python, non-C++ object
+12:6: Deletion of non-Python, non-C++ object
 """

tests/run/carray_slicing.pyx

@@ -111,21 +111,84 @@ def slice_charptr_for_loop_c_enumerate():
 ############################################################
 # tests for int* slicing
 
-## cdef int cints[6]
-## for i in range(6):
-##     cints[i] = i
+cdef int cints[6]
+for i in range(6):
+    cints[i] = i
 
-## @cython.test_assert_path_exists("//ForFromStatNode",
-##                                 "//ForFromStatNode//IndexNode")
-## @cython.test_fail_if_path_exists("//ForInStatNode")
-## def slice_intptr_for_loop_c():
-##     """
-##     >>> slice_intptr_for_loop_c()
-##     [0, 1, 2]
-##     [1, 2, 3, 4]
-##     [4, 5]
-##     """
-##     cdef int i
-##     print [ i for i in cints[:3] ]
-##     print [ i for i in cints[1:5] ]
-##     print [ i for i in cints[4:6] ]
+@cython.test_assert_path_exists("//ForFromStatNode",
+                                "//ForFromStatNode//IndexNode")
+@cython.test_fail_if_path_exists("//ForInStatNode")
+def slice_intarray_for_loop_c():
+    """
+    >>> slice_intarray_for_loop_c()
+    [0, 1, 2]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    [4, 5]
+    """
+    cdef int i
+    print [ i for i in cints[:3] ]
+    print [ i for i in cints[1:5] ]
+    print [ i for i in cints[4:6] ]
+
+@cython.test_assert_path_exists("//ForFromStatNode",
+                                "//ForFromStatNode//IndexNode")
+@cython.test_fail_if_path_exists("//ForInStatNode")
+def iter_intarray_for_loop_c():
+    """
+    >>> iter_intarray_for_loop_c()
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    """
+    cdef int i
+    print [ i for i in cints ]
+
+@cython.test_assert_path_exists("//ForFromStatNode",
+                                "//ForFromStatNode//IndexNode")
+@cython.test_fail_if_path_exists("//ForInStatNode")
+def slice_intptr_for_loop_c():
+    """
+    >>> slice_intptr_for_loop_c()
+    [0, 1, 2]
+    [1, 2, 3, 4]
+    [4, 5]
+    """
+    cdef int* nums = cints
+    cdef int i
+    print [ i for i in nums[:3] ]
+    print [ i for i in nums[1:5] ]
+    print [ i for i in nums[4:6] ]
+
+
+############################################################
+# tests for slicing other arrays
+
+cdef double cdoubles[6]
+for i in range(6):
+    cdoubles[i] = i + 0.5
+
+cdef double* cdoubles_ptr = cdoubles
+
+@cython.test_assert_path_exists("//ForFromStatNode",
+                                "//ForFromStatNode//IndexNode")
+@cython.test_fail_if_path_exists("//ForInStatNode")
+def slice_doublptr_for_loop_c():
+    """
+    >>> slice_doublptr_for_loop_c()
+    [0.5, 1.5, 2.5]
+    [1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5]
+    [4.5, 5.5]
+    """
+    cdef double d
+    print [ d for d in cdoubles_ptr[:3] ]
+    print [ d for d in cdoubles_ptr[1:5] ]
+    print [ d for d in cdoubles_ptr[4:6] ]
+
+@cython.test_assert_path_exists("//ForFromStatNode",
+                                "//ForFromStatNode//IndexNode")
+@cython.test_fail_if_path_exists("//ForInStatNode")
+def iter_doublearray_for_loop_c():
+    """
+    >>> iter_doublearray_for_loop_c()
+    [0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5]
+    """
+    cdef double d
+    print [ d for d in cdoubles ]

tests/run/cimport_cython_T505.pyx

+cimport cython
+
+cdef extern from "Python.h":
+    cdef cython.unicode PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(char* s, Py_ssize_t size, char* errors)
+
+def test_capi():
+    """
+    >>> print(test_capi())
+    abc
+    """
+    return PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8("abc", 3, NULL)

tests/run/complex_numbers_T305.pyx

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def test_arithmetic(double complex z, double complex w):
     >>> test_arithmetic(5-10j, 3+4j)
     ((5-10j), (-5+10j), (8-6j), (2-14j), (55-10j), (-1-2j))
     """
-    return +z, -z, z+w, z-w, z*w, z/w
+    return +z, -z+0, z+w, z-w, z*w, z/w
 
 @cython.cdivision(False)
 def test_div_by_zero(double complex z):

tests/run/cpp_classes.pyx

+__doc__ = u"""
+    >>> test_new_del()
+    (2, 2)
+    >>> test_rect_area(3, 4)
+    12.0
+    >>> test_square_area(15)
+    (225.0, 225.0)
+"""
+
+cdef extern from "shapes.h" namespace shapes:
+
+    cdef cppclass Shape:
+        float area()
+    
+    cdef cppclass Circle(Shape):
+        int radius
+        Circle(int)
+    
+    cdef cppclass Rectangle(Shape):
+        int width
+        int height
+        Rectangle(int, int)
+    
+    cdef cppclass Square(Rectangle):
+        int side
+        Square(int)
+        
+    int constructor_count, destructor_count
+
+def test_new_del():
+    cdef Rectangle *rect = new Rectangle(10, 20)
+    cdef Circle *circ = new Circle(15)
+    del rect, circ
+    return constructor_count, destructor_count
+
+def test_rect_area(w, h):
+    cdef Rectangle *rect = new Rectangle(w, h)
+    try:
+        return rect.area()
+    finally:
+        del rect
+
+def test_square_area(w):
+    cdef Square *sqr = new Square(w)
+    cdef Rectangle *rect = sqr
+    try:
+        return rect.area(), sqr.area()
+    finally:
+        del sqr
+
+cdef double get_area(Rectangle s):
+    return s.area()
+
+def test_value_call(int w):
+    """
+    >>> test_value_call(5)
+    (25.0, 25.0)
+    """
+    cdef Square *sqr = new Square(w)
+    cdef Rectangle *rect = sqr
+    try:
+        return get_area(sqr[0]), get_area(rect[0])
+    finally:
+        del sqr

tests/run/cpp_nested_templates.pyx

+from cython.operator cimport dereference as deref
+
+cdef extern from "cpp_templates_helper.h":
+    cdef cppclass Wrap[T]:
+        Wrap(T)
+        void set(T)
+        T get()
+        bint operator==(Wrap[T])
+        
+    cdef cppclass Pair[T1,T2]:
+        Pair(T1,T2)
+        T1 first()
+        T2 second()
+        bint operator==(Pair[T1,T2])
+        bint operator!=(Pair[T1,T2])
+
+def test_wrap_pair(int i, double x):
+    """
+    >>> test_wrap_pair(1, 1.5)
+    (1, 1.5, True)
+    >>> test_wrap_pair(2, 2.25)
+    (2, 2.25, True)
+    """
+    try:
+        wrap = new Wrap[Pair[int, double]](Pair[int, double](i, x))
+        return wrap.get().first(), wrap.get().second(), deref(wrap) == deref(wrap)
+    finally:
+        del wrap

tests/run/cpp_operators.pyx

+cimport cython.operator
+from cython.operator cimport dereference as deref
+
+cdef extern from "cpp_operators_helper.h":
+    cdef cppclass TestOps:
+
+        char* operator+()
+        char* operator-()
+        char* operator*()
+        char* operator~()
+
+        char* operator++()
+        char* operator--()
+        char* operator++(int)
+        char* operator--(int)
+
+        char* operator+(int)
+        char* operator-(int)
+        char* operator*(int)
+        char* operator/(int)
+        char* operator%(int)
+
+        char* operator|(int)
+        char* operator&(int)
+        char* operator^(int)
+
+        char* operator<<(int)
+        char* operator>>(int)
+
+        char* operator==(int)
+        char* operator!=(int)
+        char* operator>=(int)
+        char* operator<=(int)
+        char* operator>(int)
+        char* operator<(int)
+
+        char* operator[](int)
+        char* operator()(int)
+
+def test_unops():
+    """
+    >>> test_unops()
+    unary +
+    unary -
+    unary ~
+    unary *
+    """
+    cdef TestOps* t = new TestOps()
+    print +t[0]
+    print -t[0]
+    print ~t[0]
+    print deref(t[0])
+    del t
+
+def test_incdec():
+    """
+    >>> test_incdec()
+    unary ++
+    unary --
+    post ++
+    post --
+    """
+    cdef TestOps* t = new TestOps()
+    print cython.operator.preincrement(t[0])
+    print cython.operator.predecrement(t[0])
+    print cython.operator.postincrement(t[0])
+    print cython.operator.postdecrement(t[0])
+    del t
+
+def test_binop():
+    """
+    >>> test_binop()
+    binary +
+    binary -
+    binary *
+    binary /
+    binary %
+    binary &
+    binary |
+    binary ^
+    binary <<
+    binary >>
+    """
+    cdef TestOps* t = new TestOps()
+    print t[0] + 1
+    print t[0] - 1
+    print t[0] * 1
+    print t[0] / 1
+    print t[0] % 1
+    
+    print t[0] & 1
+    print t[0] | 1
+    print t[0] ^ 1
+    
+    print t[0] << 1
+    print t[0] >> 1
+    del t
+
+def test_cmp():
+    """
+    >>> test_cmp()
+    binary ==
+    binary !=
+    binary >=
+    binary >
+    binary <=
+    binary <
+    """
+    cdef TestOps* t = new TestOps()
+    print t[0] == 1
+    print t[0] != 1
+    print t[0] >= 1
+    print t[0] > 1
+    print t[0] <= 1
+    print t[0] < 1
+    del t
+
+def test_index_call():
+    """
+    >>> test_index_call()
+    binary []
+    binary ()
+    """
+    cdef TestOps* t = new TestOps()
+    print t[0][100]
+    print t[0](100)
+    del t

tests/run/cpp_operators_helper.h

+#define UN_OP(op) const char* operator op () { return "unary "#op; }
+#define POST_UN_OP(op) const char* operator op (int x) { return "post "#op; }
+#define BIN_OP(op) const char* operator op (int x) { return "binary "#op; }
+
+class TestOps {
+
+public:
+
+    UN_OP(-);
+    UN_OP(+);
+    UN_OP(*);
+    UN_OP(~);
+    UN_OP(!);
+    UN_OP(&);
+    
+    UN_OP(++);
+    UN_OP(--);
+    POST_UN_OP(++);
+    POST_UN_OP(--);
+    
+    BIN_OP(+);
+    BIN_OP(-);
+    BIN_OP(*);
+    BIN_OP(/);
+    BIN_OP(%);
+
+    BIN_OP(<<);
+    BIN_OP(>>);
+    
+    BIN_OP(|);
+    BIN_OP(&);
+    BIN_OP(^);
+
+    BIN_OP(==);
+    BIN_OP(!=);
+    BIN_OP(<=);
+    BIN_OP(<);
+    BIN_OP(>=);
+    BIN_OP(>);
+
+    BIN_OP([]);
+    BIN_OP(());
+
+};

tests/run/cpp_stl.pyx

+__doc__ = u"""
+    >>> test_vector([1,10,100])
+    1
+    10
+    100
+"""
+
+cdef extern from "vector" namespace std:
+
+    cdef cppclass iterator[T]:
+        pass
+
+    cdef cppclass vector[T]:
+        #constructors
+        __init__()
+
+        T at(int)
+        void push_back(T t)
+        void assign(int, T)
+        void clear()
+
+        iterator end()
+        iterator begin()
+
+        int size()
+
+def test_vector(L):
+    cdef vector[int] *V = new vector[int]()
+    for a in L:
+        V.push_back(a)
+    cdef int i
+    for i in range(len(L)):
+        print V.at(i)
+    del V

tests/run/cpp_stl_vector.pyx

+cdef extern from "<vector>" namespace std:
+
+    cdef cppclass vector[T]:
+        void push_back(T)
+        size_t size()
+        T operator[](size_t)
+
+def simple_test(double x):
+    """
+    >>> simple_test(55)
+    3
+    """
+    cdef vector[double] *v 
+    try:
+        v = new vector[double]()
+        v.push_back(1.0)
+        v.push_back(x)
+        from math import pi
+        v.push_back(pi)
+        return v.size()
+    finally:
+        del v
+
+def list_test(L):
+    """
+    >>> list_test([1,2,4,8])
+    (4, 4)
+    >>> list_test([])
+    (0, 0)
+    >>> list_test([-1] * 1000)
+    (1000, 1000)
+    """
+    cdef vector[int] *v 
+    try:
+        v = new vector[int]()
+        for a in L:
+            v.push_back(a)
+        return len(L), v.size()
+    finally:
+        del v
+
+def index_test(L):
+    """
+    >>> index_test([1,2,4,8])
+    (1.0, 8.0)
+    >>> index_test([1.25])
+    (1.25, 1.25)
+    """
+    cdef vector[double] *v 
+    try:
+        v = new vector[double]()
+        for a in L:
+            v.push_back(a)
+        return v[0][0], v[0][len(L)-1]
+    finally:
+        del v

tests/run/cpp_templates.pyx

+from cython.operator import dereference as deref
+
+cdef extern from "cpp_templates_helper.h":
+    cdef cppclass Wrap[T]:
+        Wrap(T)
+        void set(T)
+        T get()
+        bint operator==(Wrap[T])
+        
+    cdef cppclass Pair[T1,T2]:
+        Pair(T1,T2)
+        T1 first()
+        T2 second()
+        bint operator==(Pair[T1,T2])
+        bint operator!=(Pair[T1,T2])
+
+def test_int(int x, int y):
+    """
+    >>> test_int(3, 4)
+    (3, 4, False)
+    >>> test_int(100, 100)
+    (100, 100, True)
+    """
+    try:
+        a = new Wrap[int](x)
+        b = new Wrap[int](0)
+        b.set(y)
+        return a.get(), b.get(), a[0] == b[0]
+    finally:
+        del a, b
+
+
+def test_double(double x, double y):
+    """
+    >>> test_double(3, 3.5)
+    (3.0, 3.5, False)
+    >>> test_double(100, 100)
+    (100.0, 100.0, True)
+    """
+    try:
+        a = new Wrap[double](x)
+        b = new Wrap[double](-1)
+        b.set(y)
+        return a.get(), b.get(), deref(a) == deref(b)
+    finally:
+        del a, b
+
+def test_pair(int i, double x):
+    """
+    >>> test_pair(1, 1.5)
+    (1, 1.5, True, False)
+    >>> test_pair(2, 2.25)
+    (2, 2.25, True, False)
+    """
+    try:
+        pair = new Pair[int, double](i, x)
+        return pair.first(), pair.second(), deref(pair) == deref(pair), deref(pair) != deref(pair)
+    finally:
+        del pair
+
+

tests/run/cpp_templates_helper.h

+template <class T>
+class Wrap {
+    T value;
+public:
+    Wrap(T v) : value(v) { }
+    void set(T v) { value = v; }
+    T get(void) { return value; }
+    bool operator==(Wrap<T> other) { return value == other.value; }
+};
+
+template <class T1, class T2>
+class Pair {
+    T1 _first;
+    T2 _second;
+public:
+    Pair(T1 u, T2 v) { _first = u; _second = v; }
+    T1 first(void) { return _first; }
+    T2 second(void) { return _second; }
+    bool operator==(Pair<T1,T2> other) { return _first == other._first && _second == other._second; }
+    bool operator!=(Pair<T1,T2> other) { return _first != other._first || _second != other._second; }
+};

tests/run/extern_builtins_T258.pyx

 cdef extern from "Python.h":
-    
-    ctypedef class __builtin__.str  [object PyStringObject]:
-        cdef long ob_shash
 
     ctypedef class __builtin__.list  [object PyListObject]:
-        cdef Py_ssize_t ob_size
         cdef Py_ssize_t allocated
 
     ctypedef class __builtin__.dict  [object PyDictObject]:
         pass
 
-cdef str s = "abc"
+    cdef Py_ssize_t Py_SIZE(object o)
+
 cdef list L = [1,2,4]
 cdef dict d = {'A': 'a'}
 
-    
+
 def test_list(list L):
     """
     >>> test_list(list(range(10)))
@@ -23,18 +20,7 @@ def test_list(list L):
     >>> test_list(list_subclass([1,2,3]))
     True
     """
-    return L.ob_size <= L.allocated
-
-def test_str(str s):
-    """
-    >>> test_str("abc")
-    True
-    >>> class str_subclass(str): pass
-    >>> test_str(str_subclass("xyz"))
-    True
-    """
-    cdef char* ss = s
-    return hash(s) == s.ob_shash
+    return Py_SIZE(L) <= L.allocated
 
 def test_tuple(tuple t):
     """

tests/run/new_as_nonkeyword.pyx

+cdef extern from *:
+    int new(int new)
+
+def new(x):
+    """
+    >>> new(3)
+    3
+    """
+    cdef int new = x
+    return new
+
+def x(new):
+    """
+    >>> x(10)
+    110
+    >>> x(1)
+    1
+    """
+    if new*new != new:
+        return new + new**2
+    return new
+
+class A:
+    def new(self, n):
+        """
+        >>> a = A()
+        >>> a.new(3)
+        6
+        >>> a.new(5)
+        120
+        """
+        if n <= 1:
+            return 1
+        else:
+            return n * self.new(n-1)

tests/run/shapes.h

+#ifndef SHAPES_H
+#define SHAPES_H
+
+namespace shapes {
+    
+    int constructor_count = 0;
+    int destructor_count = 0;
+    
+    class Shape
+    {
+    public:
+        virtual float area() = 0;
+        Shape() { constructor_count++; } 
+        virtual ~Shape() { destructor_count++; }
+    };
+
+    class Rectangle : public Shape
+    {
+    public:
+        Rectangle(int width, int height) 
+        {
+            this->width = width;
+            this->height = height;
+        }
+        float area() { return width * height; }
+        int width;
+        int height;
+    };
+
+    class Square : public Rectangle
+    {
+    public:
+        Square(int side) : Rectangle(side, side) { this->side = side; }
+        int side;
+    };
+
+    class Circle : public Shape {
+    public:
+        Circle(int radius) { this->radius = radius; }
+        float area() { return 3.1415926535897931f * radius; }
+        int radius;
+    };
+
+}
+
+#endif

tests/run/type_inference.pyx

@@ -93,13 +93,49 @@ def arithmetic():
     >>> arithmetic()
     """
     a = 1 + 2
-    assert typeof(a) == "long"
+    assert typeof(a) == "long", typeof(a)
     b = 1 + 1.5
-    assert typeof(b) == "double"
+    assert typeof(b) == "double", typeof(b)
     c = 1 + <object>2
-    assert typeof(c) == "Python object"
-    d = "abc %s" % "x"
-    assert typeof(d) == "Python object"
+    assert typeof(c) == "Python object", typeof(c)
+    d = 1 * 1.5 ** 2
+    assert typeof(d) == "double", typeof(d)
+
+def builtin_type_operations():
+    """
+    >>> builtin_type_operations()
+    """
+    b1 = b'a' * 10
+    b1 = 10 * b'a'
+    b1 = 10 * b'a' * 10
+    assert typeof(b1) == "bytes object", typeof(b1)
+    b2 = b'a' + b'b'
+    assert typeof(b2) == "bytes object", typeof(b2)
+    u1 = u'a' * 10
+    u1 = 10 * u'a'
+    assert typeof(u1) == "unicode object", typeof(u1)
+    u2 = u'a' + u'b'
+    assert typeof(u2) == "unicode object", typeof(u2)
+    u3 = u'a%s' % u'b'
+    u3 = u'a%s' % 10
+    assert typeof(u3) == "unicode object", typeof(u3)
+    s1 = "abc %s" % "x"
+    s1 = "abc %s" % 10
+    assert typeof(s1) == "str object", typeof(s1)
+    s2 = "abc %s" + "x"
+    assert typeof(s2) == "str object", typeof(s2)
+    s3 = "abc %s" * 10
+    s3 = "abc %s" * 10 * 10
+    s3 = 10 * "abc %s" * 10
+    assert typeof(s3) == "str object", typeof(s3)
+    L1 = [] + []
+    assert typeof(L1) == "list object", typeof(L1)
+    L2 = [] * 2
+    assert typeof(L2) == "list object", typeof(L2)
+    T1 = () + ()
+    assert typeof(T1) == "tuple object", typeof(T1)
+    T2 = () * 2
+    assert typeof(T2) == "tuple object", typeof(T2)
     
 def cascade():
     """
@@ -215,10 +251,29 @@ def safe_only():
     """
     a = 1.0
     assert typeof(a) == "double", typeof(c)
-    b = 1
-    assert typeof(b) == "Python object", typeof(b)
+    b = 1;
+    assert typeof(b) == "long", typeof(b)
     c = MyType()
     assert typeof(c) == "MyType", typeof(c)
+    for i in range(10): pass
+    assert typeof(i) == "long", typeof(i)
+    d = 1
+    res = ~d
+    assert typeof(d) == "long", typeof(d)
+
+    # potentially overflowing arithmatic
+    e = 1
+    e += 1
+    assert typeof(e) == "Python object", typeof(e)
+    f = 1
+    res = f * 10
+    assert typeof(f) == "Python object", typeof(f)
+    g = 1
+    res = 10*(~g)
+    assert typeof(g) == "Python object", typeof(g)
+    for j in range(10):
+        res = -j
+    assert typeof(j) == "Python object", typeof(j)
 
 @infer_types(None)
 def args_tuple_keywords(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -249,3 +304,36 @@ def args_tuple_keywords_reassign_pyobjects(*args, **kwargs):
 
     args = []
     kwargs = "test"
+
+#                 / A -> AA -> AAA
+# Base0 -> Base -
+#                 \ B -> BB
+# C -> CC
+
+cdef class Base0: pass
+cdef class Base(Base0): pass
+cdef class A(Base): pass
+cdef class AA(A): pass
+cdef class AAA(AA): pass
+cdef class B(Base): pass
+cdef class BB(B): pass
+cdef class C: pass
+cdef class CC(C): pass
+
+@infer_types(None)
+def common_extension_type_base():
+    """
+    >>> common_extension_type_base()
+    """
+    x = A()
+    x = AA()
+    assert typeof(x) == "A", typeof(x)
+    y = A()
+    y = B()
+    assert typeof(y) == "Base", typeof(y)
+    z = AAA()
+    z = BB()
+    assert typeof(z) == "Base", typeof(z)
+    w = A()
+    w = CC()
+    assert typeof(w) == "Python object", typeof(w)

tests/run/unop_extras.pyx

+cimport cython.operator
+
+def test_deref(int x):
+    """
+    >>> test_deref(3)
+    3
+    >>> test_deref(5)
+    5
+    """
+    cdef int* x_ptr = &x
+    return cython.operator.dereference(x_ptr)
+
+def increment_decrement(int x):
+    """
+    >>> increment_decrement(10)
+    11 11 12
+    11 11 10
+    10
+    """
+    print cython.operator.preincrement(x), cython.operator.postincrement(x), x
+    print cython.operator.predecrement(x), cython.operator.postdecrement(x), x
+    return x

tests/wrappers/cpp_overload_wrapper.pyx

+
+cimport cppwrap_lib
+
+cdef class DoubleKeeper:
+    cdef cppwrap_lib.DoubleKeeper* keeper
+
+    def __cinit__(self, number=None):
+        if number is None:
+            self.keeper = new cppwrap_lib.DoubleKeeper()
+        else:
+            self.keeper = new cppwrap_lib.DoubleKeeper(number)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        del self.keeper
+
+    def set_number(self, number=None):
+        if number is None:
+            self.keeper.set_number()
+        else:
+            self.keeper.set_number(number)
+
+    def get_number(self):
+        return self.keeper.get_number()
+
+    def transmogrify(self, double value):
+        return self.keeper.transmogrify(value)
+
+
+def voidfunc():
+    cppwrap_lib.voidfunc()
+
+def doublefunc(double x, double y, double z):
+    return cppwrap_lib.doublefunc(x, y, z)
+
+def transmogrify_from_cpp(DoubleKeeper obj not None, double value):
+    return cppwrap_lib.transmogrify_from_cpp(obj.keeper, value)

tests/wrappers/cpp_overload_wrapper_lib.cpp

+
+#include "cppwrap_lib.h"
+
+void voidfunc (void)
+{
+}
+
+double doublefunc (double a, double b, double c)
+{
+    return a + b + c;
+}
+
+
+DoubleKeeper::DoubleKeeper ()
+    : number (1.0) 
+{
+}
+
+DoubleKeeper::DoubleKeeper (double factor)
+    : number (factor)
+{
+}
+
+DoubleKeeper::~DoubleKeeper ()
+{
+}
+
+double DoubleKeeper::get_number () const
+{
+    return number;
+}
+
+void DoubleKeeper::set_number (double f)
+{
+    number = f;
+}
+
+void DoubleKeeper::set_number ()
+{
+    number = 1.0;
+}
+
+double
+DoubleKeeper::transmogrify (double value) const
+{
+    return value*number;
+}
+
+
+double
+transmogrify_from_cpp (DoubleKeeper const *obj, double value)
+{
+    return obj->transmogrify (value);
+}
+

tests/wrappers/cpp_overload_wrapper_lib.h

+
+void voidfunc(void);
+
+double doublefunc (double a, double b, double c);
+
+
+class DoubleKeeper
+{
+    double number;
+    
+public:
+    DoubleKeeper ();
+    DoubleKeeper (double number);
+    virtual ~DoubleKeeper ();
+    
+    void set_number (double num);
+    void set_number (void);
+    double get_number () const;
+    virtual double transmogrify (double value) const;
+};
+
+double transmogrify_from_cpp (DoubleKeeper const *obj, double value);

tests/wrappers/cpp_overload_wrapper_lib.pxd

+
+cdef extern from "testapi.h":
+    void voidfunc()
+    double doublefunc(double a, double b, double c)
+
+    cdef cppclass DoubleKeeper:
+        DoubleKeeper()
+        DoubleKeeper(double factor)
+        void set_number()
+        void set_number(double f)
+        double get_number()
+        double transmogrify(double value)
+
+    double transmogrify_from_cpp (DoubleKeeper *obj, double value)

tests/wrappers/cppwrap.pyx

+
+cimport cppwrap_lib
+
+cdef class DoubleKeeper:
+    cdef cppwrap_lib.DoubleKeeper* keeper
+
+    def __cinit__(self, double number):
+        self.keeper = new cppwrap_lib.DoubleKeeper(number)
+
+    def __dealloc__(self):
+        del self.keeper
+
+    def set_number(self, double number):
+        self.keeper.set_number(number)
+
+    def get_number(self):
+        return self.keeper.get_number()
+
+    def transmogrify(self, double value):
+        return self.keeper.transmogrify(value)
+
+
+def voidfunc():
+    cppwrap_lib.voidfunc()
+
+def doublefunc(double x, double y, double z):
+    return cppwrap_lib.doublefunc(x, y, z)
+
+def transmogrify_from_cpp(DoubleKeeper obj not None, double value):
+    return cppwrap_lib.transmogrify_from_cpp(obj.keeper, value)

tests/wrappers/cppwrap_lib.cpp

+
+#include "cppwrap_lib.h"
+
+void voidfunc (void)
+{
+}
+
+double doublefunc (double a, double b, double c)
+{
+    return a + b + c;
+}
+
+
+DoubleKeeper::DoubleKeeper ()
+    : number (1.0) 
+{
+}
+
+DoubleKeeper::DoubleKeeper (double factor)
+    : number (factor)
+{
+}
+
+DoubleKeeper::~DoubleKeeper ()
+{
+}
+
+double DoubleKeeper::get_number () const
+{
+    return number;
+}
+
+void DoubleKeeper::set_number (double f)
+{
+    number = f;
+}
+
+void DoubleKeeper::set_number ()
+{
+    number = 1.0;
+}
+
+double
+DoubleKeeper::transmogrify (double value) const
+{
+    return value*number;
+}
+
+
+double
+transmogrify_from_cpp (DoubleKeeper const *obj, double value)
+{
+    return obj->transmogrify (value);
+}
+

tests/wrappers/cppwrap_lib.h

+
+void voidfunc(void);
+
+double doublefunc (double a, double b, double c);
+
+
+class DoubleKeeper
+{
+    double number;
+    
+public:
+    DoubleKeeper (double number);
+    virtual ~DoubleKeeper ();
+    
+    void set_number (double num);
+    double get_number () const;
+    virtual double transmogrify (double value) const;
+};
+
+double transmogrify_from_cpp (DoubleKeeper const *obj, double value);

tests/wrappers/cppwrap_lib.pxd

+
+cdef extern from "testapi.h":
+    void voidfunc()
+    double doublefunc(double a, double b, double c)
+
+    cdef cppclass DoubleKeeper:
+        DoubleKeeper(double factor)
+        void set_number(double f)
+        double get_number()
+        double transmogrify(double value)
+
+    double transmogrify_from_cpp (DoubleKeeper *obj, double value)