Commit b1735296 authored by Stephen Boyd's avatar Stephen Boyd Committed by Jonathan Corbet

docs: locking: Drop :c:func: throughout

The kernel doc tooling knows how to do this itself so drop this markup
throughout this file to simplify.
Suggested-by: default avatarJonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Signed-off-by: default avatarStephen Boyd <swboyd@chromium.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200318174133.160206-3-swboyd@chromium.orgSigned-off-by: default avatarJonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
parent 6adb7755
......@@ -150,17 +150,17 @@ Locking Only In User Context
If you have a data structure which is only ever accessed from user
context, then you can use a simple mutex (``include/linux/mutex.h``) to
protect it. This is the most trivial case: you initialize the mutex.
Then you can call :c:func:`mutex_lock_interruptible()` to grab the
mutex, and :c:func:`mutex_unlock()` to release it. There is also a
:c:func:`mutex_lock()`, which should be avoided, because it will
Then you can call mutex_lock_interruptible() to grab the
mutex, and mutex_unlock() to release it. There is also a
mutex_lock(), which should be avoided, because it will
not return if a signal is received.
Example: ``net/netfilter/nf_sockopt.c`` allows registration of new
:c:func:`setsockopt()` and :c:func:`getsockopt()` calls, with
:c:func:`nf_register_sockopt()`. Registration and de-registration
setsockopt() and getsockopt() calls, with
nf_register_sockopt(). Registration and de-registration
are only done on module load and unload (and boot time, where there is
no concurrency), and the list of registrations is only consulted for an
unknown :c:func:`setsockopt()` or :c:func:`getsockopt()` system
unknown setsockopt() or getsockopt() system
call. The ``nf_sockopt_mutex`` is perfect to protect this, especially
since the setsockopt and getsockopt calls may well sleep.
......@@ -170,19 +170,19 @@ Locking Between User Context and Softirqs
If a softirq shares data with user context, you have two problems.
Firstly, the current user context can be interrupted by a softirq, and
secondly, the critical region could be entered from another CPU. This is
where :c:func:`spin_lock_bh()` (``include/linux/spinlock.h``) is
where spin_lock_bh() (``include/linux/spinlock.h``) is
used. It disables softirqs on that CPU, then grabs the lock.
:c:func:`spin_unlock_bh()` does the reverse. (The '_bh' suffix is
spin_unlock_bh() does the reverse. (The '_bh' suffix is
a historical reference to "Bottom Halves", the old name for software
interrupts. It should really be called spin_lock_softirq()' in a
perfect world).
Note that you can also use :c:func:`spin_lock_irq()` or
:c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()` here, which stop hardware interrupts
Note that you can also use spin_lock_irq() or
spin_lock_irqsave() here, which stop hardware interrupts
as well: see `Hard IRQ Context <#hard-irq-context>`__.
This works perfectly for UP as well: the spin lock vanishes, and this
macro simply becomes :c:func:`local_bh_disable()`
macro simply becomes local_bh_disable()
(``include/linux/interrupt.h``), which protects you from the softirq
being run.
......@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ Different Tasklets/Timers
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
If another tasklet/timer wants to share data with your tasklet or timer
, you will both need to use :c:func:`spin_lock()` and
:c:func:`spin_unlock()` calls. :c:func:`spin_lock_bh()` is
, you will both need to use spin_lock() and
spin_unlock() calls. spin_lock_bh() is
unnecessary here, as you are already in a tasklet, and none will be run
on the same CPU.
......@@ -234,14 +234,14 @@ The same softirq can run on the other CPUs: you can use a per-CPU array
going so far as to use a softirq, you probably care about scalable
performance enough to justify the extra complexity.
You'll need to use :c:func:`spin_lock()` and
:c:func:`spin_unlock()` for shared data.
You'll need to use spin_lock() and
spin_unlock() for shared data.
Different Softirqs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You'll need to use :c:func:`spin_lock()` and
:c:func:`spin_unlock()` for shared data, whether it be a timer,
You'll need to use spin_lock() and
spin_unlock() for shared data, whether it be a timer,
tasklet, different softirq or the same or another softirq: any of them
could be running on a different CPU.
......@@ -259,38 +259,38 @@ If a hardware irq handler shares data with a softirq, you have two
concerns. Firstly, the softirq processing can be interrupted by a
hardware interrupt, and secondly, the critical region could be entered
by a hardware interrupt on another CPU. This is where
:c:func:`spin_lock_irq()` is used. It is defined to disable
spin_lock_irq() is used. It is defined to disable
interrupts on that cpu, then grab the lock.
:c:func:`spin_unlock_irq()` does the reverse.
spin_unlock_irq() does the reverse.
The irq handler does not need to use :c:func:`spin_lock_irq()`, because
The irq handler does not need to use spin_lock_irq(), because
the softirq cannot run while the irq handler is running: it can use
:c:func:`spin_lock()`, which is slightly faster. The only exception
spin_lock(), which is slightly faster. The only exception
would be if a different hardware irq handler uses the same lock:
:c:func:`spin_lock_irq()` will stop that from interrupting us.
spin_lock_irq() will stop that from interrupting us.
This works perfectly for UP as well: the spin lock vanishes, and this
macro simply becomes :c:func:`local_irq_disable()`
macro simply becomes local_irq_disable()
(``include/asm/smp.h``), which protects you from the softirq/tasklet/BH
being run.
:c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()` (``include/linux/spinlock.h``) is a
spin_lock_irqsave() (``include/linux/spinlock.h``) is a
variant which saves whether interrupts were on or off in a flags word,
which is passed to :c:func:`spin_unlock_irqrestore()`. This means
which is passed to spin_unlock_irqrestore(). This means
that the same code can be used inside an hard irq handler (where
interrupts are already off) and in softirqs (where the irq disabling is
required).
Note that softirqs (and hence tasklets and timers) are run on return
from hardware interrupts, so :c:func:`spin_lock_irq()` also stops
these. In that sense, :c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()` is the most
from hardware interrupts, so spin_lock_irq() also stops
these. In that sense, spin_lock_irqsave() is the most
general and powerful locking function.
Locking Between Two Hard IRQ Handlers
-------------------------------------
It is rare to have to share data between two IRQ handlers, but if you
do, :c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()` should be used: it is
do, spin_lock_irqsave() should be used: it is
architecture-specific whether all interrupts are disabled inside irq
handlers themselves.
......@@ -304,11 +304,11 @@ Pete Zaitcev gives the following summary:
(``copy_from_user*(`` or ``kmalloc(x,GFP_KERNEL)``).
- Otherwise (== data can be touched in an interrupt), use
:c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()` and
:c:func:`spin_unlock_irqrestore()`.
spin_lock_irqsave() and
spin_unlock_irqrestore().
- Avoid holding spinlock for more than 5 lines of code and across any
function call (except accessors like :c:func:`readb()`).
function call (except accessors like readb()).
Table of Minimum Requirements
-----------------------------
......@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ particular thread can only run on one CPU at a time, but if it needs
shares data with another thread, locking is required).
Remember the advice above: you can always use
:c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()`, which is a superset of all other
spin_lock_irqsave(), which is a superset of all other
spinlock primitives.
============== ============= ============= ========= ========= ========= ========= ======= ======= ============== ==============
......@@ -363,13 +363,13 @@ They can be used if you need no access to the data protected with the
lock when some other thread is holding the lock. You should acquire the
lock later if you then need access to the data protected with the lock.
:c:func:`spin_trylock()` does not spin but returns non-zero if it
spin_trylock() does not spin but returns non-zero if it
acquires the spinlock on the first try or 0 if not. This function can be
used in all contexts like :c:func:`spin_lock()`: you must have
used in all contexts like spin_lock(): you must have
disabled the contexts that might interrupt you and acquire the spin
lock.
:c:func:`mutex_trylock()` does not suspend your task but returns
mutex_trylock() does not suspend your task but returns
non-zero if it could lock the mutex on the first try or 0 if not. This
function cannot be safely used in hardware or software interrupt
contexts despite not sleeping.
......@@ -490,14 +490,14 @@ easy, since we copy the data for the user, and never let them access the
objects directly.
There is a slight (and common) optimization here: in
:c:func:`cache_add()` we set up the fields of the object before
cache_add() we set up the fields of the object before
grabbing the lock. This is safe, as no-one else can access it until we
put it in cache.
Accessing From Interrupt Context
--------------------------------
Now consider the case where :c:func:`cache_find()` can be called
Now consider the case where cache_find() can be called
from interrupt context: either a hardware interrupt or a softirq. An
example would be a timer which deletes object from the cache.
......@@ -566,16 +566,16 @@ which are taken away, and the ``+`` are lines which are added.
return ret;
}
Note that the :c:func:`spin_lock_irqsave()` will turn off
Note that the spin_lock_irqsave() will turn off
interrupts if they are on, otherwise does nothing (if we are already in
an interrupt handler), hence these functions are safe to call from any
context.
Unfortunately, :c:func:`cache_add()` calls :c:func:`kmalloc()`
Unfortunately, cache_add() calls kmalloc()
with the ``GFP_KERNEL`` flag, which is only legal in user context. I
have assumed that :c:func:`cache_add()` is still only called in
have assumed that cache_add() is still only called in
user context, otherwise this should become a parameter to
:c:func:`cache_add()`.
cache_add().
Exposing Objects Outside This File
----------------------------------
......@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ This makes locking trickier, as it is no longer all in one place.
The second problem is the lifetime problem: if another structure keeps a
pointer to an object, it presumably expects that pointer to remain
valid. Unfortunately, this is only guaranteed while you hold the lock,
otherwise someone might call :c:func:`cache_delete()` and even
otherwise someone might call cache_delete() and even
worse, add another object, re-using the same address.
As there is only one lock, you can't hold it forever: no-one else would
......@@ -693,8 +693,8 @@ Here is the code::
We encapsulate the reference counting in the standard 'get' and 'put'
functions. Now we can return the object itself from
:c:func:`cache_find()` which has the advantage that the user can
now sleep holding the object (eg. to :c:func:`copy_to_user()` to
cache_find() which has the advantage that the user can
now sleep holding the object (eg. to copy_to_user() to
name to userspace).
The other point to note is that I said a reference should be held for
......@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@ number of atomic operations defined in ``include/asm/atomic.h``: these
are guaranteed to be seen atomically from all CPUs in the system, so no
lock is required. In this case, it is simpler than using spinlocks,
although for anything non-trivial using spinlocks is clearer. The
:c:func:`atomic_inc()` and :c:func:`atomic_dec_and_test()`
atomic_inc() and atomic_dec_and_test()
are used instead of the standard increment and decrement operators, and
the lock is no longer used to protect the reference count itself.
......@@ -802,7 +802,7 @@ name to change, there are three possibilities:
- You can make ``cache_lock`` non-static, and tell people to grab that
lock before changing the name in any object.
- You can provide a :c:func:`cache_obj_rename()` which grabs this
- You can provide a cache_obj_rename() which grabs this
lock and changes the name for the caller, and tell everyone to use
that function.
......@@ -861,11 +861,11 @@ Note that I decide that the popularity count should be protected by the
``cache_lock`` rather than the per-object lock: this is because it (like
the :c:type:`struct list_head <list_head>` inside the object)
is logically part of the infrastructure. This way, I don't need to grab
the lock of every object in :c:func:`__cache_add()` when seeking
the lock of every object in __cache_add() when seeking
the least popular.
I also decided that the id member is unchangeable, so I don't need to
grab each object lock in :c:func:`__cache_find()` to examine the
grab each object lock in __cache_find() to examine the
id: the object lock is only used by a caller who wants to read or write
the name field.
......@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ trivial to diagnose: not a
stay-up-five-nights-talk-to-fluffy-code-bunnies kind of problem.
For a slightly more complex case, imagine you have a region shared by a
softirq and user context. If you use a :c:func:`spin_lock()` call
softirq and user context. If you use a spin_lock() call
to protect it, it is possible that the user context will be interrupted
by the softirq while it holds the lock, and the softirq will then spin
forever trying to get the same lock.
......@@ -985,12 +985,12 @@ you might do the following::
Sooner or later, this will crash on SMP, because a timer can have just
gone off before the :c:func:`spin_lock_bh()`, and it will only get
the lock after we :c:func:`spin_unlock_bh()`, and then try to free
gone off before the spin_lock_bh(), and it will only get
the lock after we spin_unlock_bh(), and then try to free
the element (which has already been freed!).
This can be avoided by checking the result of
:c:func:`del_timer()`: if it returns 1, the timer has been deleted.
del_timer(): if it returns 1, the timer has been deleted.
If 0, it means (in this case) that it is currently running, so we can
do::
......@@ -1012,9 +1012,9 @@ do::
Another common problem is deleting timers which restart themselves (by
calling :c:func:`add_timer()` at the end of their timer function).
calling add_timer() at the end of their timer function).
Because this is a fairly common case which is prone to races, you should
use :c:func:`del_timer_sync()` (``include/linux/timer.h``) to
use del_timer_sync() (``include/linux/timer.h``) to
handle this case. It returns the number of times the timer had to be
deleted before we finally stopped it from adding itself back in.
......@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ adding ``new`` to a single linked list called ``list``::
list->next = new;
The :c:func:`wmb()` is a write memory barrier. It ensures that the
The wmb() is a write memory barrier. It ensures that the
first operation (setting the new element's ``next`` pointer) is complete
and will be seen by all CPUs, before the second operation is (putting
the new element into the list). This is important, since modern
......@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@ rest of the list.
Fortunately, there is a function to do this for standard
:c:type:`struct list_head <list_head>` lists:
:c:func:`list_add_rcu()` (``include/linux/list.h``).
list_add_rcu() (``include/linux/list.h``).
Removing an element from the list is even simpler: we replace the
pointer to the old element with a pointer to its successor, and readers
......@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ will either see it, or skip over it.
list->next = old->next;
There is :c:func:`list_del_rcu()` (``include/linux/list.h``) which
There is list_del_rcu() (``include/linux/list.h``) which
does this (the normal version poisons the old object, which we don't
want).
......@@ -1116,9 +1116,9 @@ The reader must also be careful: some CPUs can look through the ``next``
pointer to start reading the contents of the next element early, but
don't realize that the pre-fetched contents is wrong when the ``next``
pointer changes underneath them. Once again, there is a
:c:func:`list_for_each_entry_rcu()` (``include/linux/list.h``)
list_for_each_entry_rcu() (``include/linux/list.h``)
to help you. Of course, writers can just use
:c:func:`list_for_each_entry()`, since there cannot be two
list_for_each_entry(), since there cannot be two
simultaneous writers.
Our final dilemma is this: when can we actually destroy the removed
......@@ -1127,14 +1127,14 @@ the list right now: if we free this element and the ``next`` pointer
changes, the reader will jump off into garbage and crash. We need to
wait until we know that all the readers who were traversing the list
when we deleted the element are finished. We use
:c:func:`call_rcu()` to register a callback which will actually
call_rcu() to register a callback which will actually
destroy the object once all pre-existing readers are finished.
Alternatively, :c:func:`synchronize_rcu()` may be used to block
Alternatively, synchronize_rcu() may be used to block
until all pre-existing are finished.
But how does Read Copy Update know when the readers are finished? The
method is this: firstly, the readers always traverse the list inside
:c:func:`rcu_read_lock()`/:c:func:`rcu_read_unlock()` pairs:
rcu_read_lock()/rcu_read_unlock() pairs:
these simply disable preemption so the reader won't go to sleep while
reading the list.
......@@ -1223,12 +1223,12 @@ this is the fundamental idea.
}
Note that the reader will alter the popularity member in
:c:func:`__cache_find()`, and now it doesn't hold a lock. One
__cache_find(), and now it doesn't hold a lock. One
solution would be to make it an ``atomic_t``, but for this usage, we
don't really care about races: an approximate result is good enough, so
I didn't change it.
The result is that :c:func:`cache_find()` requires no
The result is that cache_find() requires no
synchronization with any other functions, so is almost as fast on SMP as
it would be on UP.
......@@ -1240,9 +1240,9 @@ and put the reference count.
Now, because the 'read lock' in RCU is simply disabling preemption, a
caller which always has preemption disabled between calling
:c:func:`cache_find()` and :c:func:`object_put()` does not
cache_find() and object_put() does not
need to actually get and put the reference count: we could expose
:c:func:`__cache_find()` by making it non-static, and such
__cache_find() by making it non-static, and such
callers could simply call that.
The benefit here is that the reference count is not written to: the
......@@ -1260,11 +1260,11 @@ counter. Nice and simple.
If that was too slow (it's usually not, but if you've got a really big
machine to test on and can show that it is), you could instead use a
counter for each CPU, then none of them need an exclusive lock. See
:c:func:`DEFINE_PER_CPU()`, :c:func:`get_cpu_var()` and
:c:func:`put_cpu_var()` (``include/linux/percpu.h``).
DEFINE_PER_CPU(), get_cpu_var() and
put_cpu_var() (``include/linux/percpu.h``).
Of particular use for simple per-cpu counters is the ``local_t`` type,
and the :c:func:`cpu_local_inc()` and related functions, which are
and the cpu_local_inc() and related functions, which are
more efficient than simple code on some architectures
(``include/asm/local.h``).
......@@ -1289,10 +1289,10 @@ irq handler doesn't use a lock, and all other accesses are done as so::
enable_irq(irq);
spin_unlock(&lock);
The :c:func:`disable_irq()` prevents the irq handler from running
The disable_irq() prevents the irq handler from running
(and waits for it to finish if it's currently running on other CPUs).
The spinlock prevents any other accesses happening at the same time.
Naturally, this is slower than just a :c:func:`spin_lock_irq()`
Naturally, this is slower than just a spin_lock_irq()
call, so it only makes sense if this type of access happens extremely
rarely.
......@@ -1315,22 +1315,22 @@ from user context, and can sleep.
- Accesses to userspace:
- :c:func:`copy_from_user()`
- copy_from_user()
- :c:func:`copy_to_user()`
- copy_to_user()
- :c:func:`get_user()`
- get_user()
- :c:func:`put_user()`
- put_user()
- :c:func:`kmalloc(GFP_KERNEL) <kmalloc>`
- kmalloc(GP_KERNEL) <kmalloc>`
- :c:func:`mutex_lock_interruptible()` and
:c:func:`mutex_lock()`
- mutex_lock_interruptible() and
mutex_lock()
There is a :c:func:`mutex_trylock()` which does not sleep.
There is a mutex_trylock() which does not sleep.
Still, it must not be used inside interrupt context since its
implementation is not safe for that. :c:func:`mutex_unlock()`
implementation is not safe for that. mutex_unlock()
will also never sleep. It cannot be used in interrupt context either
since a mutex must be released by the same task that acquired it.
......@@ -1340,11 +1340,11 @@ Some Functions Which Don't Sleep
Some functions are safe to call from any context, or holding almost any
lock.
- :c:func:`printk()`
- printk()
- :c:func:`kfree()`
- kfree()
- :c:func:`add_timer()` and :c:func:`del_timer()`
- add_timer() and del_timer()
Mutex API reference
===================
......@@ -1400,26 +1400,26 @@ preemption
bh
Bottom Half: for historical reasons, functions with '_bh' in them often
now refer to any software interrupt, e.g. :c:func:`spin_lock_bh()`
now refer to any software interrupt, e.g. spin_lock_bh()
blocks any software interrupt on the current CPU. Bottom halves are
deprecated, and will eventually be replaced by tasklets. Only one bottom
half will be running at any time.
Hardware Interrupt / Hardware IRQ
Hardware interrupt request. :c:func:`in_irq()` returns true in a
Hardware interrupt request. in_irq() returns true in a
hardware interrupt handler.
Interrupt Context
Not user context: processing a hardware irq or software irq. Indicated
by the :c:func:`in_interrupt()` macro returning true.
by the in_interrupt() macro returning true.
SMP
Symmetric Multi-Processor: kernels compiled for multiple-CPU machines.
(``CONFIG_SMP=y``).
Software Interrupt / softirq
Software interrupt handler. :c:func:`in_irq()` returns false;
:c:func:`in_softirq()` returns true. Tasklets and softirqs both
Software interrupt handler. in_irq() returns false;
in_softirq() returns true. Tasklets and softirqs both
fall into the category of 'software interrupts'.
Strictly speaking a softirq is one of up to 32 enumerated software
......
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