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Shuffled transit Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution to 2.2.7 

Shuffled transit Perl Installation Comments to 2.7
Shuffled transit Functions for Use with GROUP BY Clauses to 6.3.6
parent d19d469e
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Docs/manual.texi
View file @ de33f719
......@@ -123,13 +123,12 @@ distribution for that version.
* Regexp:: Description of MySQL regular expression syntax
* GPL license:: GNU General Public License
* LGPL license:: GNU Library General Public License
* Placeholder:: Pieces of the manual in transit
* Function Index:: SQL command, type and function index
* Concept Index:: Concept Index
@end menu
@node Introduction, Installing, Top, (dir)
@node Introduction, Installing, Top, Top
@chapter General Information About MySQL
@cindex overview
......@@ -5707,6 +5706,7 @@ Nothing; In the long run we plan to be fully ANSI 92 / ANSI 99 compliant.
* Post-installation:: Post-installation setup and testing
* Upgrade:: Upgrading/Downgrading MySQL
* Operating System Specific Notes:: Operating System Specific Notes
* Perl support::
@end menu
This chapter describes how to obtain and install MySQL:
......@@ -5916,6 +5916,7 @@ options that must be specified in your @file{my.ini} file! @xref{InnoDB start}.
* Installation layouts:: Installation Layouts
* Many versions:: How and When Updates Are Released
* MySQL binaries:: MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB
* Installing binary::
@end menu
......@@ -7223,7 +7224,7 @@ add small things that ``almost surely will not affect anything that's
already working.''
@node MySQL binaries, , Many versions, General Installation Issues
@node MySQL binaries, Installing binary, Many versions, General Installation Issues
@subsection MySQL Binaries Compiled by MySQL AB
@cindex binary distributions
......@@ -7283,6 +7284,223 @@ If you want to compile a debug version of MySQL, you should add
and remove any @code{-fomit-frame-pointer} options.
@node Installing binary, , MySQL binaries, General Installation Issues
@subsection Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution
@cindex installing, binary distribution
@cindex binary distributions, installing
@menu
* Linux-RPM:: Linux RPM files
* Building clients:: Building client programs
@end menu
You need the following tools to install a MySQL binary distribution:
@itemize @bullet
@item
GNU @code{gunzip} to uncompress the distribution.
@item
A reasonable @code{tar} to unpack the distribution. GNU @code{tar} is
known to work. Sun @code{tar} is known to have problems.
@end itemize
@cindex RPM, defined
@cindex RedHat Package Manager
An alternative installation method under Linux is to use RPM (RedHat Package
Manager) distributions. @xref{Linux-RPM}.
@c texi2html fails to split chapters if I use strong for all of this.
If you run into problems, @strong{PLEASE ALWAYS USE} @code{mysqlbug} when
posting questions to @email{mysql@@lists.mysql.com}. Even if the problem
isn't a bug, @code{mysqlbug} gathers system information that will help others
solve your problem. By not using @code{mysqlbug}, you lessen the likelihood
of getting a solution to your problem! You will find @code{mysqlbug} in the
@file{bin} directory after you unpack the distribution. @xref{Bug reports}.
@cindex commands, for binary distribution
The basic commands you must execute to install and use a MySQL
binary distribution are:
@example
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
shell> ln -s mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
shell> cd mysql
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/data
shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql/bin
shell> bin/safe_mysqld --user=mysql &
@end example
@cindex adding, new users
@cindex new users, adding
@cindex users, adding
You can add new users using the @code{bin/mysql_setpermission} script if
you install the @code{DBI} and @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} Perl modules.
A more detailed description follows.
To install a binary distribution, follow the steps below, then proceed
to @ref{Post-installation}, for post-installation setup and testing:
@enumerate
@item
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution, and move
into it. In the example below, we unpack the distribution under
@file{/usr/local} and create a directory @file{/usr/local/mysql} into which
MySQL is installed. (The following instructions therefore assume
you have permission to create files in @file{/usr/local}. If that directory
is protected, you will need to perform the installation as @code{root}.)
@item
Obtain a distribution file from one of the sites listed in
@ref{Getting MySQL, , Getting MySQL}.
MySQL binary distributions are provided as compressed @code{tar}
archives and have names like @file{mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz}, where
@code{VERSION} is a number (for example, @code{3.21.15}), and @code{OS}
indicates the type of operating system for which the distribution is intended
(for example, @code{pc-linux-gnu-i586}).
@item
If you see a binary distribution marked with the @code{-max} prefix, this
means that the binary has support for transaction-safe tables and other
features. @xref{mysqld-max, , @code{mysqld-max}}. Note that all binaries
are built from the same MySQL source distribution.
@item
Add a user and group for @code{mysqld} to run as:
@example
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
@end example
These commands add the @code{mysql} group and the @code{mysql} user. The
syntax for @code{useradd} and @code{groupadd} may differ slightly on different
versions of Unix. They may also be called @code{adduser} and @code{addgroup}.
You may wish to call the user and group something else instead of @code{mysql}.
@item
Change into the intended installation directory:
@example
shell> cd /usr/local
@end example
@item
Unpack the distribution and create the installation directory:
@example
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
shell> ln -s mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
@end example
The first command creates a directory named @file{mysql-VERSION-OS}. The
second command makes a symbolic link to that directory. This lets you refer
more easily to the installation directory as @file{/usr/local/mysql}.
@item
Change into the installation directory:
@example
shell> cd mysql
@end example
You will find several files and subdirectories in the @code{mysql} directory.
The most important for installation purposes are the @file{bin} and
@file{scripts} subdirectories.
@table @file
@item bin
@tindex PATH environment variable
@tindex environment variable, PATH
This directory contains client programs and the server
You should add the full pathname of this directory to your
@code{PATH} environment variable so that your shell finds the MySQL
programs properly. @xref{Environment variables}.
@item scripts
This directory contains the @code{mysql_install_db} script used to initialize
the @code{mysql} database containing the grant tables that store the server
access permissions.
@end table
@item
If you would like to use @code{mysqlaccess} and have the MySQL
distribution in some non-standard place, you must change the location where
@code{mysqlaccess} expects to find the @code{mysql} client. Edit the
@file{bin/mysqlaccess} script at approximately line 18. Search for a line
that looks like this:
@example
$MYSQL = '/usr/local/bin/mysql'; # path to mysql executable
@end example
Change the path to reflect the location where @code{mysql} actually is
stored on your system. If you do not do this, you will get a @code{Broken
pipe} error when you run @code{mysqlaccess}.
@item
Create the MySQL grant tables (necessary only if you haven't
installed MySQL before):
@example
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db
@end example
Note that MySQL versions older than Version 3.22.10 started the
MySQL server when you run @code{mysql_install_db}. This is no
longer true!
@item
Change ownership of binaries to @code{root} and ownership of the data
directory to the user that you will run @code{mysqld} as:
@example
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/data
shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql
@end example
The first command changes the @code{owner} attribute of the files to the
@code{root} user, the second one changes the @code{owner} attribute of the
data directory to the @code{mysql} user, and the third one changes the
@code{group} attribute to the @code{mysql} group.
@item
If you want to install support for the Perl @code{DBI}/@code{DBD} interface,
see @ref{Perl support}.
@item
If you would like MySQL to start automatically when you boot your
machine, you can copy @code{support-files/mysql.server} to the location where
your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the
@code{support-files/mysql.server} script itself and in
@ref{Automatic start}.
@end enumerate
After everything has been unpacked and installed, you should initialize
and test your distribution.
You can start the MySQL server with the following command:
@example
shell> bin/safe_mysqld --user=mysql &
@end example
@xref{safe_mysqld, , @code{safe_mysqld}}.
@xref{Post-installation}.
@node Installing source, Post-installation, General Installation Issues, Installing
@section Installing a MySQL Source Distribution
......@@ -9276,7 +9494,7 @@ After you import the @code{mysql} database on the new machine, execute
information.
@node Operating System Specific Notes, , Upgrade, Installing
@node Operating System Specific Notes, Perl support, Upgrade, Installing
@section Operating System Specific Notes
@menu
......@@ -11796,6 +12014,301 @@ with any technical questions they may have while doing the port.
@node Perl support, , Operating System Specific Notes, Installing
@section Perl Installation Comments
@cindex Perl, installing
@cindex installing, Perl
@menu
* Perl installation:: Installing Perl on Unix
* ActiveState Perl:: Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
* Windows Perl:: Installing the MySQL Perl distribution on Windows
* Perl support problems:: Problems using the Perl @code{DBI}/@code{DBD} interface
@end menu
@node Perl installation, ActiveState Perl, Perl support, Perl support
@subsection Installing Perl on Unix
Perl support for MySQL is provided by means of the
@code{DBI}/@code{DBD} client interface. @xref{Perl}. The Perl
@code{DBD}/@code{DBI} client code requires Perl Version 5.004 or later. The
interface @strong{will not work} if you have an older version of Perl.
MySQL Perl support also requires that you've installed
MySQL client programming support. If you installed MySQL
from RPM files, client programs are in the client RPM, but client programming
support is in the developer RPM. Make sure you've installed the latter RPM.
As of Version 3.22.8, Perl support is distributed separately from the main
MySQL distribution. If you want to install Perl support, the files
you will need can be obtained from
@uref{http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Contrib/}.
The Perl distributions are provided as compressed @code{tar} archives and
have names like @file{MODULE-VERSION.tar.gz}, where @code{MODULE} is the
module name and @code{VERSION} is the version number. You should get the
@code{Data-Dumper}, @code{DBI}, and @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} distributions
and install them in that order. The installation procedure is shown below.
The example shown is for the @code{Data-Dumper} module, but the procedure is
the same for all three distributions:
@enumerate
@item
Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
@example
shell> gunzip < Data-Dumper-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -
@end example
This command creates a directory named @file{Data-Dumper-VERSION}.
@item
Change into the top-level directory of the unpacked distribution:
@example
shell> cd Data-Dumper-VERSION
@end example
@item
Build the distribution and compile everything:
@example
shell> perl Makefile.PL
shell> make
shell> make test
shell> make install
@end example
@end enumerate
The @code{make test} command is important because it verifies that the
module is working. Note that when you run that command during the
@code{Msql-Mysql-modules} installation to exercise the interface code, the
MySQL server must be running or the test will fail.
It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the @code{Msql-Mysql-modules}
distribution whenever you install a new release of MySQL,
particularly if you notice symptoms such as all your @code{DBI} scripts
dumping core after you upgrade MySQL.
If you don't have the right to install Perl modules in the system directory
or if you to install local Perl modules, the following reference may help
you:
@example
@uref{http://www.iserver.com/support/contrib/perl5/modules.html}
@end example
Look under the heading
@code{Installing New Modules that Require Locally Installed Modules}.
@node ActiveState Perl, Windows Perl, Perl installation, Perl support
@subsection Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
@cindex installing, Perl on Windows
@cindex Perl, installing on Windows
@cindex ActiveState Perl
To install the MySQL @code{DBD} module with ActiveState Perl on
Windows, you should do the following:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Get ActiveState Perl from
@uref{http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/index.html}
and install it.
@item
Open a DOS shell.
@item
If required, set the HTTP_proxy variable. For example, you might try:
@example
set HTTP_proxy=my.proxy.com:3128
@end example
@item
Start the PPM program:
@example
C:\> c:\perl\bin\ppm.pl
@end example
@item
If you have not already done so, install @code{DBI}:
@example
ppm> install DBI
@end example
@item
If this succeeds, run the following command:
@example
install ftp://ftp.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/authors/id/JWIED/DBD-mysql-1.2212.x86.ppd
@end example
@end itemize
The above should work at least with ActiveState Perl Version 5.6.
If you can't get the above to work, you should instead install the
@strong{MyODBC} driver and connect to MySQL server through
ODBC:
@example
use DBI;
$dbh= DBI->connect("DBI:ODBC:$dsn","$user","$password") ||
die "Got error $DBI::errstr when connecting to $dsn\n";
@end example
@node Windows Perl, Perl support problems, ActiveState Perl, Perl support
@subsection Installing the MySQL Perl Distribution on Windows
The MySQL Perl distribution contains @code{DBI},
@code{DBD:MySQL} and @code{DBD:ODBC}.
@itemize @bullet
@item
Get the Perl distribution for Windows from
@uref{http://www.mysql.com/download.html}.
@item
Unzip the distribution in @code{C:} so that you get a @file{C:\PERL} directory.
@item
Add the directory @file{C:\PERL\BIN} to your path.
@item
Add the directory @file{C:\PERL\BIN\MSWIN32-x86-thread} or
@file{C:\PERL\BIN\MSWIN32-x86} to your path.
@item
Test that @code{perl} works by executing @code{perl -v} in a DOS shell.
@end itemize
@node Perl support problems, , Windows Perl, Perl support
@subsection Problems Using the Perl @code{DBI}/@code{DBD} Interface
@cindex problems, installing Perl
@cindex Perl DBI/DBD, installation problems
If Perl reports that it can't find the @file{../mysql/mysql.so} module,
then the problem is probably that Perl can't locate the shared library
@file{libmysqlclient.so}.
You can fix this by any of the following methods:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Compile the @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} distribution with @code{perl
Makefile.PL -static -config} rather than @code{perl Makefile.PL}.
@item
Copy @code{libmysqlclient.so} to the directory where your other shared
libraries are located (probably @file{/usr/lib} or @file{/lib}).
@item
On Linux you can add the pathname of the directory where
@file{libmysqlclient.so} is located to the @file{/etc/ld.so.conf} file.
@tindex LD_RUN_PATH environment variable
@tindex Environment variable, LD_RUN_PATH
@item
Add the pathname of the directory where @file{libmysqlclient.so} is located
to the @code{LD_RUN_PATH} environment variable.
@end itemize
If you get the following errors from @code{DBD-mysql},
you are probably using @code{gcc} (or using an old binary compiled with
@code{gcc}):
@example
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__moddi3'
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__divdi3'
@end example
Add @code{-L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/... -lgcc} to the link command when the
@file{mysql.so} library gets built (check the output from @code{make} for
@file{mysql.so} when you compile the Perl client). The @code{-L} option
should specify the pathname of the directory where @file{libgcc.a} is located
on your system.
Another cause of this problem may be that Perl and MySQL aren't both
compiled with @code{gcc}. In this case, you can solve the mismatch by
compiling both with @code{gcc}.
If you get the following error from @code{Msql-Mysql-modules}
when you run the tests:
@example
t/00base............install_driver(mysql) failed: Can't load '../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so' for module DBD::mysql: ../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so: undefined symbol: uncompress at /usr/lib/perl5/5.00503/i586-linux/DynaLoader.pm line 169.
@end example
it means that you need to include the compression library, -lz, to the
link line. This can be doing the following change in the file
@file{lib/DBD/mysql/Install.pm}:
@example
$sysliblist .= " -lm";
to
$sysliblist .= " -lm -lz";
@end example
After this, you MUST run 'make realclean' and then proceed with the
installation from the beginning.
If you want to use the Perl module on a system that doesn't support dynamic
linking (like SCO) you can generate a static version of Perl that includes
@code{DBI} and @code{DBD-mysql}. The way this works is that you generate a
version of Perl with the @code{DBI} code linked in and install it on top of
your current Perl. Then you use that to build a version of Perl that
additionally has the @code{DBD} code linked in, and install that.
On SCO, you must have the following environment variables set:
@example
shell> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/progressive/lib
or
shell> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib
shell> LIBPATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib
shell> MANPATH=scohelp:/usr/man:/usr/local1/man:/usr/local/man:/usr/skunk/man:
@end example
First, create a Perl that includes a statically linked @code{DBI} by running
these commands in the directory where your @code{DBI} distribution is
located:
@example
shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config
shell> make
shell> make install
shell> make perl
@end example
Then you must install the new Perl. The output of @code{make perl} will
indicate the exact @code{make} command you will need to execute to perform
the installation. On SCO, this is @code{make -f Makefile.aperl inst_perl
MAP_TARGET=perl}.
Next, use the just-created Perl to create another Perl that also includes a
statically-linked @code{DBD::mysql} by running these commands in the
directory where your @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} distribution is located:
@example
shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config
shell> make
shell> make install
shell> make perl
@end example
Finally, you should install this new Perl. Again, the output of @code{make
perl} indicates the command to use.
@node Tutorial, MySQL Database Administration, Installing, Top
@chapter Introduction to MySQL: A MySQL Tutorial
......@@ -29428,6 +29941,7 @@ mysql> select MOD(29,9);
* Numeric Functions:: Numeric Functions
* Date and time functions:: Date and time functions
* Other Functions:: Other Functions
* Group by functions::
@end menu
......@@ -31666,7 +32180,7 @@ mysql> select TIME_TO_SEC('00:39:38');
@end table
@node Other Functions, , Date and time functions, Functions
@node Other Functions, Group by functions, Date and time functions, Functions
@subsection Other Functions
@menu
......@@ -32030,6 +32544,164 @@ facilitate replication testing.
@end table
@node Group by functions, , Other Functions, Functions
@subsection Functions for Use with @code{GROUP BY} Clauses
@findex GROUP BY functions
@findex functions, GROUP BY
If you use a group function in a statement containing no @code{GROUP BY}
clause, it is equivalent to grouping on all rows.
@table @code
@findex COUNT()
@item COUNT(expr)
Returns a count of the number of non-@code{NULL} values in the rows
retrieved by a @code{SELECT} statement:
@example
mysql> select student.student_name,COUNT(*)
from student,course
where student.student_id=course.student_id
GROUP BY student_name;
@end example
@code{COUNT(*)} is somewhat different in that it returns a count of
the number of rows retrieved, whether or not they contain @code{NULL}
values.
@code{COUNT(*)} is optimized to
return very quickly if the @code{SELECT} retrieves from one table, no
other columns are retrieved, and there is no @code{WHERE} clause.
For example:
@example
mysql> select COUNT(*) from student;
@end example
@findex COUNT(DISTINCT)
@findex DISTINCT
@item COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...])
Returns a count of the number of different non-@code{NULL} values:
@example
mysql> select COUNT(DISTINCT results) from student;
@end example
In MySQL you can get the number of distinct expression
combinations that don't contain NULL by giving a list of expressions.
In ANSI SQL you would have to do a concatenation of all expressions
inside @code{CODE(DISTINCT ..)}.
@findex AVG()
@item AVG(expr)
Returns the average value of @code{expr}:
@example
mysql> select student_name, AVG(test_score)
from student
GROUP BY student_name;
@end example
@findex MIN()
@findex MAX()
@item MIN(expr)
@itemx MAX(expr)
Returns the minimum or maximum value of @code{expr}. @code{MIN()} and
@code{MAX()} may take a string argument; in such cases they return the
minimum or maximum string value. @xref{MySQL indexes}.
@example
mysql> select student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score)
from student
GROUP BY student_name;
@end example
@findex SUM()
@item SUM(expr)
Returns the sum of @code{expr}. Note that if the return set has no rows,
it returns NULL!
@findex STD()
@findex STDDEV()
@cindex Oracle compatibility
@cindex compatibility, with Oracle
@item STD(expr)
@itemx STDDEV(expr)
Returns the standard deviation of @code{expr}. This is an extension to
ANSI SQL. The @code{STDDEV()} form of this function is provided for Oracle
compatibility.
@findex BIT_OR()
@item BIT_OR(expr)
Returns the bitwise @code{OR} of all bits in @code{expr}. The calculation is
performed with 64-bit (@code{BIGINT}) precision.
@findex BIT_AND()
@item BIT_AND(expr)
Returns the bitwise @code{AND} of all bits in @code{expr}. The calculation is
performed with 64-bit (@code{BIGINT}) precision.
@end table
@cindex @code{GROUP BY}, extensions to ANSI SQL
MySQL has extended the use of @code{GROUP BY}. You can use columns or
calculations in the @code{SELECT} expressions that don't appear in
the @code{GROUP BY} part. This stands for @emph{any possible value for this
group}. You can use this to get better performance by avoiding sorting and
grouping on unnecessary items. For example, you don't need to group on
@code{customer.name} in the following query:
@example
mysql> select order.custid,customer.name,max(payments)
from order,customer
where order.custid = customer.custid
GROUP BY order.custid;
@end example
In ANSI SQL, you would have to add @code{customer.name} to the @code{GROUP
BY} clause. In MySQL, the name is redundant if you don't run in
ANSI mode.
@strong{Don't use this feature} if the columns you omit from the
@code{GROUP BY} part aren't unique in the group! You will get
unpredictable results.
In some cases, you can use @code{MIN()} and @code{MAX()} to obtain a specific
column value even if it isn't unique. The following gives the value of
@code{column} from the row containing the smallest value in the @code{sort}
column:
@example
substr(MIN(concat(rpad(sort,6,' '),column)),7)
@end example
@xref{example-Maximum-column-group-row}.
@cindex @code{ORDER BY}, aliases in
@cindex aliases, in @code{ORDER BY} clauses
@cindex @code{GROUP BY}, aliases in
@cindex aliases, in @code{GROUP BY} clauses
@cindex expression aliases
@cindex aliases, for expressions
Note that if you are using MySQL Version 3.22 (or earlier) or if
you are trying to follow ANSI SQL, you can't use expressions in @code{GROUP
BY} or @code{ORDER BY} clauses. You can work around this limitation by
using an alias for the expression:
@example
mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) AS val FROM tbl_name
GROUP BY id,val ORDER BY val;
@end example
In MySQL Version 3.23 you can do:
@example
mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) FROM tbl_name ORDER BY RAND();
@end example
@node Data Manipulation, Data Definition, Functions, Reference
@section Data Manipulation: @code{SELECT}, @code{INSERT}, @code{UPDATE}, @code{DELETE}
......@@ -54536,7 +55208,7 @@ Public License instead of this License.
@node LGPL license, Placeholder, GPL license, Top
@node LGPL license, Function Index, GPL license, Top
@appendix GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
@cindex LGPL, Lesser General Public License
......@@ -55107,690 +55779,7 @@ That's all there is to it!
@node Placeholder, Function Index, LGPL license, Top
@appendix Pieces of the manual in transit
@menu
* Installing binary:: Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution
* Perl support:: Perl Installation Comments
* Group by functions:: Functions for Use with @code{GROUP BY} Clauses
@end menu
@node Installing binary, Perl support, Placeholder, Placeholder
@appendixsec Installing a MySQL Binary Distribution
@cindex installing, binary distribution
@cindex binary distributions, installing
@menu
* Linux-RPM:: Linux RPM files
* Building clients:: Building client programs
@end menu
You need the following tools to install a MySQL binary distribution:
@itemize @bullet
@item
GNU @code{gunzip} to uncompress the distribution.
@item
A reasonable @code{tar} to unpack the distribution. GNU @code{tar} is
known to work. Sun @code{tar} is known to have problems.
@end itemize
@cindex RPM, defined
@cindex RedHat Package Manager
An alternative installation method under Linux is to use RPM (RedHat Package
Manager) distributions. @xref{Linux-RPM}.
@c texi2html fails to split chapters if I use strong for all of this.
If you run into problems, @strong{PLEASE ALWAYS USE} @code{mysqlbug} when
posting questions to @email{mysql@@lists.mysql.com}. Even if the problem
isn't a bug, @code{mysqlbug} gathers system information that will help others
solve your problem. By not using @code{mysqlbug}, you lessen the likelihood
of getting a solution to your problem! You will find @code{mysqlbug} in the
@file{bin} directory after you unpack the distribution. @xref{Bug reports}.
@cindex commands, for binary distribution
The basic commands you must execute to install and use a MySQL
binary distribution are:
@example
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
shell> cd /usr/local
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
shell> ln -s mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
shell> cd mysql
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/data
shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql/bin
shell> bin/safe_mysqld --user=mysql &
@end example
@cindex adding, new users
@cindex new users, adding
@cindex users, adding
You can add new users using the @code{bin/mysql_setpermission} script if
you install the @code{DBI} and @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} Perl modules.
A more detailed description follows.
To install a binary distribution, follow the steps below, then proceed
to @ref{Post-installation}, for post-installation setup and testing:
@enumerate
@item
Pick the directory under which you want to unpack the distribution, and move
into it. In the example below, we unpack the distribution under
@file{/usr/local} and create a directory @file{/usr/local/mysql} into which
MySQL is installed. (The following instructions therefore assume
you have permission to create files in @file{/usr/local}. If that directory
is protected, you will need to perform the installation as @code{root}.)
@item
Obtain a distribution file from one of the sites listed in
@ref{Getting MySQL, , Getting MySQL}.
MySQL binary distributions are provided as compressed @code{tar}
archives and have names like @file{mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz}, where
@code{VERSION} is a number (for example, @code{3.21.15}), and @code{OS}
indicates the type of operating system for which the distribution is intended
(for example, @code{pc-linux-gnu-i586}).
@item
If you see a binary distribution marked with the @code{-max} prefix, this
means that the binary has support for transaction-safe tables and other
features. @xref{mysqld-max, , @code{mysqld-max}}. Note that all binaries
are built from the same MySQL source distribution.
@item
Add a user and group for @code{mysqld} to run as:
@example
shell> groupadd mysql
shell> useradd -g mysql mysql
@end example
These commands add the @code{mysql} group and the @code{mysql} user. The
syntax for @code{useradd} and @code{groupadd} may differ slightly on different
versions of Unix. They may also be called @code{adduser} and @code{addgroup}.
You may wish to call the user and group something else instead of @code{mysql}.
@item
Change into the intended installation directory:
@example
shell> cd /usr/local
@end example
@item
Unpack the distribution and create the installation directory:
@example
shell> gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
shell> ln -s mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
@end example
The first command creates a directory named @file{mysql-VERSION-OS}. The
second command makes a symbolic link to that directory. This lets you refer
more easily to the installation directory as @file{/usr/local/mysql}.
@item
Change into the installation directory:
@example
shell> cd mysql
@end example
You will find several files and subdirectories in the @code{mysql} directory.
The most important for installation purposes are the @file{bin} and
@file{scripts} subdirectories.
@table @file
@item bin
@tindex PATH environment variable
@tindex environment variable, PATH
This directory contains client programs and the server
You should add the full pathname of this directory to your
@code{PATH} environment variable so that your shell finds the MySQL
programs properly. @xref{Environment variables}.
@item scripts
This directory contains the @code{mysql_install_db} script used to initialize
the @code{mysql} database containing the grant tables that store the server
access permissions.
@end table
@item
If you would like to use @code{mysqlaccess} and have the MySQL
distribution in some non-standard place, you must change the location where
@code{mysqlaccess} expects to find the @code{mysql} client. Edit the
@file{bin/mysqlaccess} script at approximately line 18. Search for a line
that looks like this:
@example
$MYSQL = '/usr/local/bin/mysql'; # path to mysql executable
@end example
Change the path to reflect the location where @code{mysql} actually is
stored on your system. If you do not do this, you will get a @code{Broken
pipe} error when you run @code{mysqlaccess}.
@item
Create the MySQL grant tables (necessary only if you haven't
installed MySQL before):
@example
shell> scripts/mysql_install_db
@end example
Note that MySQL versions older than Version 3.22.10 started the
MySQL server when you run @code{mysql_install_db}. This is no
longer true!
@item
Change ownership of binaries to @code{root} and ownership of the data
directory to the user that you will run @code{mysqld} as:
@example
shell> chown -R root /usr/local/mysql
shell> chown -R mysql /usr/local/mysql/data
shell> chgrp -R mysql /usr/local/mysql
@end example
The first command changes the @code{owner} attribute of the files to the
@code{root} user, the second one changes the @code{owner} attribute of the
data directory to the @code{mysql} user, and the third one changes the
@code{group} attribute to the @code{mysql} group.
@item
If you want to install support for the Perl @code{DBI}/@code{DBD} interface,
see @ref{Perl support}.
@item
If you would like MySQL to start automatically when you boot your
machine, you can copy @code{support-files/mysql.server} to the location where
your system has its startup files. More information can be found in the
@code{support-files/mysql.server} script itself and in
@ref{Automatic start}.
@end enumerate
After everything has been unpacked and installed, you should initialize
and test your distribution.
You can start the MySQL server with the following command:
@example
shell> bin/safe_mysqld --user=mysql &
@end example
@xref{safe_mysqld, , @code{safe_mysqld}}.
@xref{Post-installation}.
@node Perl support, Group by functions, Installing binary, Placeholder
@appendixsec Perl Installation Comments
@cindex Perl, installing
@cindex installing, Perl
@menu
* Perl installation:: Installing Perl on Unix
* ActiveState Perl:: Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
* Windows Perl:: Installing the MySQL Perl distribution on Windows
* Perl support problems:: Problems using the Perl @code{DBI}/@code{DBD} interface
@end menu
@node Perl installation, ActiveState Perl, Perl support, Perl support
@appendixsubsec Installing Perl on Unix
Perl support for MySQL is provided by means of the
@code{DBI}/@code{DBD} client interface. @xref{Perl}. The Perl
@code{DBD}/@code{DBI} client code requires Perl Version 5.004 or later. The
interface @strong{will not work} if you have an older version of Perl.
MySQL Perl support also requires that you've installed
MySQL client programming support. If you installed MySQL
from RPM files, client programs are in the client RPM, but client programming
support is in the developer RPM. Make sure you've installed the latter RPM.
As of Version 3.22.8, Perl support is distributed separately from the main
MySQL distribution. If you want to install Perl support, the files
you will need can be obtained from
@uref{http://www.mysql.com/Downloads/Contrib/}.
The Perl distributions are provided as compressed @code{tar} archives and
have names like @file{MODULE-VERSION.tar.gz}, where @code{MODULE} is the
module name and @code{VERSION} is the version number. You should get the
@code{Data-Dumper}, @code{DBI}, and @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} distributions
and install them in that order. The installation procedure is shown below.
The example shown is for the @code{Data-Dumper} module, but the procedure is
the same for all three distributions:
@enumerate
@item
Unpack the distribution into the current directory:
@example
shell> gunzip < Data-Dumper-VERSION.tar.gz | tar xvf -
@end example
This command creates a directory named @file{Data-Dumper-VERSION}.
@item
Change into the top-level directory of the unpacked distribution:
@example
shell> cd Data-Dumper-VERSION
@end example
@item
Build the distribution and compile everything:
@example
shell> perl Makefile.PL
shell> make
shell> make test
shell> make install
@end example
@end enumerate
The @code{make test} command is important because it verifies that the
module is working. Note that when you run that command during the
@code{Msql-Mysql-modules} installation to exercise the interface code, the
MySQL server must be running or the test will fail.
It is a good idea to rebuild and reinstall the @code{Msql-Mysql-modules}
distribution whenever you install a new release of MySQL,
particularly if you notice symptoms such as all your @code{DBI} scripts
dumping core after you upgrade MySQL.
If you don't have the right to install Perl modules in the system directory
or if you to install local Perl modules, the following reference may help
you:
@example
@uref{http://www.iserver.com/support/contrib/perl5/modules.html}
@end example
Look under the heading
@code{Installing New Modules that Require Locally Installed Modules}.
@node ActiveState Perl, Windows Perl, Perl installation, Perl support
@appendixsubsec Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows
@cindex installing, Perl on Windows
@cindex Perl, installing on Windows
@cindex ActiveState Perl
To install the MySQL @code{DBD} module with ActiveState Perl on
Windows, you should do the following:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Get ActiveState Perl from
@uref{http://www.activestate.com/Products/ActivePerl/index.html}
and install it.
@item
Open a DOS shell.
@item
If required, set the HTTP_proxy variable. For example, you might try:
@example
set HTTP_proxy=my.proxy.com:3128
@end example
@item
Start the PPM program:
@example
C:\> c:\perl\bin\ppm.pl
@end example
@item
If you have not already done so, install @code{DBI}:
@example
ppm> install DBI
@end example
@item
If this succeeds, run the following command:
@example
install ftp://ftp.de.uu.net/pub/CPAN/authors/id/JWIED/DBD-mysql-1.2212.x86.ppd
@end example
@end itemize
The above should work at least with ActiveState Perl Version 5.6.
If you can't get the above to work, you should instead install the
@strong{MyODBC} driver and connect to MySQL server through
ODBC:
@example
use DBI;
$dbh= DBI->connect("DBI:ODBC:$dsn","$user","$password") ||
die "Got error $DBI::errstr when connecting to $dsn\n";
@end example
@node Windows Perl, Perl support problems, ActiveState Perl, Perl support
@appendixsubsec Installing the MySQL Perl Distribution on Windows
The MySQL Perl distribution contains @code{DBI},
@code{DBD:MySQL} and @code{DBD:ODBC}.
@itemize @bullet
@item
Get the Perl distribution for Windows from
@uref{http://www.mysql.com/download.html}.
@item
Unzip the distribution in @code{C:} so that you get a @file{C:\PERL} directory.
@item
Add the directory @file{C:\PERL\BIN} to your path.
@item
Add the directory @file{C:\PERL\BIN\MSWIN32-x86-thread} or
@file{C:\PERL\BIN\MSWIN32-x86} to your path.
@item
Test that @code{perl} works by executing @code{perl -v} in a DOS shell.
@end itemize
@node Perl support problems, , Windows Perl, Perl support
@appendixsubsec Problems Using the Perl @code{DBI}/@code{DBD} Interface
@cindex problems, installing Perl
@cindex Perl DBI/DBD, installation problems
If Perl reports that it can't find the @file{../mysql/mysql.so} module,
then the problem is probably that Perl can't locate the shared library
@file{libmysqlclient.so}.
You can fix this by any of the following methods:
@itemize @bullet
@item
Compile the @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} distribution with @code{perl
Makefile.PL -static -config} rather than @code{perl Makefile.PL}.
@item
Copy @code{libmysqlclient.so} to the directory where your other shared
libraries are located (probably @file{/usr/lib} or @file{/lib}).
@item
On Linux you can add the pathname of the directory where
@file{libmysqlclient.so} is located to the @file{/etc/ld.so.conf} file.
@tindex LD_RUN_PATH environment variable
@tindex Environment variable, LD_RUN_PATH
@item
Add the pathname of the directory where @file{libmysqlclient.so} is located
to the @code{LD_RUN_PATH} environment variable.
@end itemize
If you get the following errors from @code{DBD-mysql},
you are probably using @code{gcc} (or using an old binary compiled with
@code{gcc}):
@example
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__moddi3'
/usr/bin/perl: can't resolve symbol '__divdi3'
@end example
Add @code{-L/usr/lib/gcc-lib/... -lgcc} to the link command when the
@file{mysql.so} library gets built (check the output from @code{make} for
@file{mysql.so} when you compile the Perl client). The @code{-L} option
should specify the pathname of the directory where @file{libgcc.a} is located
on your system.
Another cause of this problem may be that Perl and MySQL aren't both
compiled with @code{gcc}. In this case, you can solve the mismatch by
compiling both with @code{gcc}.
If you get the following error from @code{Msql-Mysql-modules}
when you run the tests:
@example
t/00base............install_driver(mysql) failed: Can't load '../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so' for module DBD::mysql: ../blib/arch/auto/DBD/mysql/mysql.so: undefined symbol: uncompress at /usr/lib/perl5/5.00503/i586-linux/DynaLoader.pm line 169.
@end example
it means that you need to include the compression library, -lz, to the
link line. This can be doing the following change in the file
@file{lib/DBD/mysql/Install.pm}:
@example
$sysliblist .= " -lm";
to
$sysliblist .= " -lm -lz";
@end example
After this, you MUST run 'make realclean' and then proceed with the
installation from the beginning.
If you want to use the Perl module on a system that doesn't support dynamic
linking (like SCO) you can generate a static version of Perl that includes
@code{DBI} and @code{DBD-mysql}. The way this works is that you generate a
version of Perl with the @code{DBI} code linked in and install it on top of
your current Perl. Then you use that to build a version of Perl that
additionally has the @code{DBD} code linked in, and install that.
On SCO, you must have the following environment variables set:
@example
shell> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/progressive/lib
or
shell> LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib
shell> LIBPATH=/usr/lib:/lib:/usr/local/lib:/usr/ccs/lib:/usr/progressive/lib:/usr/skunk/lib
shell> MANPATH=scohelp:/usr/man:/usr/local1/man:/usr/local/man:/usr/skunk/man:
@end example
First, create a Perl that includes a statically linked @code{DBI} by running
these commands in the directory where your @code{DBI} distribution is
located:
@example
shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config
shell> make
shell> make install
shell> make perl
@end example
Then you must install the new Perl. The output of @code{make perl} will
indicate the exact @code{make} command you will need to execute to perform
the installation. On SCO, this is @code{make -f Makefile.aperl inst_perl
MAP_TARGET=perl}.
Next, use the just-created Perl to create another Perl that also includes a
statically-linked @code{DBD::mysql} by running these commands in the
directory where your @code{Msql-Mysql-modules} distribution is located:
@example
shell> perl Makefile.PL -static -config
shell> make
shell> make install
shell> make perl
@end example
Finally, you should install this new Perl. Again, the output of @code{make
perl} indicates the command to use.
@node Group by functions, , Perl support, Placeholder
@appendixsec Functions for Use with @code{GROUP BY} Clauses
@findex GROUP BY functions
@findex functions, GROUP BY
If you use a group function in a statement containing no @code{GROUP BY}
clause, it is equivalent to grouping on all rows.
@table @code
@findex COUNT()
@item COUNT(expr)
Returns a count of the number of non-@code{NULL} values in the rows
retrieved by a @code{SELECT} statement:
@example
mysql> select student.student_name,COUNT(*)
from student,course
where student.student_id=course.student_id
GROUP BY student_name;
@end example
@code{COUNT(*)} is somewhat different in that it returns a count of
the number of rows retrieved, whether or not they contain @code{NULL}
values.
@code{COUNT(*)} is optimized to
return very quickly if the @code{SELECT} retrieves from one table, no
other columns are retrieved, and there is no @code{WHERE} clause.
For example:
@example
mysql> select COUNT(*) from student;
@end example
@findex COUNT(DISTINCT)
@findex DISTINCT
@item COUNT(DISTINCT expr,[expr...])
Returns a count of the number of different non-@code{NULL} values:
@example
mysql> select COUNT(DISTINCT results) from student;
@end example
In MySQL you can get the number of distinct expression
combinations that don't contain NULL by giving a list of expressions.
In ANSI SQL you would have to do a concatenation of all expressions
inside @code{CODE(DISTINCT ..)}.
@findex AVG()
@item AVG(expr)
Returns the average value of @code{expr}:
@example
mysql> select student_name, AVG(test_score)
from student
GROUP BY student_name;
@end example
@findex MIN()
@findex MAX()
@item MIN(expr)
@itemx MAX(expr)
Returns the minimum or maximum value of @code{expr}. @code{MIN()} and
@code{MAX()} may take a string argument; in such cases they return the
minimum or maximum string value. @xref{MySQL indexes}.
@example
mysql> select student_name, MIN(test_score), MAX(test_score)
from student
GROUP BY student_name;
@end example
@findex SUM()
@item SUM(expr)
Returns the sum of @code{expr}. Note that if the return set has no rows,
it returns NULL!
@findex STD()
@findex STDDEV()
@cindex Oracle compatibility
@cindex compatibility, with Oracle
@item STD(expr)
@itemx STDDEV(expr)
Returns the standard deviation of @code{expr}. This is an extension to
ANSI SQL. The @code{STDDEV()} form of this function is provided for Oracle
compatibility.
@findex BIT_OR()
@item BIT_OR(expr)
Returns the bitwise @code{OR} of all bits in @code{expr}. The calculation is
performed with 64-bit (@code{BIGINT}) precision.
@findex BIT_AND()
@item BIT_AND(expr)
Returns the bitwise @code{AND} of all bits in @code{expr}. The calculation is
performed with 64-bit (@code{BIGINT}) precision.
@end table
@cindex @code{GROUP BY}, extensions to ANSI SQL
MySQL has extended the use of @code{GROUP BY}. You can use columns or
calculations in the @code{SELECT} expressions that don't appear in
the @code{GROUP BY} part. This stands for @emph{any possible value for this
group}. You can use this to get better performance by avoiding sorting and
grouping on unnecessary items. For example, you don't need to group on
@code{customer.name} in the following query:
@example
mysql> select order.custid,customer.name,max(payments)
from order,customer
where order.custid = customer.custid
GROUP BY order.custid;
@end example
In ANSI SQL, you would have to add @code{customer.name} to the @code{GROUP
BY} clause. In MySQL, the name is redundant if you don't run in
ANSI mode.
@strong{Don't use this feature} if the columns you omit from the
@code{GROUP BY} part aren't unique in the group! You will get
unpredictable results.
In some cases, you can use @code{MIN()} and @code{MAX()} to obtain a specific
column value even if it isn't unique. The following gives the value of
@code{column} from the row containing the smallest value in the @code{sort}
column:
@example
substr(MIN(concat(rpad(sort,6,' '),column)),7)
@end example
@xref{example-Maximum-column-group-row}.
@cindex @code{ORDER BY}, aliases in
@cindex aliases, in @code{ORDER BY} clauses
@cindex @code{GROUP BY}, aliases in
@cindex aliases, in @code{GROUP BY} clauses
@cindex expression aliases
@cindex aliases, for expressions
Note that if you are using MySQL Version 3.22 (or earlier) or if
you are trying to follow ANSI SQL, you can't use expressions in @code{GROUP
BY} or @code{ORDER BY} clauses. You can work around this limitation by
using an alias for the expression:
@example
mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) AS val FROM tbl_name
GROUP BY id,val ORDER BY val;
@end example
In MySQL Version 3.23 you can do:
@example
mysql> SELECT id,FLOOR(value/100) FROM tbl_name ORDER BY RAND();
@end example
@node Function Index, Concept Index, Placeholder, Top
@node Function Index, Concept Index, LGPL license, Top
@unnumbered SQL command, type and function index
@printindex fn
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