Merge branch 'y/restore' into x/catobj

* y/restore: (56 commits)
  zodbrestore - Tool to restore content of a ZODB database from zodbdump output
  zodbcommit: Prepare to compute current serial of an oid lazily
  zodbcommit: Don't forget to call tpc_abort on an error
  Drop support for ZODB3
  tox: Don't run tests agains ZODB+PR183 anymore
  Add way to run tests via nxdtest
  tidrange: test: Fix for py3
  *: dict.keys() returns sequence, not [] on py3
  *: Pass bytes literal into BytesIO
  zodbdump: Use bytes to emit its output
  *: Zodbdump format is semi text-binary: Mark it as such + handle zdump output as binary
  *: Don't use %r to print/report lines/bytes to outside
  zodbinfo: Provide "head" as command to query DB head; Turn "last_tid" into deprecated alias for head
  test/gen_testdata: Fix for ZODB5 > 5.5.1 + preserve database compatibility with ZODB3/py2
  tox: Don't duplicate setup.py on which for-tests dependencies we need
  zodbdump: Default out to stdout in binary mode
  *: s.decode('hex') -> fromhex(s)
  utils: Initialize hashers with bytes
  *: Pass bytes - not unicode - literals to sha1()
  util: Fix ashex for Python3
  ...

.gitignore

 /dist
 /zodbtools.egg-info
+
+/.tox/

.nxdtest

+# setup to run tests on Nexedi testing infrastructure.
+# https://stack.nexedi.com/test_status
+
+TestCase('pytest', ['python',  '-m', 'pytest'], summaryf=PyTest.summary)

CHANGELOG.rst

+Zodbtools change history
+========================
+
+0.0.0.dev8 (2019-03-07)
+-----------------------
+
+- Support using absolute and relative time in tidrange.  One example usage is:
+  ``zodb analyze data.fs 2018-01-01T10:30:00Z..yesterday`` (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/4037002c
+
+- Python3 support progressed (`commit 1`__, 2__, 3__), but zodbtools does not
+  support python3 yet. The test suite was extended to run on python3 (commit__)
+  and also was extended to also run on ZODB with raw extensions from ongoing
+  pull request `#183`__  (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/d6bde57c
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/f16ccfd4
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/b338d004
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/eaa3aec7
+  __ https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/183
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/c50bfb00
+
+
+0.0.0.dev7 (2019-01-11)
+-----------------------
+
+- Fix zodbtools to work with all ZODB3, ZODB4 and ZODB5 (`commit 1`__, 2__,
+  3__, 4__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/425e6656
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/0e5d2f81
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/7a94e312
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/8ff7020c
+
+- Fix `zodb analyze` for the case when history range is empty (`commit 1`__,
+  2__, 3__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/b4824ad5
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/d37746c6
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/474a0559
+
+- Zodbtools is not yet Python3-ready (commit__), but we started to fix it
+  step-by-step (`commit 1`__, 2__, 3__, 4__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/7c5bb0b5
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/7d24147b
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/55853615
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/79aa0c45
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/5e2ed5e7
+
+
+0.0.0.dev6 (2018-12-30)
+-----------------------
+
+- `zodb analyze` can now work with any ZODB storage and supports analyzing a
+  particular range of history (`commit 1`__, 2__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/3ce22f28
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/7ad9e1df
+
+- Add help for specifying TID ranges (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/f7eff5fe
+
+- Always close opened storages (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/9dbe70f3
+
+0.0.0.dev5 (2018-12-13)
+-----------------------
+
+- Start to stabilize `zodb dump` format. The format is close to be stable now
+  and will likely be changed, if at all, only in minor ways (`commit 1`__, 2__,
+  3__, 4__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/75c03368
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/33230940
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/7f0bbf7e
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/624aeb09
+
+- Add `DumpReader` - class to read/parse input in `zodbdump` format (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/dd959b28
+
+- Add `zodb commit` subcommand to commit new transaction into ZODB (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/960c5e17
+
+
+0.0.0.dev4 (2017-04-05)
+-----------------------
+
+- Clarify licensing (`commit 1`__, 2__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/9e4305b8
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/79cf177a
+
+- Add `zodb` tool to drive all subcommands (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/984cfe22
+
+- Add `zodb info` subcommand to print general information about a ZODB database
+  (commit__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/37b9fbde
+
+- Switch to open ZODB storages by URL, not only via ZConfig files. URL support
+  comes from `zodburi` (`commit 1`__, 2__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/82b06413
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/bfeb1690
+
+
+0.0.0.dev3 (2016-11-17)
+-----------------------
+
+- Move Nexedi version of `zodbanalyze` from ERP5 into zodbtools.
+
+  Compared to original `zodbanalyze` Nexedi version is faster, prints not only
+  total, but also current sizes, and supports running on bigger databases where
+  keeping all working set to analyze in RAM is not feasible. It also supports
+  analyzing a Repozo deltafs file directly.
+  (`commit 1`__, 2__, 3__, 4__, 5__, 6__, 7__, 8__, 9__)
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/ab17cf2d
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/1e506a81
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/d86d04dc
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/5fd2c0eb
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/a9346784
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/1a489502
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/8dc37247
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/e4d4762a
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/2e834aaf
+
+
+0.0.0.dev2 (2016-11-17)
+-----------------------
+
+- Add initial draft of `zodbdump` - tool to dump content of a ZODB database
+  (`commit 1`__, 2__).
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/c0a6299f
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/d955f79a
+
+0.0.0.dev1 (2016-11-16)
+-----------------------
+
+- Initial release of zodbtools with `zodbcmp` (`commit 1`__, 2__, 3__).
+
+  We originally tried to put `zodbcmp` into ZODB itself, but Jim Fulton asked__
+  not to load ZODB with scripts anymore. This way zodbtools was created.
+
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/fd6ad1b9
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/66a03ae5
+  __ https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/commit/66946b8d
+  __ https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/128#issuecomment-260970932

MANIFEST.in

+include COPYING LICENSE-ZPL.txt README.rst CHANGELOG.rst tox.ini
+recursive-include zodbtools/test/testdata *.fs *.index *.ok *.txt

README.rst

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ scripts anymore. So we are here:
 
 __ https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/128#issuecomment-260970932
 
-- `zodb analyze` - analyze FileStorage or repozo deltafs usage.
+- `zodb analyze` - analyze ZODB database or repozo deltafs usage.
 - `zodb cmp` - compare content of two ZODB databases bit-to-bit.
+- `zodb commit` - commit new transaction into a ZODB database.
 - `zodb dump` - dump content of a ZODB database.
+- `zodb restore` - restore content of a ZODB database.
 - `zodb info` - print general information about a ZODB database.

setup.py

@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ def readfile(path):
 
 setup(
     name        = 'zodbtools',
-    version     = '0.0.0.dev4',
+    version     = '0.0.0.dev8',
     description = 'ZODB-related utilities',
-    long_description = readfile('README.rst'),
+    long_description = '%s\n----\n\n%s' % (
+                            readfile('README.rst'), readfile('CHANGELOG.rst')),
     url         = 'https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools',
     license     = 'GPLv3+ with wide exception for Open-Source; ZPL 2.1',
     author      = 'Nexedi + Zope Foundation + Community',
@@ -19,23 +20,21 @@ setup(
     keywords    = 'zodb utility tool',
 
     packages    = find_packages(),
-    install_requires = ['ZODB', 'zodburi', 'pygolang >= 0.0.0.dev3', 'six'],
+    install_requires = ['ZODB', 'zodburi', 'zope.interface', 'pygolang >= 0.0.0.dev6', 'six', 'dateparser'],
 
     extras_require = {
-                  'test': ['pytest'],
+                  'test': ['pytest', 'freezegun', 'pytz', 'mock;python_version<="2.7"'],
     },
 
     entry_points= {'console_scripts': ['zodb = zodbtools.zodb:main']},
 
+    # FIXME restore py3 support
     classifiers = [_.strip() for _ in """\
         Development Status :: 3 - Alpha
         Intended Audience :: Developers
         Operating System :: POSIX :: Linux
         Programming Language :: Python :: 2
         Programming Language :: Python :: 2.7
-        Programming Language :: Python :: 3
-        Programming Language :: Python :: 3.4
-        Programming Language :: Python :: 3.5
         Topic :: Database
         Topic :: Utilities
         Framework :: ZODB\

tox.ini

+# zodbtools | tox setup
+[tox]
+envlist = py{27,36,37}-ZODB{4,5}
+
+[testenv]
+deps	=
+    .[test]
+
+    # latest current ZODB 4
+    ZODB4:  ZODB >=4.0, <5.0dev
+    ZODB4:  ZEO  >=4.0, <5.0dev
+    # ZEO4 depends on transaction <2
+    ZODB4:  transaction <2.0dev
+
+    # latest current ZODB 5
+    ZODB5:  ZODB >=5.6,	<6.0dev
+    ZODB5:  ZEO	 >=5.0, <6.0dev
+
+commands= {envpython} -m pytest

zodbtools/help.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # zodbtools - help topics
-# Copyright (C) 2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# Copyright (C) 2017-2018  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
@@ -51,4 +52,39 @@ Please see zodburi documentation for full details:
 http://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/zodburi/
 """
 
+help_tidrange = """\
+Many zodb commands can be invoked on specific range of database history and
+accept <tidrange> parameter for that. The syntax for <tidrange> is
+
+    tidmin..tidmax
+
+where tidmin and tidmax specify [tidmin, tidmax] range of transactions, ends
+inclusive. Both tidmin and tidmax are optional and default to
+
+    tidmin: 0   (start of database history)
+    tidmax: +∞  (end of database history)
+
+If a tid (tidmin or tidmax) is given, it has to be specified as follows:
+
+    - a 16-digit hex number specifying transaction ID, e.g. 0285cbac258bf266
+    - absolute timestamp, in RFC3339 or RFC822 formats
+    - relative timestamp, e.g. yesterday, 1 week ago
+
+Example tid ranges:
+
+    ..                                  whole database history
+    000000000000aaaa..                  transactions starting from 000000000000aaaa till latest
+    ..000000000000bbbb                  transactions starting from database beginning till 000000000000bbbb
+    000000000000aaaa..000000000000bbbb  transactions starting from 000000000000aaaa till 000000000000bbbb
+    1985-04-12T23:20:50.52Z..2018-01-01T10:30:00Z
+                                        transactions starting from 1985-04-12 at 23 hours
+                                        20 minutes 50 seconds and 520000000 nano seconds
+                                        in UTC till 2018-01-01 at 10 hours 30 minutes in UTC
+    1_week_ago..yesterday               transactions from one week ago until yesterday.
+
+In commands <tidrange> is optional - if it is not given at all, it defaults to
+0..+∞, i.e. to whole database history.
+"""
+
 topic_dict['zurl']      = "specifying database URL",    help_zurl
+topic_dict['tidrange']  = "specifying history range",   help_tidrange

zodbtools/test/conftest.py

+# Copyright (C) 2019  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                     Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+
+import pytest
+from zodbtools.test.testutil import zext_supported
+
+# zext is a test fixture function object that allows to exercise 2 cases:
+#
+# - when ZODB does not have txn.extension_bytes support
+# - when ZODB might have    txn.extension_bytes support
+#
+# in a test, zext should be used as as follows:
+#
+#   def test_something(zext):
+#       # bytes for an extension dict
+#       raw_ext = dumps({...})
+#
+#       # will be either same as raw_ext, or b'' if ZODB lacks txn.extension_bytes support
+#       raw_ext = zext(raw_ext)
+#
+#       # zext.disabled indicates whether testing for non-empty extension was disabled.
+#       if zext.disabled:
+#           ...
+@pytest.fixture(params=['!zext', 'zext'])
+def zext(request):
+    if request.param == '!zext':
+        # txn.extension_bytes is not working - always test with empty extension
+        def _(ext):
+            return b''
+        _.disabled = True
+        return _
+    else:
+        # txn.extension_bytes might be working - test with given extension and
+        # xfail if ZODB does not have necessary support.
+        def _(ext):
+            return ext
+        _.disabled = False
+        if not zext_supported():
+            request.applymarker(pytest.mark.xfail(reason='ZODB does not have txn.extension_bytes support'))
+        return _

zodbtools/test/gen_testdata.py

 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# Copyright (C) 2017-2021  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 
 from ZODB.FileStorage import FileStorage
 from ZODB import DB
+from ZODB.Connection import TransactionMetaData
 from ZODB.POSException import UndoError
 from persistent import Persistent
 import transaction
@@ -60,7 +61,12 @@ def hex64(packed):
     return '0x%016x' % unpack64(packed)
 
 # make time.time() predictable
-_xtime = time.mktime(time.strptime("04 Jan 1979", "%d %b %Y"))
+_xtime0 = time.mktime(time.strptime("04 Jan 1979", "%d %b %Y"))
+def xtime_reset():
+    global _xtime
+    _xtime = _xtime0
+xtime_reset()
+
 def xtime():
     global _xtime
     _xtime += 1.1
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ class Object(Persistent):
 
 # prepare extension dictionary for subject
 alnum = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-def ext(subj):
+def ext4subj(subj):
     d = {"x-generator": "zodb/py%s (%s)" % (sys.version_info.major, subj)}
 
     # also add some random 'x-cookie'
@@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ def ext(subj):
     d[xcookie] = cookie
 
     # shufle extension dict randomly - to likely trigger different ordering on save
-    keyv = d.keys()
+    keyv = list(d.keys())
     random.shuffle(keyv)
     ext = {}
     for key in keyv:
@@ -115,8 +121,66 @@ def ext(subj):
 
     return ext
 
-# gen_testdb generates test FileStorage database @ outfs_path
-def gen_testdb(outfs_path):
+# run_with_zodb4py2_compat(f) runs f preserving database compatibility with
+# ZODB4/py2, which generates pickles encoded with protocol < 3.
+#
+# ZODB5 started to use protocol 3 and binary for oids starting from ZODB 5.4.0:
+# https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/commit/12ee41c4
+# Undo it, while we generate test database.
+def run_with_zodb4py2_compat(f):
+    import ZODB.ConflictResolution
+    import ZODB.Connection
+    import ZODB.ExportImport
+    import ZODB.FileStorage.FileStorage
+    import ZODB._compat
+    import ZODB.broken
+    import ZODB.fsIndex
+    import ZODB.serialize
+    binary    = getattr(ZODB.serialize, 'binary', None)
+    _protocol = getattr(ZODB.serialize, '_protocol', None)
+    Pz4 = 2
+    try:
+        ZODB.serialize.binary    = bytes
+        # XXX cannot change just ZODB._compat._protocol, because many modules
+        # do `from ZODB._compat import _protocol` and just `import ZODB`
+        # imports many ZODB.X modules. In other words we cannot change
+        # _protocol just in one place.
+        ZODB.ConflictResolution._protocol       = Pz4
+        ZODB.Connection._protocol               = Pz4
+        ZODB.ExportImport._protocol             = Pz4
+        ZODB.FileStorage.FileStorage._protocol  = Pz4
+        ZODB._compat._protocol                  = Pz4
+        ZODB.broken._protocol                   = Pz4
+        ZODB.fsIndex._protocol                  = Pz4
+        ZODB.serialize._protocol                = Pz4
+
+        f()
+    finally:
+        ZODB.serialize.binary    = binary
+        ZODB.ConflictResolution._protocol       = _protocol
+        ZODB.Connection._protocol               = _protocol
+        ZODB.ExportImport._protocol             = _protocol
+        ZODB.FileStorage.FileStorage._protocol  = _protocol
+        ZODB._compat._protocol                  = _protocol
+        ZODB.broken._protocol                   = _protocol
+        ZODB.fsIndex._protocol                  = _protocol
+        ZODB.serialize._protocol                = _protocol
+
+# gen_testdb generates test FileStorage database @ outfs_path.
+#
+# zext indicates whether or not to include non-empty extension into transactions.
+def gen_testdb(outfs_path, zext=True):
+    def _():
+        _gen_testdb(outfs_path, zext)
+    run_with_zodb4py2_compat(_)
+
+def _gen_testdb(outfs_path, zext):
+    xtime_reset()
+
+    ext = ext4subj
+    if not zext:
+        def ext(subj): return {}
+
     logging.basicConfig()
 
     # generate random changes to objects hooked to top-level root by a/b/c/... key
@@ -163,7 +227,7 @@ def gen_testdb(outfs_path):
                 break
 
         # delete an object
-        name = random.choice(root.keys())
+        name = random.choice(list(root.keys()))
         obj = root[name]
         root[name] = Object("%s%i*" % (name, i))
         # NOTE user/ext are kept empty on purpose - to also test this case
@@ -178,14 +242,16 @@ def gen_testdb(outfs_path):
                             ''.join(chr(_) for _ in range(32)),     # <- NOTE all control characters
                         u"delete %i\nalpha beta gamma'delta\"lambda\n\nqqq ..." % i,
                         ext("delete %s" % unpack64(obj._p_oid)))
-        stor.tpc_begin(txn)
-        stor.deleteObject(obj._p_oid, obj_tid_lastchange, txn)
-        stor.tpc_vote(txn)
+        # at low level stor requires ZODB.IStorageTransactionMetaData not txn (ITransaction)
+        txn_stormeta = TransactionMetaData(txn.user, txn.description, txn.extension)
+        stor.tpc_begin(txn_stormeta)
+        stor.deleteObject(obj._p_oid, obj_tid_lastchange, txn_stormeta)
+        stor.tpc_vote(txn_stormeta)
         # TODO different txn status vvv
         # XXX vvv it does the thing, but py fs iterator treats this txn as EOF
         #if i != Niter-1:
-        #    stor.tpc_finish(txn)
-        stor.tpc_finish(txn)
+        #    stor.tpc_finish(txn_stormeta)
+        stor.tpc_finish(txn_stormeta)
 
         # close db & rest not to get conflict errors after we touched stor
         # directly a bit. everything will be reopened on next iteration.
@@ -196,12 +262,21 @@ def gen_testdb(outfs_path):
 # ----------------------------------------
 
 from zodbtools.zodbdump import zodbdump
+from zodbtools.test.testutil import zext_supported
 
 def main():
+    # check that ZODB supports txn.extension_bytes; refuse to work if not.
+    if not zext_supported():
+        raise RuntimeError("gen_testdata must be used with ZODB that supports txn.extension_bytes")
+
     out = "testdata/1"
-    gen_testdb("%s.fs" % out)
-    stor = FileStorage("%s.fs" % out, read_only=True)
-    with open("%s.zdump.ok" % out, "w") as f:
+    for zext in [True, False]:
+        dbname = out
+        if not zext:
+            dbname += "_!zext"
+        gen_testdb("%s.fs" % dbname, zext=zext)
+        stor = FileStorage("%s.fs" % dbname, read_only=True)
+        with open("%s.zdump.ok" % dbname, "wb") as f:
             zodbdump(stor, None, None, out=f)
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':

zodbtools/test/test_analyze.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2019 Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+
+from zodbtools.zodbanalyze import analyze, report
+import os.path
+
+
+def test_zodbanalyze(capsys):
+    for use_dbm in (False, True):
+        report(
+            analyze(
+                os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata", "1.fs"),
+                use_dbm=use_dbm,
+                delta_fs=False,
+                tidmin=None,
+                tidmax=None,
+            ),
+            csv=False,
+        )
+        captured = capsys.readouterr()
+        assert "Processed 68 records in 59 transactions" in captured.out
+        assert captured.err == ""
+
+    # csv output
+    report(
+        analyze(
+            os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata", "1.fs"),
+            use_dbm=False,
+            delta_fs=False,
+            tidmin=None,
+            tidmax=None,
+        ),
+        csv=True,
+    )
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert (
+        """Class Name,T.Count,T.Bytes,Pct,AvgSize,C.Count,C.Bytes,O.Count,O.Bytes
+persistent.mapping.PersistentMapping,10,1578,45.633314%,157.800000,1,213,9,1365
+__main__.Object,56,1880,54.366686%,33.571429,9,303,47,1577
+"""
+        == captured.out
+    )
+    assert captured.err == ""
+
+    # empty range
+    report(
+        analyze(
+            os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata", "1.fs"),
+            use_dbm=False,
+            delta_fs=False,
+            tidmin="ffffffffffffffff",
+            tidmax=None,
+        ),
+        csv=False,
+    )
+    captured = capsys.readouterr()
+    assert "# ø\nNo transactions processed\n" == captured.out.encode('utf-8')
+    assert captured.err == ""

zodbtools/test/test_commit.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2018-2020  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#                          Jérome Perrin <jerome@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+
+from zodbtools.zodbcommit import zodbcommit
+from zodbtools.zodbdump import zodbdump, Transaction, ObjectData, ObjectDelete, ObjectCopy
+from zodbtools.util import storageFromURL, sha1
+from ZODB.utils import p64, u64, z64
+from ZODB._compat import BytesIO, dumps, _protocol   # XXX can't yet commit with arbitrary ext.bytes
+
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from shutil import rmtree
+from golang import func, defer
+
+# verify zodbcommit.
+@func
+def test_zodbcommit(zext):
+    tmpd = mkdtemp('', 'zodbcommit.')
+    defer(lambda: rmtree(tmpd))
+
+    stor = storageFromURL('%s/2.fs' % tmpd)
+    defer(stor.close)
+
+    head = stor.lastTransaction()
+
+    # commit some transactions via zodbcommit and verify if storage dump gives
+    # what is expected.
+    t1 = Transaction(z64, ' ', b'user name', b'description ...', zext(dumps({'a': 'b'}, _protocol)), [
+        ObjectData(p64(1), b'data1', 'sha1', sha1(b'data1')),
+        ObjectData(p64(2), b'data2', 'sha1', sha1(b'data2'))])
+
+    t1.tid = zodbcommit(stor, head, t1)
+
+    t2 = Transaction(z64, ' ', b'user2', b'desc2', b'', [
+        ObjectDelete(p64(2))])
+
+    t2.tid = zodbcommit(stor, t1.tid, t2)
+
+
+    buf = BytesIO()
+    zodbdump(stor, p64(u64(head)+1), None, out=buf)
+    dumped = buf.getvalue()
+
+    assert dumped == b''.join([_.zdump() for _ in (t1, t2)])
+
+    # ObjectCopy. XXX zodbcommit handled ObjectCopy by actually copying data,
+    # not referencing previous transaction via backpointer.
+    t3 = Transaction(z64, ' ', b'user3', b'desc3', b'', [
+        ObjectCopy(p64(1), t1.tid)])
+
+    t3.tid = zodbcommit(stor, t2.tid, t3)
+
+    data1_1, _, _ = stor.loadBefore(p64(1), p64(u64(t1.tid)+1))
+    data1_3, _, _ = stor.loadBefore(p64(1), p64(u64(t3.tid)+1))
+    assert data1_1 == data1_3
+    assert data1_1 == b'data1'  # just in case

zodbtools/test/test_dump.py

-# Copyright (C) 2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2017-2020  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#                          Jérome Perrin <jerome@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
@@ -17,21 +19,129 @@
 # See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
 # See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
 
-from zodbtools.zodbdump import zodbdump
+from zodbtools.zodbdump import (
+        zodbdump, DumpReader, Transaction, ObjectDelete, ObjectCopy,
+        ObjectData, HashOnly
+    )
+from zodbtools.util import fromhex
 from ZODB.FileStorage import FileStorage
-from cStringIO import StringIO
+from ZODB.utils import p64
+from io import BytesIO
 
 from os.path import dirname
 
+from zodbtools.test.testutil import zext_supported
+from pytest import raises, xfail
+
 # verify zodbdump output against golden
-def test_zodbdump():
+def test_zodbdump(zext):
     tdir  = dirname(__file__)
-    stor = FileStorage('%s/testdata/1.fs' % tdir, read_only=True)
+    zkind = '_!zext' if zext.disabled else ''
+    stor  = FileStorage('%s/testdata/1%s.fs' % (tdir, zkind), read_only=True)
 
-    with open('%s/testdata/1.zdump.ok' % tdir) as f:
+    with open('%s/testdata/1%s.zdump.ok' % (tdir, zkind), 'rb') as f:
         dumpok = f.read()
 
-    out = StringIO()
+    out = BytesIO()
     zodbdump(stor, None, None, out=out)
 
     assert out.getvalue() == dumpok
+
+
+# verify zodbdump.DumpReader
+def test_dumpreader():
+    in_ = b"""\
+txn 0123456789abcdef " "
+user "my name"
+description "o la-la..."
+extension "zzz123 def"
+obj 0000000000000001 delete
+obj 0000000000000002 from 0123456789abcdee
+obj 0000000000000003 54 adler32:01234567 -
+obj 0000000000000004 4 sha1:9865d483bc5a94f2e30056fc256ed3066af54d04
+ZZZZ
+obj 0000000000000005 9 crc32:52fdeac5
+ABC
+
+DEF!
+
+txn 0123456789abcdf0 " "
+user "author2"
+description "zzz"
+extension "qqq"
+
+"""
+
+    r = DumpReader(BytesIO(in_))
+    t1 = r.readtxn()
+    assert isinstance(t1, Transaction)
+    assert t1.tid == fromhex('0123456789abcdef')
+    assert t1.user              == b'my name'
+    assert t1.description       == b'o la-la...'
+    assert t1.extension_bytes   == b'zzz123 def'
+    assert len(t1.objv)         == 5
+    _ = t1.objv[0]
+    assert isinstance(_, ObjectDelete)
+    assert _.oid        == p64(1)
+    _ = t1.objv[1]
+    assert isinstance(_, ObjectCopy)
+    assert _.oid        == p64(2)
+    assert _.copy_from  == fromhex('0123456789abcdee')
+    _ = t1.objv[2]
+    assert isinstance(_, ObjectData)
+    assert _.oid        == p64(3)
+    assert _.data       == HashOnly(54)
+    assert _.hashfunc   == 'adler32'
+    assert _.hash_      == fromhex('01234567')
+    _ = t1.objv[3]
+    assert isinstance(_, ObjectData)
+    assert _.oid        == p64(4)
+    assert _.data       == b'ZZZZ'
+    assert _.hashfunc   == 'sha1'
+    assert _.hash_      == fromhex('9865d483bc5a94f2e30056fc256ed3066af54d04')
+    _ = t1.objv[4]
+    assert isinstance(_, ObjectData)
+    assert _.oid        == p64(5)
+    assert _.data       == b'ABC\n\nDEF!'
+    assert _.hashfunc   == 'crc32'
+    assert _.hash_      == fromhex('52fdeac5')
+
+    t2 = r.readtxn()
+    assert isinstance(t2, Transaction)
+    assert t2.tid == fromhex('0123456789abcdf0')
+    assert t2.user              == b'author2'
+    assert t2.description       == b'zzz'
+    assert t2.extension_bytes   == b'qqq'
+    assert t2.objv              == []
+
+    assert r.readtxn() == None
+
+    z = b''.join([_.zdump() for _ in (t1, t2)])
+    assert z == in_
+
+    # unknown hash function
+    r = DumpReader(BytesIO(b"""\
+txn 0000000000000000 " "
+user ""
+description ""
+extension ""
+obj 0000000000000001 1 xyz:0123 -
+
+"""))
+    with raises(RuntimeError) as exc:
+        r.readtxn()
+    assert exc.value.args == ("""+5: invalid line: unknown hash function "xyz" ("obj 0000000000000001 1 xyz:0123 -")""",)
+
+    # data integrity error
+    r = DumpReader(BytesIO(b"""\
+txn 0000000000000000 " "
+user ""
+description ""
+extension ""
+obj 0000000000000001 5 crc32:01234567
+hello
+
+"""))
+    with raises(RuntimeError) as exc:
+        r.readtxn()
+    assert exc.value.args == ("""+6: data corrupt: crc32 = 3610a686, expected 01234567""",)

zodbtools/test/test_restore.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2021  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                     Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+
+from zodbtools.zodbrestore import zodbrestore
+from zodbtools.util import storageFromURL
+
+from os.path import dirname
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from shutil import rmtree
+from golang import func, defer
+
+# verify zodbrestore.
+@func
+def test_zodbrestore():
+    tmpd = mkdtemp('', 'zodbrestore.')
+    defer(lambda: rmtree(tmpd))
+
+    # restore from testdata/1.zdump.ok and verify it gives result that is
+    # bit-to-bit identical to testdata/1.fs
+    tdata = dirname(__file__) + "/testdata"
+    @func
+    def _():
+        zdump = open("%s/1.zdump.ok" % tdata, 'rb')
+        defer(zdump.close)
+
+        stor = storageFromURL('%s/2.fs' % tmpd)
+        defer(stor.close)
+
+        zodbrestore(stor, zdump)
+    _()
+
+    zfs1 = _readfile("%s/1.fs" % tdata)
+    zfs2 = _readfile("%s/2.fs" % tmpd)
+    assert zfs1 == zfs2
+
+
+# _readfile reads file at path.
+def _readfile(path): # -> data(bytes)
+    with open(path, 'rb') as _:
+        return _.read()

zodbtools/test/test_tidrange.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+
+import datetime
+import os
+import time
+
+import pytest
+import pytz
+from freezegun import freeze_time
+import tzlocal
+
+from zodbtools.util import TidRangeInvalid, TidInvalid, ashex, parse_tid, parse_tidrange
+from golang import b
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def fake_time():
+    """Pytest's fixture to run this test as if now() was 2009-08-30T19:20:00Z
+    and if the machine timezone was Europe/Paris
+    """
+    initial_tz = os.environ.get("TZ")
+    os.environ["TZ"] = "Europe/Paris"
+    time.tzset()
+    tzlocal.reload_localzone()
+
+    reference_time = datetime.datetime(2009, 8, 30, 19, 20, 0, 0,
+                                       pytz.utc).astimezone(
+                                           pytz.timezone("Europe/Paris"))
+    with freeze_time(reference_time):
+        yield
+    del os.environ["TZ"]
+    if initial_tz:
+        os.environ["TZ"] = initial_tz
+    time.tzset()
+
+
+def test_tidrange_tid():
+    assert (
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xaa\xaa",
+        b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xbb\xbb",
+    ) == parse_tidrange("000000000000aaaa..000000000000bbbb")
+
+    assert (b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xaa\xaa",
+            None) == parse_tidrange("000000000000aaaa..")
+
+    assert (None, b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xbb\xbb"
+            ) == parse_tidrange("..000000000000bbbb")
+
+    assert (None, None) == parse_tidrange("..")
+
+    with pytest.raises(TidRangeInvalid) as exc:
+        parse_tidrange("inv.alid")
+    assert exc.value.args == ("inv.alid", )
+
+    # range is correct, but a TID is invalid
+    with pytest.raises(TidInvalid) as exc:
+        parse_tidrange("invalid..")
+    assert exc.value.args == ("invalid", )
+
+
+def test_tidrange_date():
+    assert (
+        b"\x03\xc4\x85v\x00\x00\x00\x00",
+        b"\x03\xc4\x88\xa0\x00\x00\x00\x00",
+    ) == parse_tidrange(
+        "2018-01-01T10:30:00Z..2018-01-02T00:00:00.000000+00:00")
+
+
+def test_parse_tid():
+    assert b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xbb\xbb" == parse_tid("000000000000bbbb")
+
+    with pytest.raises(TidInvalid) as exc:
+        parse_tid("invalid")
+    assert exc.value.args == ("invalid", )
+
+    with pytest.raises(TidInvalid) as exc:
+        parse_tid('')
+    assert exc.value.args == ('', )
+
+
+test_parameters = [] # of (reference_time, reference_tid, input_time)
+with open(
+        os.path.join(
+            os.path.dirname(__file__), "testdata",
+            "tid-time-format.txt")) as f:
+    for line in f:
+        line = line.strip()
+        if line and not line.startswith("#"):
+            test_parameters.append(line.split(" ", 2))
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("reference_time,reference_tid,input_time",
+                         test_parameters)
+def test_parse_tid_time_format(fake_time, reference_time, reference_tid,
+                               input_time):
+    assert b(reference_tid) == ashex(parse_tid(input_time))
+    # check that the reference_tid matches the reference time, mainly
+    # to check that input is defined correctly.
+    assert b(reference_tid) == ashex(parse_tid(reference_time))

zodbtools/test/test_zodb.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2019  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                     Jérome Perrin <jerome@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+
+import sys
+try:
+    from unittest import mock
+except ImportError:
+    # BBB python2
+    import mock
+
+import pytest
+
+from zodbtools import zodb
+from zodbtools import help as help_module
+
+
+# zodbrun runs zodb.main with argv and returns exit code + captured stdout/stderr.
+def zodbrun(capsys, *argv):
+    with mock.patch.object(sys, 'argv', ('zodb',) + argv), \
+         pytest.raises(SystemExit) as excinfo:
+        zodb.main()
+    assert len(excinfo.value.args) == 1
+    ecode = excinfo.value.args[0]
+    return ecode, capsys.readouterr()
+
+
+def test_main(capsys):
+    e, _ = zodbrun(capsys)
+    assert e == 2
+    assert "" == _.out
+    assert "Zodb is a tool for managing ZODB databases." in _.err
+
+    e, _ = zodbrun(capsys, '-h')
+    assert e == 0
+    assert "Zodb is a tool for managing ZODB databases." in _.out
+    assert "" == _.err
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "help_topic",
+    tuple(zodb.command_dict) + tuple(help_module.topic_dict))
+def test_help(capsys, help_topic):
+    e, _ = zodbrun(capsys, 'help', help_topic)
+    assert e == 0
+    assert _.err == ""
+    assert _.out != ""

zodbtools/test/testdata/tid-time-format.txt

+# This is the supported time formats for zodbutils <tidrange>
+# Format of this file is:
+#   <reference time> <tid in hex format> <time input format>
+#
+# These must be run with current time: 2009-08-30T19:20:00Z
+# in Europe/Paris timezone.
+# ( as a timestamp: 1251660000 )
+
+
+# some absolute date formats:
+# RFC3339
+2018-01-01T10:30:00Z 03c4857600000000 2018-01-01T10:30:00Z
+1985-04-12T23:20:50.520000Z 02b914f8d78d4fdf 1985-04-12T23:20:50.52Z
+1996-12-20T00:39:57Z 03189927f3333333 1996-12-19T16:39:57-08:00
+2018-01-01T05:30:00Z 03c4844a00000000 2018-01-01T10:30:00+05:00
+
+# RFC822
+1976-08-26T14:29:00Z 02728aa500000000 26 Aug 76 14:29 GMT
+1976-08-26T12:29:00Z 02728a2d00000000 26 Aug 76 14:29 +02:00
+
+
+# RFC850 -> not supported (by go implementation)
+#2006-01-02T22:04:05Z 036277cc15555555 Monday, 02-Jan-06 15:04:05 MST
+
+# RFC1123 -> not supported (by go implementation)
+#2006-01-02T22:04:05Z 036277cc15555555 Mon, 02 Jan 2006 15:04:05 MST
+#2006-01-02T22:04:05Z 036277cc15555555 Mon, 02 Jan 2006 23:04:05 GMT+1
+
+# explicit UTC timezone
+2018-01-01T10:30:00Z 03c4857600000000 2018-01-01 10:30:00 UTC
+2018-01-02T00:00:00Z 03c488a000000000 2018-01-02 UTC
+
+
+# Relative formats, based on git's test for approxidate
+# (adapted for timezone Europe/Paris and extended a bit)
+2009-08-30T19:20:00Z 03805ec800000000 now
+2009-08-30T19:19:55Z 03805ec7eaaaaaaa 5 seconds ago
+2009-08-30T19:19:55Z 03805ec7eaaaaaaa 5.seconds.ago
+2009-08-30T19:10:00Z 03805ebe00000000 10.minutes.ago
+2009-08-29T19:20:00Z 0380592800000000 yesterday
+2009-08-27T19:20:00Z 03804de800000000 3.days.ago
+2009-08-09T19:20:00Z 037fe8a800000000 3.weeks.ago
+2009-05-30T19:20:00Z 037e53a800000000 3.months.ago
+2009-08-30T19:19:00Z 03805ec700000000 1 minute ago
+2009-08-29T19:20:00Z 0380592800000000 1 day ago
+2009-07-30T19:20:00Z 037fb06800000000 1 month ago
+
+# go's when does not support "chaining" like this
+#2007-05-30T19:20:00Z 036dfaa800000000 2.years.3.months.ago
+
+2009-08-29T04:00:00Z 0380559000000000 6am yesterday
+2009-08-29T16:00:00Z 0380586000000000 6pm yesterday
+
+2009-08-30T01:00:00Z 03805a7c00000000 3:00
+2009-08-30T13:00:00Z 03805d4c00000000 15:00
+2009-08-30T10:00:00Z 03805c9800000000 noon today
+2009-08-29T10:00:00Z 038056f800000000 noon yesterday
+
+# this input is a bit weird also, what does "noon pm" mean?
+# it seems to trigger a bug in python's parser
+#  TypeError: can't compare offset-naive and offset-aware datetimes
+#2009-01-05T12:00:00Z 037b0bd000000000 January 5th noon pm
+
+# this input is "ambiguous"
+#2009-08-29T12:00:00Z 0380577000000000 10am noon
+
+# not supported by date parser
+#2009-08-25T19:20:00Z 038042a800000000 last tuesday
+# non consistent behavior ( go keep current hour:minutes - python use midnight )
+#  this also TypeError on python
+#2009-07-05T00:00:00Z 037f1f4000000000 July 5th
+
+# parsed as month/day (at least for me ... it might depend on some locale settings other than $TZ ?)
+#2009-05-06T00:00:00Z 037dc82000000000 06.05.2009
+
+# go parser is wrong on this one
+#2009-06-06T05:00:00Z 037e77ac00000000 Jun 6, 5AM
+# go parser is wrong on this one
+#2009-06-06T05:00:00Z 037e77ac00000000 5AM Jun 6
+
+2009-06-07T04:00:00Z 037e7d1000000000 6AM, June 7, 2009
+
+# python and go disagree on these two, go see them as 00:00 UTC
+#2008-11-30T23:00:00Z 037a3e4400000000 2008-12-01
+#2009-11-30T23:00:00Z 03826ac400000000 2009-12-01
+#2009-06-04T22:00:00Z 037e706800000000 06/05/2009
+# ( end of tests from git )
+
+# more tests
+
+### works with python implementation, but not supported:
+#2018-01-01T09:30:00Z 03c4853a00000000 le 1er janvier 2018 à 10h30
+#2018-01-01T23:00:00Z 03c4886400000000 2018年1月2日
+
+### some invalid formats that "looks OK"
+# wrong format on timezone (should be 2009-06-01T22:00:00+09:00)
+#2009-06-01T01:00:00Z 037e5a9c00000000 2009-06-01T10:00:00:+09:00
+# day is 34
+# ERROR XXX 2009-06-34T22:00:00Z
+# one digits hour minutes
+# ERROR XXX 2009-06-01T1:2:3
+# month use a captital o instead of O
+# ERROR XXX 2009-O6-01T22:00:00Z

zodbtools/test/testutil.py

+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2019  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                     Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+"""utilities for testing"""
+
+from ZODB.FileStorage import FileStorage
+from ZODB import DB
+import transaction
+
+from tempfile import mkdtemp
+from shutil import rmtree
+from golang import func, defer
+
+# zext_supported checks whether ZODB supports txn.extension_bytes .
+_zext_supported_memo = None
+def zext_supported():
+    global _zext_supported_memo
+    if _zext_supported_memo is not None:
+        return _zext_supported_memo
+
+    _ = _zext_supported_memo = _zext_supported()
+    return _
+
+@func
+def _zext_supported():
+    tmpd = mkdtemp('', 'zext_check.')
+    defer(lambda: rmtree(tmpd))
+    dbfs = tmpd + '/1.fs'
+
+    stor = FileStorage(dbfs, create=True)
+    db   = DB(stor)
+    conn = db.open()
+    root = conn.root()
+    root._p_changed = True
+
+    txn = transaction.get()
+    txn.setExtendedInfo('a', 'b')
+    txn.commit()
+
+    for last_txn in stor.iterator(start=stor.lastTransaction()):
+        break
+    else:
+        assert False, "cannot see details of last transaction"
+
+    assert last_txn.extension == {'a': 'b'}
+    return hasattr(last_txn, 'extension_bytes')

zodbtools/util.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # zodbtools - various utility routines
-# Copyright (C) 2016-2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2019  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#                          Jérome Perrin <jerome@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
@@ -18,14 +20,23 @@
 # See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
 # See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
 
-import hashlib
+import hashlib, struct, codecs, io
 import zodburi
 from six.moves.urllib_parse import urlsplit, urlunsplit
+from zlib import crc32, adler32
+from ZODB.TimeStamp import TimeStamp
+import dateparser
 
 def ashex(s):
-    return s.encode('hex')
+    # type: (bytes) -> bytes
+    return codecs.encode(s, 'hex')
+
+def fromhex(s):
+    # type: (Union[str,bytes]) -> bytes
+    return codecs.decode(s, 'hex')
 
 def sha1(data):
+    # type: (bytes) -> bytes
     m = hashlib.sha1()
     m.update(data)
     return m.digest()
@@ -57,20 +68,73 @@ def txnobjv(txn):
     return objv
 
 # "tidmin..tidmax" -> (tidmin, tidmax)
-class TidRangeInvalid(Exception):
+class TidInvalid(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+class TidRangeInvalid(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_tid(tid_string, raw_only=False):
+    """Try to parse `tid_string` as a time and returns the
+    corresponding raw TID.
+    If `tid_string` cannot be parsed as a time, assume it was
+    already a TID.
+    This function also raise TidRangeInvalid when `tid_string`
+    is invalid.
+    """
+    assert isinstance(tid_string, (str, bytes))
+
+    # If it "looks like a TID", don't try to parse it as time,
+    # because parsing is slow.
+    if len(tid_string) == 16:
+        try:
+            return fromhex(tid_string)
+        except ValueError:
             pass
 
+    if raw_only:
+        # either it was not 16-char string or hex decoding failed
+        raise TidInvalid(tid_string)
+
+    # preprocess to support `1.day.ago` style formats like git log does.
+    if "ago" in tid_string:
+        tid_string = tid_string.replace(".", " ").replace("_", " ")
+    parsed_time = dateparser.parse(
+        tid_string,
+        settings={
+            'TO_TIMEZONE': 'UTC',
+            'RETURN_AS_TIMEZONE_AWARE': True
+        })
+
+    if not parsed_time:
+        # parsing as date failed
+        raise TidInvalid(tid_string)
+
+    # build a ZODB.TimeStamp to convert as a TID
+    return TimeStamp(
+            parsed_time.year,
+            parsed_time.month,
+            parsed_time.day,
+            parsed_time.hour,
+            parsed_time.minute,
+            parsed_time.second + parsed_time.microsecond / 1000000.).raw()
+
+
+# parse_tidrange parses a string into (tidmin, tidmax).
+#
+# see `zodb help tidrange` for accepted tidrange syntax.
 def parse_tidrange(tidrange):
     try:
         tidmin, tidmax = tidrange.split("..")
     except ValueError:  # not exactly 2 parts in between ".."
         raise TidRangeInvalid(tidrange)
 
-    try:
-        tidmin = tidmin.decode("hex")
-        tidmax = tidmax.decode("hex")
-    except TypeError:   # hex decoding error
-        raise TidRangeInvalid(tidrange)
+    if tidmin:
+        tidmin = parse_tid(tidmin)
+    if tidmax:
+        tidmax = parse_tid(tidmax)
 
     # empty tid means -inf / +inf respectively
     # ( which is None in IStorage.iterator() )
@@ -101,3 +165,73 @@ def storageFromURL(url, read_only=None):
     stor = stor_factory()
 
     return stor
+
+# ---- hashing ----
+
+# hasher that discards data
+class NullHasher:
+    name = "null"
+    digest_size = 1
+
+    def update(self, data):
+        pass
+
+    def digest(self):
+        return b'\0'
+
+    def hexdigest(self):
+        return "00"
+
+# adler32 in hashlib interface
+class Adler32Hasher:
+    name = "adler32"
+    digest_size = 4
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._h = adler32(b'')
+
+    def update(self, data):
+        self._h = adler32(data, self._h)
+
+    def digest(self):
+        return struct.pack('>I', self._h & 0xffffffff)
+
+    def hexdigest(self):
+        return '%08x' % (self._h & 0xffffffff)
+
+# crc32 in hashlib interface
+class CRC32Hasher:
+    name = "crc32"
+    digest_size = 4
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._h = crc32(b'')
+
+    def update(self, data):
+        self._h = crc32(data, self._h)
+
+    def digest(self):
+        return struct.pack('>I', self._h & 0xffffffff)
+
+    def hexdigest(self):
+        return '%08x' % (self._h & 0xffffffff)
+
+# {} name -> hasher
+hashRegistry = {
+    "null":     NullHasher,
+    "adler32":  Adler32Hasher,
+    "crc32":    CRC32Hasher,
+    "sha1":     hashlib.sha1,
+    "sha256":   hashlib.sha256,
+    "sha512":   hashlib.sha512,
+}
+
+# ---- IO ----
+
+# asbinstream return binary stream associated with stream.
+# For example on py3 sys.stdout is io.TextIO which does not allow to write binary data to it.
+def asbinstream(stream):
+    # type: (IO) -> BinaryIO
+    if isinstance(stream, io.TextIOBase):
+        return stream.buffer
+    return stream

zodbtools/zodb.py

 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# Copyright (C) 2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2017-2021  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#                          Jérome Perrin <jerome@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ def register_command(cmdname):
     command_module = importlib.import_module('zodbtools.zodb' + cmdname)
     command_dict[cmdname] = command_module
 
-for _ in ('analyze', 'catobj', 'cmp', 'dump', 'info'):
+for _ in ('analyze', 'catobj', 'cmp', 'dump', 'info', 'restore'):
     register_command(_)
 
 
@@ -51,10 +53,7 @@ Usage:
 The commands are:
 """, file=out)
 
-    cmdv = command_dict.keys()
-    cmdv.sort()
-    for cmd in cmdv:
-        cmd_module = command_dict[cmd]
+    for cmd, cmd_module in sorted(command_dict.items()):
         print("    %-11s %s" % (cmd, cmd_module.summary), file=out)
 
     print("""\

zodbtools/zodbanalyze.py

+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 # Copyright (C) 2002-2017 Zope Foundation + Nexedi + Contributors
 # See LICENSE-ZPL.txt for full licensing terms.
 
 # Based on a transaction analyzer by Matt Kromer.
 
+from __future__ import print_function
+
 import sys
 import os
 import getopt
-import anydbm as dbm
+from six.moves import dbm_gnu as dbm
 import tempfile
 import shutil
-from ZODB.FileStorage import FileIterator, FileStorage, packed_version
+from ZODB.FileStorage import FileIterator, packed_version
 from ZODB.FileStorage.format import FileStorageFormatter
 from ZODB.utils import get_pickle_metadata
+from zodbtools.util import storageFromURL, parse_tidrange, ashex
+from golang import func, defer
 
 class DeltaFileStorage(
     FileStorageFormatter,
@@ -22,8 +27,11 @@ class DeltaFileStorage(
     def iterator(self, start=None, stop=None):
         return DeltaFileIterator(self._file_name, start, stop)
 
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
 class DeltaFileIterator(FileIterator):
-    def __init__(self, filename, start=None, stop=None, pos=0L):
+    def __init__(self, filename, start=None, stop=None, pos=0):
         assert isinstance(filename, str)
         file = open(filename, 'rb')
         self._file = file
@@ -68,6 +76,8 @@ class Report:
         self.CBYTESMAP = {}
         self.FOIDSMAP = {}
         self.FBYTESMAP = {}
+        self.tidmin = None  # first scanned transaction
+        self.tidmax = None  # last  ----//----
 
 def shorten(s, n):
     l = len(s)
@@ -86,12 +96,18 @@ def shorten(s, n):
 def report(rep, csv=False):
     delta_fs = rep.delta_fs
     if not csv:
-        print "Processed %d records in %d transactions" % (rep.OIDS, rep.TIDS)
-        print "Average record size is %7.2f bytes" % (rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.OIDS)
+        if rep.TIDS == 0:
+            print ("# ø")
+            print ("No transactions processed")
+            return
+
+        print ("# %s..%s" % (ashex(rep.tidmin), ashex(rep.tidmax)))
+        print ("Processed %d records in %d transactions" % (rep.OIDS, rep.TIDS))
+        print ("Average record size is %7.2f bytes" % (rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.OIDS))
         print ("Average transaction size is %7.2f bytes" %
                (rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.TIDS))
 
-        print "Types used:"
+        print ("Types used:")
     if delta_fs:
         if csv:
             fmt = "%s,%s,%s,%s,%s"
@@ -99,9 +115,9 @@ def report(rep, csv=False):
         else:
             fmt = "%-46s %7s %9s %6s %7s"
             fmtp = "%-46s %7d %9d %5.1f%% %7.2f" # per-class format
-        print fmt % ("Class Name", "T.Count", "T.Bytes", "Pct", "AvgSize")
+        print (fmt % ("Class Name", "T.Count", "T.Bytes", "Pct", "AvgSize"))
         if not csv:
-            print fmt % ('-'*46, '-'*7, '-'*9, '-'*5, '-'*7)
+            print (fmt % ('-'*46, '-'*7, '-'*9, '-'*5, '-'*7))
     else:
         if csv:
             fmt = "%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s,%s"
@@ -109,15 +125,13 @@ def report(rep, csv=False):
         else:
             fmt = "%-46s %7s %9s %6s %7s %7s %9s %7s %9s"
             fmtp = "%-46s %7d %9d %5.1f%% %7.2f %7d %9d %7d %9d" # per-class format
-        print fmt % ("Class Name", "T.Count", "T.Bytes", "Pct", "AvgSize",
-                     "C.Count", "C.Bytes", "O.Count", "O.Bytes")
+        print (fmt % ("Class Name", "T.Count", "T.Bytes", "Pct", "AvgSize",
+                      "C.Count", "C.Bytes", "O.Count", "O.Bytes"))
         if not csv:
-            print fmt % ('-'*46, '-'*7, '-'*9, '-'*5, '-'*7, '-'*7, '-'*9, '-'*7, '-'*9)
+            print (fmt % ('-'*46, '-'*7, '-'*9, '-'*5, '-'*7, '-'*7, '-'*9, '-'*7, '-'*9))
     fmts = "%46s %7d %8dk %5.1f%% %7.2f" # summary format
-    typemap = rep.TYPEMAP.keys()
-    typemap.sort(key=lambda a:rep.TYPESIZE[a])
     cumpct = 0.0
-    for t in typemap:
+    for t in sorted(rep.TYPEMAP.keys(), key=lambda a:rep.TYPESIZE[a]):
         pct = rep.TYPESIZE[t] * 100.0 / rep.DBYTES
         cumpct += pct
         if csv:
@@ -125,44 +139,46 @@ def report(rep, csv=False):
         else:
             t_display = shorten(t, 46)
         if delta_fs:
-            print fmtp % (t_display, rep.TYPEMAP[t], rep.TYPESIZE[t],
-                          pct, rep.TYPESIZE[t] * 1.0 / rep.TYPEMAP[t])
+            print (fmtp % (t_display, rep.TYPEMAP[t], rep.TYPESIZE[t],
+                           pct, rep.TYPESIZE[t] * 1.0 / rep.TYPEMAP[t]))
         else:
-            print fmtp % (t_display, rep.TYPEMAP[t], rep.TYPESIZE[t],
+            print (fmtp % (t_display, rep.TYPEMAP[t], rep.TYPESIZE[t],
                            pct, rep.TYPESIZE[t] * 1.0 / rep.TYPEMAP[t],
                            rep.COIDSMAP[t], rep.CBYTESMAP[t],
-                          rep.FOIDSMAP.get(t, 0), rep.FBYTESMAP.get(t, 0))
+                           rep.FOIDSMAP.get(t, 0), rep.FBYTESMAP.get(t, 0)))
 
     if csv:
         return
 
     if delta_fs:
-        print fmt % ('='*46, '='*7, '='*9, '='*5, '='*7)
-        print "%46s %7d %9s %6s %6.2f" % ('Total Transactions', rep.TIDS, ' ',
-                                          ' ', rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.TIDS)
-        print fmts % ('Total Records', rep.OIDS, rep.DBYTES, cumpct,
-                      rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.OIDS)
+        print (fmt % ('='*46, '='*7, '='*9, '='*5, '='*7))
+        print ("%46s %7d %9s %6s %6.2f" % ('Total Transactions', rep.TIDS, ' ',
+                                          ' ', rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.TIDS))
+        print (fmts % ('Total Records', rep.OIDS, rep.DBYTES, cumpct,
+                       rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.OIDS))
     else:
-        print fmt % ('='*46, '='*7, '='*9, '='*5, '='*7, '='*7, '='*9, '='*7, '='*9)
-        print "%46s %7d %9s %6s %6.2fk" % ('Total Transactions', rep.TIDS, ' ',
-            ' ', rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.TIDS / 1024.0)
-        print fmts % ('Total Records', rep.OIDS, rep.DBYTES / 1024.0, cumpct,
-                      rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.OIDS)
+        print (fmt % ('='*46, '='*7, '='*9, '='*5, '='*7, '='*7, '='*9, '='*7, '='*9))
+        print ("%46s %7d %9s %6s %6.2fk" % ('Total Transactions', rep.TIDS, ' ',
+            ' ', rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.TIDS / 1024.0))
+        print (fmts % ('Total Records', rep.OIDS, rep.DBYTES / 1024.0, cumpct,
+                       rep.DBYTES * 1.0 / rep.OIDS))
 
-        print fmts % ('Current Objects', rep.COIDS, rep.CBYTES / 1024.0,
+        print (fmts % ('Current Objects', rep.COIDS, rep.CBYTES / 1024.0,
                        rep.CBYTES * 100.0 / rep.DBYTES,
-                      rep.CBYTES * 1.0 / rep.COIDS)
+                       rep.CBYTES * 1.0 / rep.COIDS))
         if rep.FOIDS:
-            print fmts % ('Old Objects', rep.FOIDS, rep.FBYTES / 1024.0,
+            print (fmts % ('Old Objects', rep.FOIDS, rep.FBYTES / 1024.0,
                            rep.FBYTES * 100.0 / rep.DBYTES,
-                          rep.FBYTES * 1.0 / rep.FOIDS)
+                           rep.FBYTES * 1.0 / rep.FOIDS))
 
-def analyze(path, use_dbm, delta_fs):
+@func
+def analyze(path, use_dbm, delta_fs, tidmin, tidmax):
     if delta_fs:
         fs = DeltaFileStorage(path, read_only=1)
     else:
-        fs = FileStorage(path, read_only=1)
-    fsi = fs.iterator()
+        fs = storageFromURL(path, read_only=1)
+    defer(fs.close)
+    fsi = fs.iterator(tidmin, tidmax)
     report = Report(use_dbm, delta_fs)
     for txn in fsi:
         analyze_trans(report, txn)
@@ -172,6 +188,10 @@ def analyze(path, use_dbm, delta_fs):
 
 def analyze_trans(report, txn):
     report.TIDS += 1
+    if report.tidmin is None:
+        # first seen transaction
+        report.tidmin = txn.tid
+    report.tidmax = txn.tid
     for rec in txn:
         analyze_rec(report, rec)
 
@@ -220,29 +240,32 @@ def analyze_rec(report, record):
                 report.CBYTESMAP[type] = report.CBYTESMAP.get(type, 0) + size - fsize
             report.TYPEMAP[type] = report.TYPEMAP.get(type, 0) + 1
             report.TYPESIZE[type] = report.TYPESIZE.get(type, 0) + size
-    except Exception, err:
-        print err
+    except Exception as err:
+        print (err, file=sys.stderr)
+
+__doc__ = """%(program)s: Analyzer for ZODB data or repozo deltafs
 
-__doc__ = """%(program)s: Analyzer for FileStorage data or repozo deltafs
+usage: %(program)s [options] <storage> [<tidrange>]
 
-usage: %(program)s [options] /path/to/Data.fs (or /path/to/file.deltafs)
+<storage> is an URL (see 'zodb help zurl') or /path/to/file.deltafs(*)
+<tidrange> is a history range (see 'zodb help tidrange') to analyze.
 
 Options:
   -h, --help                 this help screen
   -c, --csv                  output CSV
   -d, --dbm                  use DBM as temporary storage to limit memory usage
                              (no meaning for deltafs case)
-Note:
+(*) Note:
   Input deltafs file should be uncompressed.
 """
 
-summary = "analyze FileStorage or repozo deltafs usage"
+summary = "analyze ZODB database or repozo deltafs usage"
 
 def usage(stream, msg=None):
     if msg:
-        print >>stream, msg
-        print >>stream
-    print >>stream, __doc__ % {"program": "zodb analyze"}
+        print (msg, file=stream)
+        print (file=stream)
+    print (__doc__ % {"program": "zodb analyze"}, file=stream)
 
 
 def main(argv):
@@ -250,9 +273,15 @@ def main(argv):
         opts, args = getopt.getopt(argv[1:],
                                    'hcd', ['help', 'csv', 'dbm'])
         path = args[0]
-    except (getopt.GetoptError, IndexError), msg:
+    except (getopt.GetoptError, IndexError) as msg:
         usage(sys.stderr, msg)
         sys.exit(2)
+
+    # parse tidmin..tidmax
+    tidmin = tidmax = None
+    if len(args) > 1:
+        tidmin, tidmax = parse_tidrange(args[1])
+
     csv = False
     use_dbm = False
     for opt, args in opts:
@@ -263,10 +292,11 @@ def main(argv):
         if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
             usage(sys.stdout)
             sys.exit()
-    header = open(path, 'rb').read(4)
-    if header == packed_version:
+    # try to see whether it is zurl or a path to file.deltafs
     delta_fs = False
-    else:
+    if os.path.exists(path):
+        header = open(path, 'rb').read(4)
+        if header != packed_version:
             delta_fs = True
             _orig_read_data_header = FileStorageFormatter._read_data_header
             def _read_data_header(self, pos, oid=None):
@@ -274,4 +304,4 @@ def main(argv):
                 h.tloc = self._tpos
                 return h
             FileStorageFormatter._read_data_header = _read_data_header
-    report(analyze(path, use_dbm, delta_fs), csv)
+    report(analyze(path, use_dbm, delta_fs, tidmin, tidmax), csv)

zodbtools/zodbcmp.py

 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2016-2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2018  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 """Zodbcmp - Tool to compare two ZODB databases
 
 Zodbcmp compares two ZODB databases in between tidmin..tidmax transaction range
-with default range being -∞..+∞ - (whole database).
+with default range being 0..+∞ - (whole database).
 
 For comparison both databases are scanned at storage layer and every
 transaction content is compared bit-to-bit between the two. The program stops
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ from __future__ import print_function
 from zodbtools.util import ashex, inf, nextitem, txnobjv, parse_tidrange, TidRangeInvalid,  \
         storageFromURL
 from time import time
+from golang import func, defer
 
 # compare two storage transactions
 # 0 - equal, 1 - non-equal
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@ Usage: zodb cmp [OPTIONS] <storage1> <storage2> [tidmin..tidmax]
 Compare two ZODB databases.
 
 <storageX> is an URL (see 'zodb help zurl') of a ZODB-storage.
+<tidrange> is a history range (see 'zodb help tidrange') to compare.
 
 Options:
 
@@ -127,6 +129,7 @@ Options:
     -h  --help      show this help
 """, file=out)
 
+@func
 def main2(argv):
     verbose = False
 
@@ -159,8 +162,8 @@ def main2(argv):
             print("E: invalid tidrange: %s" % e, file=sys.stderr)
             sys.exit(2)
 
-    stor1 = storageFromURL(storurl1, read_only=True)
-    stor2 = storageFromURL(storurl2, read_only=True)
+    stor1 = storageFromURL(storurl1, read_only=True);   defer(stor1.close)
+    stor2 = storageFromURL(storurl2, read_only=True);   defer(stor2.close)
 
     zcmp = storcmp(stor1, stor2, tidmin, tidmax, verbose)
     sys.exit(1 if zcmp else 0)

zodbtools/zodbcommit.py

+# Copyright (C) 2018-2021  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+"""Zodbcommit - Commit new transaction into a ZODB database
+
+Zodbcommit reads transaction description from stdin and commits read data into
+ZODB. The transaction to be committed is read in zodbdump format, but without
+first 'txn' header line. For example::
+
+    user "author"
+    description "change 123"
+    extension ""
+    obj 0000000000000001 4 null:00
+    ZZZZ
+
+On success the ID of committed transaction is printed to stdout.
+On conflict or other problem - the error is printed to stderr exit code is !0.
+
+Zodbcommit requires `at` parameter to be given. This specifies caller idea
+about its current database view and is used to detect conflicting simultaneous
+commits. `at` is required because zodbcommit is plumbing-level command and
+implicitly using storage last_tid instead of it could hide bugs. In scripts one
+can query current database head (last_tid) with `zodb info <stor> last_tid`.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+from zodbtools import zodbdump
+from zodbtools.util import ashex, fromhex, storageFromURL
+from ZODB.interfaces import IStorageRestoreable
+from ZODB.utils import p64, u64, z64
+from ZODB.POSException import POSKeyError
+from ZODB._compat import BytesIO
+from golang import func, defer, panic
+import warnings
+
+
+# zodbcommit commits new transaction into ZODB storage with data specified by
+# zodbdump transaction.
+#
+# txn.tid acts as a flag:
+# - with tid=0 the transaction is committed regularly.
+# - with tid=!0 the transaction is recreated with exactly that tid via IStorageRestoreable.
+#
+# tid of created transaction is returned.
+_norestoreWarned = set() # of storage class
+def zodbcommit(stor, at, txn):
+    assert isinstance(txn, zodbdump.Transaction)
+
+    want_restore = (txn.tid != z64)
+    have_restore = IStorageRestoreable.providedBy(stor)
+    # warn once if stor does not implement IStorageRestoreable
+    if want_restore and (not have_restore):
+        if type(stor) not in _norestoreWarned:
+            warnings.warn("restore: %s does not provide IStorageRestoreable ...\n"
+                          "\t... -> will try to emulate it on best-effort basis." %
+                          type(stor), RuntimeWarning)
+            _norestoreWarned.add(type(stor))
+
+    if want_restore:
+        # even if stor might be not providing IStorageRestoreable and not
+        # supporting .restore, it can still support .tpc_begin(tid=...). An example
+        # of this is NEO. We anyway need to be able to specify which transaction ID
+        # we need to restore transaction with.
+        stor.tpc_begin(txn, tid=txn.tid)
+    else:
+        stor.tpc_begin(txn)
+
+    def _():
+        def current_serial(oid):
+            return _serial_at(stor, oid, at)
+        for obj in txn.objv:
+            data = None # data do be committed - setup vvv
+            copy_from = None
+            if isinstance(obj, zodbdump.ObjectCopy):
+                copy_from = obj.copy_from
+                data, _, _ = stor.loadBefore(obj.oid, p64(u64(obj.copy_from)+1))
+
+            elif isinstance(obj, zodbdump.ObjectDelete):
+                data = None
+
+            elif isinstance(obj, zodbdump.ObjectData):
+
+                if isinstance(obj.data, zodbdump.HashOnly):
+                    raise ValueError('cannot commit transaction with hashonly object')
+
+                data = obj.data
+
+            else:
+                panic('invalid object record: %r' % (obj,))
+
+            # we have the data -> restore/store the object.
+            # if it will be ConflictError - we just fail and let the caller retry.
+            if data is None:
+                stor.deleteObject(obj.oid, current_serial(obj.oid), txn)
+            else:
+                if want_restore and have_restore:
+                    stor.restore(obj.oid, txn.tid, data, '', copy_from, txn)
+                else:
+                    # FIXME we don't handle copy_from on commit
+                    # NEO does not support restore, and even if stor supports restore,
+                    # going that way requires to already know tid for transaction we are
+                    # committing. -> we just imitate copy by actually copying data and
+                    # letting the storage deduplicate it.
+                    stor.store(obj.oid, current_serial(obj.oid), data, '', txn)
+
+    try:
+        _()
+        stor.tpc_vote(txn)
+    except:
+        stor.tpc_abort(txn)
+        raise
+
+    # in ZODB >= 5 tpc_finish returns tid directly, but on ZODB 4 it
+    # does not do so. Since we still need to support ZODB 4, utilize tpc_finish
+    # callback to know with which tid the transaction was committed.
+    _ = []
+    stor.tpc_finish(txn, lambda tid: _.append(tid))
+    assert len(_) == 1
+    tid = _[0]
+    if want_restore and (tid != txn.tid):
+        panic('restore: restored transaction has tid=%s, but requested was tid=%s' %
+              (ashex(tid), ashex(txn.tid)))
+    return tid
+
+# _serial_at returns oid's serial as of @at database state.
+def _serial_at(stor, oid, at):
+    before = p64(u64(at)+1)
+    try:
+        xdata = stor.loadBefore(oid, before)
+    except POSKeyError:
+        serial = z64
+    else:
+        if xdata is None:
+            serial = z64
+        else:
+            _, serial, _ = xdata
+    return serial
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------
+import sys, getopt
+
+summary = "commit new transaction into a ZODB database"
+
+def usage(out):
+    print("""\
+Usage: zodb commit [OPTIONS] <storage> <at> < input
+Commit new transaction into a ZODB database.
+
+The transaction to be committed is read from stdin in zodbdump format without
+first 'txn' header line.
+
+<storage> is an URL (see 'zodb help zurl') of a ZODB-storage.
+<at> is transaction ID of what is caller idea about its current database view.
+
+On success the ID of committed transaction is printed to stdout.
+
+Options:
+
+    -h  --help      show this help
+""", file=out)
+
+@func
+def main(argv):
+    try:
+        optv, argv = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], "h", ["help"])
+    except getopt.GetoptError as e:
+        print(e, file=sys.stderr)
+        usage(sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    for opt, _ in optv:
+        if opt in ("-h", "--help"):
+            usage(sys.stdout)
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+    if len(argv) != 2:
+        usage(sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    storurl = argv[0]
+    at = fromhex(argv[1])
+
+    stor = storageFromURL(storurl)
+    defer(stor.close)
+
+    # artificial transaction header with tid=0 to request regular commit
+    zin = b'txn 0000000000000000 " "\n'
+
+    zin += sys.stdin.read()
+    zin = BytesIO(zin)
+    zr = zodbdump.DumpReader(zin)
+    zr.lineno -= 1                      # we prepended txn header
+    txn = zr.readtxn()
+    tail = zin.read()
+    if tail:
+        print('E: +%d: garbage after transaction' % zr.lineno, file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    tid = zodbcommit(stor, at, txn)
+    print(ashex(tid))

zodbtools/zodbdump.py

-# Copyright (C) 2016-2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Copyright (C) 2016-2021  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#                          Jérome Perrin <jerome@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
@@ -16,7 +18,7 @@
 #
 # See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
 # See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
-"""Zodbdump - Tool to dump content of a ZODB database
+r"""Zodbdump - Tool to dump content of a ZODB database
 
 This program dumps content of a ZODB database.
 It uses ZODB Storage iteration API to get list of transactions and for every
@@ -24,8 +26,8 @@ transaction prints transaction's header and information about changed objects.
 
 The information dumped is complete raw information as stored in ZODB storage
 and should be suitable for restoring the database from the dump file bit-to-bit
-identical to its original(*). It is dumped in semi text-binary format where
-object data is output as raw binary and everything else is text.
+identical to its original(*) via Zodbrestore. It is dumped in semi text-binary
+format where object data is output as raw binary and everything else is text.
 
 There is also shortened mode activated via --hashonly where only hash of object
 data is printed without content.
@@ -53,15 +55,19 @@ TODO also protect txn record by hash.
 """
 
 from __future__ import print_function
-from zodbtools.util import ashex, sha1, txnobjv, parse_tidrange, TidRangeInvalid,   \
-        storageFromURL
+from zodbtools.util import ashex, fromhex, sha1, txnobjv, parse_tidrange, TidRangeInvalid,   \
+        storageFromURL, hashRegistry, asbinstream
 from ZODB._compat import loads, _protocol, BytesIO
 from zodbpickle.slowpickle import Pickler as pyPickler
 #import pickletools
+from ZODB.interfaces import IStorageTransactionInformation
+from zope.interface import implementer
 
 import sys
-import logging
+import logging as log
+import re
 from golang.gcompat import qq
+from golang import func, defer, strconv, b
 
 # txn_raw_extension returns raw extension from txn metadata
 def txn_raw_extension(stor, txn):
@@ -74,9 +80,9 @@ def txn_raw_extension(stor, txn):
     # in a rational way
     stor_name = "(%s, %s)" % (type(stor).__name__, stor.getName())
     if stor_name not in _already_warned_notxnraw:
-        logging.warn("%s: storage does not provide IStorageTransactionInformationRaw ...", stor_name)
-        logging.warn("... will do best-effort to dump pickles in stable order but this cannot be done 100% correctly")
-        logging.warn("... please upgrade your ZODB & storage: see https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/183 for details.")
+        log.warning("%s: storage does not provide IStorageTransactionInformationRaw ...", stor_name)
+        log.warning("... will do best-effort to dump pickles in stable order but this cannot be done 100% correctly")
+        log.warning("... please upgrade your ZODB & storage: see https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/183 for details.")
         _already_warned_notxnraw.add(stor_name)
 
     return serializeext(txn.extension)
@@ -86,19 +92,12 @@ _already_warned_notxnraw = set()
 
 # zodbdump dumps content of a ZODB storage to a file.
 # please see module doc-string for dump format and details
-def zodbdump(stor, tidmin, tidmax, hashonly=False, out=sys.stdout):
-    first = True
-
+def zodbdump(stor, tidmin, tidmax, hashonly=False, out=asbinstream(sys.stdout)):
     for txn in stor.iterator(tidmin, tidmax):
-        vskip = "\n"
-        if first:
-            vskip = ""
-            first = False
-
         # XXX .status not covered by IStorageTransactionInformation
         # XXX but covered by BaseStorage.TransactionRecord
-        out.write("%stxn %s %s\nuser %s\ndescription %s\nextension %s\n" % (
-            vskip, ashex(txn.tid), qq(txn.status),
+        out.write(b"txn %s %s\nuser %s\ndescription %s\nextension %s\n" % (
+            ashex(txn.tid), qq(txn.status),
             qq(txn.user),
             qq(txn.description),
             qq(txn_raw_extension(stor, txn)) ))
@@ -106,31 +105,33 @@ def zodbdump(stor, tidmin, tidmax, hashonly=False, out=sys.stdout):
         objv = txnobjv(txn)
 
         for obj in objv:
-            entry = "obj %s " % ashex(obj.oid)
+            entry = b"obj %s " % ashex(obj.oid)
             write_data = False
 
             if obj.data is None:
-                entry += "delete"
+                entry += b"delete"
 
             # was undo and data taken from obj.data_txn
             elif obj.data_txn is not None:
-                entry += "from %s" % ashex(obj.data_txn)
+                entry += b"from %s" % ashex(obj.data_txn)
 
             else:
                 # XXX sha1 is hardcoded for now. Dump format allows other hashes.
-                entry += "%i sha1:%s" % (len(obj.data), ashex(sha1(obj.data)))
+                entry += b"%i sha1:%s" % (len(obj.data), ashex(sha1(obj.data)))
                 write_data = True
 
-            out.write(entry)
+            out.write(b(entry))
 
             if write_data:
                 if hashonly:
-                    out.write(" -")
+                    out.write(b" -")
                 else:
-                    out.write("\n")
+                    out.write(b"\n")
                     out.write(obj.data)
 
-            out.write("\n")
+            out.write(b"\n")
+
+        out.write(b"\n")
 
 # ----------------------------------------
 # XPickler is Pickler that tries to save objects stably
@@ -230,10 +231,11 @@ summary = "dump content of a ZODB database"
 
 def usage(out):
     print("""\
-Usage: zodb dump [OPTIONS] <storage> [tidmin..tidmax]
+Usage: zodb dump [OPTIONS] <storage> [<tidrange>]
 Dump content of a ZODB database.
 
 <storage> is an URL (see 'zodb help zurl') of a ZODB-storage.
+<tidrange> is a history range (see 'zodb help tidrange') to dump.
 
 Options:
 
@@ -241,6 +243,7 @@ Options:
     -h  --help      show this help
 """, file=out)
 
+@func
 def main(argv):
     hashonly = False
 
@@ -274,5 +277,253 @@ def main(argv):
             sys.exit(2)
 
     stor = storageFromURL(storurl, read_only=True)
+    defer(stor.close)
 
     zodbdump(stor, tidmin, tidmax, hashonly)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------
+# dump reading/parsing
+
+_txn_re = re.compile(br'^txn (?P<tid>[0-9a-f]{16}) "(?P<status>.)"$')
+_obj_re = re.compile(br'^obj (?P<oid>[0-9a-f]{16}) ((?P<delete>delete)|from (?P<from>[0-9a-f]{16})|(?P<size>[0-9]+) (?P<hashfunc>\w+):(?P<hash>[0-9a-f]+)(?P<hashonly> -)?)')
+
+
+# _ioname returns name of the reader r, if it has one.
+# if there is no name - '' is returned.
+def _ioname(r):
+    return getattr(r, 'name', '')
+
+
+# DumpReader wraps IO reader to read transactions from zodbdump stream.
+#
+# The reader must provide .readline() and .read() methods.
+# The reader must be opened in binary mode.
+class DumpReader(object):
+    # .lineno   - line number position in read stream
+
+    def __init__(self, r):
+        self._r         = r
+        self._line      = None  # last read line
+        self.lineno     = 0
+
+    def _readline(self):
+        l = self._r.readline()
+        if l == b'':
+            self._line = None
+            return None # EOF
+
+        l = l.rstrip(b'\n')
+        self.lineno += 1
+        self._line = l
+        return l
+
+    # report a problem found around currently-read line
+    def _badline(self, msg):
+        raise RuntimeError("%s+%d: invalid line: %s (%s)" % (_ioname(self._r), self.lineno, msg, qq(self._line)))
+
+    # readtxn reads one transaction record from input stream and returns
+    # Transaction instance or None at EOF.
+    def readtxn(self):
+        # header
+        l = self._readline()
+        if l is None:
+            return None
+        m = _txn_re.match(l)
+        if m is None:
+            self._badline('no txn start')
+        tid = fromhex(m.group('tid'))
+        status = m.group('status')
+
+        def get(name):
+            l = self._readline()
+            if l is None or not l.startswith(b'%s ' % name):
+                self._badline('no %s' % name)
+
+            return strconv.unquote(l[len(name) + 1:])
+
+        user          = get(b'user')
+        description   = get(b'description')
+        extension     = get(b'extension')
+
+        # objects
+        objv = []
+        while 1:
+            l = self._readline()
+            if l == b'':
+                break   # empty line - end of transaction
+
+            if l is None or not l.startswith(b'obj '):
+                self._badline('no obj')
+
+            m = _obj_re.match(l)
+            if m is None:
+                self._badline('invalid obj entry')
+
+            obj = None # will be Object*
+            oid = fromhex(m.group('oid'))
+
+            from_ = m.group('from')
+
+            if m.group('delete'):
+                obj = ObjectDelete(oid)
+
+            elif from_:
+                copy_from = fromhex(from_)
+                obj = ObjectCopy(oid, copy_from)
+
+            else:
+                size     = int(m.group('size'))
+                hashfunc = m.group('hashfunc')
+                hashok   = fromhex(m.group('hash'))
+                hashonly = m.group('hashonly') is not None
+                data     = None # see vvv
+
+                hcls = hashRegistry.get(hashfunc)
+                if hcls is None:
+                    self._badline('unknown hash function %s' % qq(hashfunc))
+
+                if hashonly:
+                    data = HashOnly(size)
+                else:
+                    # XXX -> io.readfull
+                    n = size+1  # data LF
+                    data = b''
+                    while n > 0:
+                        chunk = self._r.read(n)
+                        data += chunk
+                        n -= len(chunk)
+                    self.lineno += data.count(b'\n')
+                    self._line = None
+                    if data[-1:] != b'\n':
+                        raise RuntimeError('%s+%d: no LF after obj data' % (_ioname(self._r), self.lineno))
+                    data = data[:-1]
+
+                    # verify data integrity
+                    # TODO option to allow reading corrupted data
+                    h = hcls()
+                    h.update(data)
+                    hash_ = h.digest()
+                    if hash_ != hashok:
+                        raise RuntimeError('%s+%d: data corrupt: %s = %s, expected %s' % (
+                            _ioname(self._r), self.lineno, h.name, ashex(hash_), ashex(hashok)))
+
+                obj = ObjectData(oid, data, hashfunc, hashok)
+
+            objv.append(obj)
+
+        return Transaction(tid, status, user, description, extension, objv)
+
+
+# Transaction represents one transaction record in zodbdump stream.
+@implementer(IStorageTransactionInformation)    # TODO -> IStorageTransactionMetaData after switch to ZODB >= 5
+class Transaction(object):
+    # .tid              p64         transaction ID
+    # .status           char        status of the transaction
+    # .user             bytes       transaction author
+    # .description      bytes       transaction description
+    # .extension_bytes  bytes       transaction extension
+    # .objv             []Object*   objects changed by transaction
+    def __init__(self, tid, status, user, description, extension, objv):
+        self.tid                = tid
+        self.status             = status
+        self.user               = user
+        self.description        = description
+        self.extension_bytes    = extension
+        self.objv               = objv
+
+    # ZODB wants to work with extension as {} - try to convert it on the fly.
+    #
+    # The conversion can fail for arbitrary .extension_bytes input.
+    # The conversion should become not needed once
+    #
+    #   https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/183, or
+    #   https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/207
+    #
+    # is in ZODB.
+    @property
+    def extension(self):
+        if not self.extension_bytes:
+            return {}
+        return loads(self.extension_bytes)
+
+    # ZODB < 5 wants ._extension
+    @property
+    def _extension(self):
+        return self.extension
+
+    # zdump returns semi text-binary representation of a record in zodbdump format.
+    def zdump(self): # -> bytes
+        z  = b'txn %s %s\n' % (ashex(self.tid), qq(self.status))
+        z += b'user %s\n' % qq(self.user)
+        z += b'description %s\n' % qq(self.description)
+        z += b'extension %s\n' % qq(self.extension_bytes)
+        for obj in self.objv:
+            z += obj.zdump()
+        z += b'\n'
+        return z
+
+
+# Object is base class for object records in zodbdump stream.
+class Object(object):
+    # .oid          p64         object ID
+    def __init__(self, oid):
+        self.oid = oid
+
+# ObjectDelete represents objects deletion.
+class ObjectDelete(Object):
+
+    def __init__(self, oid):
+        super(ObjectDelete, self).__init__(oid)
+
+    def zdump(self):
+        return b'obj %s delete\n' % (ashex(self.oid))
+
+# ObjectCopy represents object data copy.
+class ObjectCopy(Object):
+    # .copy_from    tid         copy object data from object's revision tid
+    def __init__(self, oid, copy_from):
+        super(ObjectCopy, self).__init__(oid)
+        self.copy_from = copy_from
+
+    def zdump(self):
+        return b'obj %s from %s\n' % (ashex(self.oid), ashex(self.copy_from))
+
+# ObjectData represents record with object data.
+class ObjectData(Object):
+    # .data         HashOnly | bytes
+    # .hashfunc     str             hash function used for integrity
+    # .hash_        bytes           hash of the object's data
+    def __init__(self, oid, data, hashfunc, hash_):
+        super(ObjectData, self).__init__(oid)
+        self.data       = data
+        self.hashfunc   = hashfunc
+        self.hash_      = hash_
+
+    def zdump(self):
+        data = self.data
+        hashonly = isinstance(data, HashOnly)
+        if hashonly:
+            size = data.size
+        else:
+            size = len(data)
+        z = b'obj %s %d %s:%s' % (ashex(self.oid), size, self.hashfunc, ashex(self.hash_))
+        if hashonly:
+            z += b' -'
+        else:
+            z += b'\n'
+            z += data
+        z += b'\n'
+        return z
+
+# HashOnly indicated that this ObjectData record contains only hash and does not contain object data.
+class HashOnly(object):
+    # .size         int
+    def __init__(self, size):
+        self.size = size
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return 'HashOnly(%d)' % self.size
+
+    def __eq__(a, b):
+        return isinstance(b, HashOnly) and a.size == b.size

zodbtools/zodbinfo.py

 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2017  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+# Copyright (C) 2017-2020  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
 #                          Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
@@ -22,13 +22,19 @@
 from __future__ import print_function
 from zodbtools.util import ashex, storageFromURL
 from collections import OrderedDict
+from golang import func, defer
 import sys
 
+def _last_tid(stor):
+    print("W: last_tid is deprecated alias for head", file=sys.stderr)
+    return infoDict["head"](stor)
+
 # {} parameter_name -> get_parameter(stor)
 infoDict = OrderedDict([
     ("name", lambda stor: stor.getName()),
     ("size", lambda stor: stor.getSize()),
-    ("last_tid", lambda stor: ashex(stor.lastTransaction())),
+    ("head", lambda stor: ashex(stor.lastTransaction())),
+    ("last_tid", _last_tid),
 ])
 
 def zodbinfo(stor, parameterv):
@@ -71,6 +77,7 @@ Options:
     -h  --help      show this help
 """, file=out)
 
+@func
 def main(argv):
     try:
         optv, argv = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], "h", ["help"])
@@ -91,5 +98,6 @@ def main(argv):
         sys.exit(2)
 
     stor = storageFromURL(storurl, read_only=True)
+    defer(stor.close)
 
     zodbinfo(stor, argv[1:])

zodbtools/zodbrestore.py

+# Copyright (C) 2021  Nexedi SA and Contributors.
+#                     Kirill Smelkov <kirr@nexedi.com>
+#
+# This program is free software: you can Use, Study, Modify and Redistribute
+# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, or (at your
+# option) any later version, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
+#
+# You can also Link and Combine this program with other software covered by
+# the terms of any of the Free Software licenses or any of the Open Source
+# Initiative approved licenses and Convey the resulting work. Corresponding
+# source of such a combination shall include the source code for all other
+# software used.
+#
+# This program is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
+# warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+#
+# See COPYING file for full licensing terms.
+# See https://www.nexedi.com/licensing for rationale and options.
+"""Zodbrestore - Restore content of a ZODB database.
+
+Zodbrestore reads transactions from zodbdump output and recreates them in a
+ZODB storage. See Zodbdump documentation for details.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import print_function
+from zodbtools.zodbdump import DumpReader
+from zodbtools.zodbcommit import zodbcommit
+from zodbtools.util import asbinstream, ashex, storageFromURL
+from golang import func, defer
+
+
+# zodbrestore restores transactions read from reader r in zodbdump format.
+#
+# restoredf, if !None, is called for every restored transaction.
+def zodbrestore(stor, r, restoredf=None):
+    zr = DumpReader(r)
+    at = stor.lastTransaction()
+    while 1:
+        txn = zr.readtxn()
+        if txn is None:
+            break
+
+        zodbcommit(stor, at, txn)
+        if restoredf != None:
+            restoredf(txn)
+        at = txn.tid
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------
+import sys, getopt
+
+summary = "restore content of a ZODB database"
+
+def usage(out):
+    print("""\
+Usage: zodb restore [OPTIONS] <storage> < input
+Restore content of a ZODB database.
+
+The transactions to restore are read from stdin in zodbdump format.
+On success the ID of every restored transaction is printed to stdout.
+
+<storage> is an URL (see 'zodb help zurl') of a ZODB-storage.
+
+Options:
+
+    -h  --help      show this help
+""", file=out)
+
+@func
+def main(argv):
+    try:
+        optv, argv = getopt.getopt(argv[1:], "h", ["help"])
+    except getopt.GetoptError as e:
+        print(e, file=sys.stderr)
+        usage(sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    for opt, _ in optv:
+        if opt in ("-h", "--help"):
+            usage(sys.stdout)
+            sys.exit(0)
+
+    if len(argv) != 1:
+        usage(sys.stderr)
+        sys.exit(2)
+
+    storurl = argv[0]
+
+    stor = storageFromURL(storurl)
+    defer(stor.close)
+
+    def _(txn):
+        print(ashex(txn.tid))
+    zodbrestore(stor, asbinstream(sys.stdin), _)