* Are supported for ``cdef`` and ``cpdef`` functions
* There differences though whether you declare them in a ``.pyx`` file or a ``.pxd`` file
* When in a ``.pyx`` file, the signature is the same as it is in Python itself::
cdef class A:
cdef foo(self):
print "A"
cdef class B(A)
cdef foo(self, x=None)
print "B", x
cdef class C(B):
cpdef foo(self, x=True, int k=3)
print "C", x, k
* When in a ``.pxd`` file, the signature is different like this example: ``cdef foo(x=*)``::
cdef class A:
cdef foo(self)
cdef class B(A)
cdef foo(self, x=*)
cdef class C(B):
cpdef foo(self, x=*, int k=*)
* The number of arguments may increase when subclassing, buty the arg types and order must be the same.
* There may be a slight performance penalty when the optional arg is overridden with one that does not have default values.
Keyword-only Arguments
=======================
* ``def`` functions can have keyword-only argurments listed after a ``"*"`` parameter and before a ``"**"`` parameter if any::
def f(a, b, *args, c, d = 42, e, **kwds):
...
* Shown above, the ``c``, ``d`` and ``e`` arguments can not be passed as positional arguments and must be passed as keyword arguments.
* Furthermore, ``c`` and ``e`` are required keyword arguments since they do not have a default value.
* If the parameter name after the ``"*"`` is omitted, the function will not accept any extra positional argumrents::
def g(a, b, *, c, d):
...
* Shown above, the signature takes exactly two positional parameters and has two required keyword parameters
Automatic Type Conversion
Automatic Type Conversion
=========================
=========================
...
@@ -310,8 +362,35 @@ Automatic Type Conversion
...
@@ -310,8 +362,35 @@ Automatic Type Conversion
Casting
Type Casting
=======
=============
* The syntax used in type casting are ``"<"`` and ``">"``, for example::
cdef char *p, float *q
p = <char*>q
* .. note:: that this is different from C convention.
* If exactly one of the types is a python object for ``<type>x``, Cython will try and do a coersion.
* .. note:: Cython will not stop a casting where there is no conversion, but it will emit a warning.
* If the address is what is wanted, cast to a ``void*`` first.
Type Checking
-------------
* A cast like ``<MyExtensionType>x`` will cast x to type ``MyExtensionType`` without type checking at all.
* To have a cast type checked, use the syntax like: ``<MyExtenstionType?>x``.
* In this case, Cython will throw an error if ``"x"`` is not a (subclass) of ``MyExtenstionClass``
* Automatic type checking for extension types can be obtained by whenever ``isinstance()`` is used as the second parameter
Python Objects
Python Objects
==============
==============
...
@@ -320,10 +399,66 @@ Python Objects
...
@@ -320,10 +399,66 @@ Python Objects
Statements and Expressions
Statements and Expressions
==========================
==========================
* For the most part, control structures and expressions follow Python syntax.
* When applied to Python objects, the semantics are the same unless otherwise noted.
* Most Python operators can be applied to C values with the obvious semantics.
* An expression with mixed Python and C values will have **conversions** performed automatically.
* Python operations are automatically checked for errors, with the appropriate action taken.
Differences Between Cython and C
================================
* Most notable are C constructs which have no direct equivalent in Python.
* An integer literal is treated as a C constant
* It will be truncated to whatever size your C compiler thinks appropriate.
* Cast to a Python object like this::
<object>10000000000000000000
* The ``"L"``, ``"LL"`` and the ``"U"`` suffixes have the same meaning as in C
* There is no ``->`` operator in Cython.. instead of ``p->x``, use ``p.x``.
* There is no ``*`` operator in Cython.. instead of ``*p``, use ``p[0]``.
* ``&`` is permissible and has the same semantics as in C.
* ``NULL`` is the null C pointer.
* Do NOT use 0.
* ``NULL`` is a reserved word in Cython
* Syntax for **Type casts** are ``<type>value``.
Scope Rules
===========
* All determination of scoping (local, module, built-in) in Cython is determined statically.
* As with Python, a variable assignment which is not declared explicitly is implicitly declared to be a Python variable residing in the scope where it was assigned.
.. note::
* Module-level scope behaves the same way as a Python local scope if you refer to the variable before assigning to it.
* Tricks, like the following will NOT work in Cython::
try:
x = True
except NameError:
True = 1
=========
* The above example will not work because ``True`` will always be looked up in the module-level scope. Do the following instead::
Functions
=========
import __builtin__
try:
True = __builtin__.True
except AttributeError:
True = 1
=====================
Functions and Methods
=====================
Callable from Python
Callable from Python
=====================
=====================
...
@@ -334,6 +469,28 @@ Callable from C
...
@@ -334,6 +469,28 @@ Callable from C
Callable from both Python and C
Callable from both Python and C
================================
================================
Overriding
==========
``cpdef`` functions can override ``cdef`` functions::
cdef class A:
cdef foo(self):
print "A"
cdef class B(A)
cdef foo(self, x=None)
print "B", x
cdef class C(B):
cpdef foo(self, x=True, int k=3)
print "C", x, k
Function Pointers
=================
Functions declared in a ``struct`` are automatically converted to function pointers.
