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Commit 648e7175 authored by Alan Stern's avatar Alan Stern Committed by Paul E. McKenney
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tools/memory-model: Update Documentation/explanation.txt to include SRCU support 

The recent commit adding support for SRCU to the Linux Kernel Memory
Model ended up changing the names and meanings of several relations.
This patch updates the explanation.txt documentation file to reflect
those changes.

It also revises the statement of the RCU Guarantee to a more accurate
form, and it adds a short paragraph mentioning the new support for SRCU.
Signed-off-by: default avatarAlan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Cc: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Daniel Lustig <dlustig@nvidia.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Jade Alglave <j.alglave@ucl.ac.uk>
Cc: Luc Maranget <luc.maranget@inria.fr>
Cc: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: default avatarPaul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: default avatarAndrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
parent ad9fd20b
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tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
View file @ 648e7175
......@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Explanation of the Linux-Kernel Memory Consistency Model
19. AND THEN THERE WAS ALPHA
20. THE HAPPENS-BEFORE RELATION: hb
21. THE PROPAGATES-BEFORE RELATION: pb
22. RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, gp, rscs, rcu-fence, and rb
22. RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, rcu-gp, rcu-rscsi, rcu-fence, and rb
23. LOCKING
24. ODDS AND ENDS
......@@ -1430,8 +1430,8 @@ they execute means that it cannot have cycles. This requirement is
the content of the LKMM's "propagation" axiom.
RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, gp, rscs, rcu-fence, and rb
----------------------------------------------------
RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, rcu-gp, rcu-rscsi, rcu-fence, and rb
-------------------------------------------------------------
RCU (Read-Copy-Update) is a powerful synchronization mechanism. It
rests on two concepts: grace periods and read-side critical sections.
......@@ -1446,17 +1446,19 @@ As far as memory models are concerned, RCU's main feature is its
Grace-Period Guarantee, which states that a critical section can never
span a full grace period. In more detail, the Guarantee says:
If a critical section starts before a grace period then it
must end before the grace period does. In addition, every
store that propagates to the critical section's CPU before the
end of the critical section must propagate to every CPU before
the end of the grace period.
For any critical section C and any grace period G, at least
one of the following statements must hold:
If a critical section ends after a grace period ends then it
must start after the grace period does. In addition, every
store that propagates to the grace period's CPU before the
start of the grace period must propagate to every CPU before
the start of the critical section.
(1) C ends before G does, and in addition, every store that
propagates to C's CPU before the end of C must propagate to
every CPU before G ends.
(2) G starts before C does, and in addition, every store that
propagates to G's CPU before the start of G must propagate
to every CPU before C starts.
In particular, it is not possible for a critical section to both start
before and end after a grace period.
Here is a simple example of RCU in action:
......@@ -1483,10 +1485,11 @@ The Grace Period Guarantee tells us that when this code runs, it will
never end with r1 = 1 and r2 = 0. The reasoning is as follows. r1 = 1
means that P0's store to x propagated to P1 before P1 called
synchronize_rcu(), so P0's critical section must have started before
P1's grace period. On the other hand, r2 = 0 means that P0's store to
y, which occurs before the end of the critical section, did not
propagate to P1 before the end of the grace period, violating the
Guarantee.
P1's grace period, contrary to part (2) of the Guarantee. On the
other hand, r2 = 0 means that P0's store to y, which occurs before the
end of the critical section, did not propagate to P1 before the end of
the grace period, contrary to part (1). Together the results violate
the Guarantee.
In the kernel's implementations of RCU, the requirements for stores
to propagate to every CPU are fulfilled by placing strong fences at
......@@ -1504,11 +1507,11 @@ before" or "ends after" a grace period? Some aspects of the meaning
are pretty obvious, as in the example above, but the details aren't
entirely clear. The LKMM formalizes this notion by means of the
rcu-link relation. rcu-link encompasses a very general notion of
"before": Among other things, X ->rcu-link Z includes cases where X
happens-before or is equal to some event Y which is equal to or comes
before Z in the coherence order. When Y = Z this says that X ->rfe Z
implies X ->rcu-link Z. In addition, when Y = X it says that X ->fr Z
and X ->co Z each imply X ->rcu-link Z.
"before": If E and F are RCU fence events (i.e., rcu_read_lock(),
rcu_read_unlock(), or synchronize_rcu()) then among other things,
E ->rcu-link F includes cases where E is po-before some memory-access
event X, F is po-after some memory-access event Y, and we have any of
X ->rfe Y, X ->co Y, or X ->fr Y.
The formal definition of the rcu-link relation is more than a little
obscure, and we won't give it here. It is closely related to the pb
......@@ -1516,171 +1519,173 @@ relation, and the details don't matter unless you want to comb through
a somewhat lengthy formal proof. Pretty much all you need to know
about rcu-link is the information in the preceding paragraph.
The LKMM also defines the gp and rscs relations. They bring grace
periods and read-side critical sections into the picture, in the
The LKMM also defines the rcu-gp and rcu-rscsi relations. They bring
grace periods and read-side critical sections into the picture, in the
following way:
E ->gp F means there is a synchronize_rcu() fence event S such
that E ->po S and either S ->po F or S = F. In simple terms,
there is a grace period po-between E and F.
E ->rcu-gp F means that E and F are in fact the same event,
and that event is a synchronize_rcu() fence (i.e., a grace
period).
E ->rscs F means there is a critical section delimited by an
rcu_read_lock() fence L and an rcu_read_unlock() fence U, such
that E ->po U and either L ->po F or L = F. You can think of
this as saying that E and F are in the same critical section
(in fact, it also allows E to be po-before the start of the
critical section and F to be po-after the end).
E ->rcu-rscsi F means that E and F are the rcu_read_unlock()
and rcu_read_lock() fence events delimiting some read-side
critical section. (The 'i' at the end of the name emphasizes
that this relation is "inverted": It links the end of the
critical section to the start.)
If we think of the rcu-link relation as standing for an extended
"before", then X ->gp Y ->rcu-link Z says that X executes before a
grace period which ends before Z executes. (In fact it covers more
than this, because it also includes cases where X executes before a
grace period and some store propagates to Z's CPU before Z executes
but doesn't propagate to some other CPU until after the grace period
ends.) Similarly, X ->rscs Y ->rcu-link Z says that X is part of (or
before the start of) a critical section which starts before Z
executes.
The LKMM goes on to define the rcu-fence relation as a sequence of gp
and rscs links separated by rcu-link links, in which the number of gp
links is >= the number of rscs links. For example:
"before", then X ->rcu-gp Y ->rcu-link Z roughly says that X is a
grace period which ends before Z begins. (In fact it covers more than
this, because it also includes cases where some store propagates to
Z's CPU before Z begins but doesn't propagate to some other CPU until
after X ends.) Similarly, X ->rcu-rscsi Y ->rcu-link Z says that X is
the end of a critical section which starts before Z begins.
The LKMM goes on to define the rcu-fence relation as a sequence of
rcu-gp and rcu-rscsi links separated by rcu-link links, in which the
number of rcu-gp links is >= the number of rcu-rscsi links. For
example:
X ->gp Y ->rcu-link Z ->rscs T ->rcu-link U ->gp V
X ->rcu-gp Y ->rcu-link Z ->rcu-rscsi T ->rcu-link U ->rcu-gp V
would imply that X ->rcu-fence V, because this sequence contains two
gp links and only one rscs link. (It also implies that X ->rcu-fence T
and Z ->rcu-fence V.) On the other hand:
rcu-gp links and one rcu-rscsi link. (It also implies that
X ->rcu-fence T and Z ->rcu-fence V.) On the other hand:
X ->rscs Y ->rcu-link Z ->rscs T ->rcu-link U ->gp V
X ->rcu-rscsi Y ->rcu-link Z ->rcu-rscsi T ->rcu-link U ->rcu-gp V
does not imply X ->rcu-fence V, because the sequence contains only
one gp link but two rscs links.
one rcu-gp link but two rcu-rscsi links.
The rcu-fence relation is important because the Grace Period Guarantee
means that rcu-fence acts kind of like a strong fence. In particular,
if W is a write and we have W ->rcu-fence Z, the Guarantee says that W
will propagate to every CPU before Z executes.
E ->rcu-fence F implies not only that E begins before F ends, but also
that any write po-before E will propagate to every CPU before any
instruction po-after F can execute. (However, it does not imply that
E must execute before F; in fact, each synchronize_rcu() fence event
is linked to itself by rcu-fence as a degenerate case.)
To prove this in full generality requires some intellectual effort.
We'll consider just a very simple case:
W ->gp X ->rcu-link Y ->rscs Z.
G ->rcu-gp W ->rcu-link Z ->rcu-rscsi F.
This formula means that there is a grace period G and a critical
section C such that:
This formula means that G and W are the same event (a grace period),
and there are events X, Y and a read-side critical section C such that:
1. W is po-before G;
1. G = W is po-before or equal to X;
2. X is equal to or po-after G;
2. X comes "before" Y in some sense (including rfe, co and fr);
3. X comes "before" Y in some sense;
2. Y is po-before Z;
4. Y is po-before the end of C;
4. Z is the rcu_read_unlock() event marking the end of C;
5. Z is equal to or po-after the start of C.
5. F is the rcu_read_lock() event marking the start of C.
From 2 - 4 we deduce that the grace period G ends before the critical
section C. Then the second part of the Grace Period Guarantee says
not only that G starts before C does, but also that W (which executes
on G's CPU before G starts) must propagate to every CPU before C
starts. In particular, W propagates to every CPU before Z executes
(or finishes executing, in the case where Z is equal to the
rcu_read_lock() fence event which starts C.) This sort of reasoning
can be expanded to handle all the situations covered by rcu-fence.
From 1 - 4 we deduce that the grace period G ends before the critical
section C. Then part (2) of the Grace Period Guarantee says not only
that G starts before C does, but also that any write which executes on
G's CPU before G starts must propagate to every CPU before C starts.
In particular, the write propagates to every CPU before F finishes
executing and hence before any instruction po-after F can execute.
This sort of reasoning can be extended to handle all the situations
covered by rcu-fence.
Finally, the LKMM defines the RCU-before (rb) relation in terms of
rcu-fence. This is done in essentially the same way as the pb
relation was defined in terms of strong-fence. We will omit the
details; the end result is that E ->rb F implies E must execute before
F, just as E ->pb F does (and for much the same reasons).
details; the end result is that E ->rb F implies E must execute
before F, just as E ->pb F does (and for much the same reasons).
Putting this all together, the LKMM expresses the Grace Period
Guarantee by requiring that the rb relation does not contain a cycle.
Equivalently, this "rcu" axiom requires that there are no events E and
F with E ->rcu-link F ->rcu-fence E. Or to put it a third way, the
axiom requires that there are no cycles consisting of gp and rscs
alternating with rcu-link, where the number of gp links is >= the
number of rscs links.
Equivalently, this "rcu" axiom requires that there are no events E
and F with E ->rcu-link F ->rcu-fence E. Or to put it a third way,
the axiom requires that there are no cycles consisting of rcu-gp and
rcu-rscsi alternating with rcu-link, where the number of rcu-gp links
is >= the number of rcu-rscsi links.
Justifying the axiom isn't easy, but it is in fact a valid
formalization of the Grace Period Guarantee. We won't attempt to go
through the detailed argument, but the following analysis gives a
taste of what is involved. Suppose we have a violation of the first
part of the Guarantee: A critical section starts before a grace
period, and some store propagates to the critical section's CPU before
the end of the critical section but doesn't propagate to some other
CPU until after the end of the grace period.
taste of what is involved. Suppose both parts of the Guarantee are
violated: A critical section starts before a grace period, and some
store propagates to the critical section's CPU before the end of the
critical section but doesn't propagate to some other CPU until after
the end of the grace period.
Putting symbols to these ideas, let L and U be the rcu_read_lock() and
rcu_read_unlock() fence events delimiting the critical section in
question, and let S be the synchronize_rcu() fence event for the grace
period. Saying that the critical section starts before S means there
are events E and F where E is po-after L (which marks the start of the
critical section), E is "before" F in the sense of the rcu-link
relation, and F is po-before the grace period S:
are events Q and R where Q is po-after L (which marks the start of the
critical section), Q is "before" R in the sense used by the rcu-link
relation, and R is po-before the grace period S. Thus we have:
L ->po E ->rcu-link F ->po S.
L ->rcu-link S.
Let W be the store mentioned above, let Z come before the end of the
Let W be the store mentioned above, let Y come before the end of the
critical section and witness that W propagates to the critical
section's CPU by reading from W, and let Y on some arbitrary CPU be a
witness that W has not propagated to that CPU, where Y happens after
section's CPU by reading from W, and let Z on some arbitrary CPU be a
witness that W has not propagated to that CPU, where Z happens after
some event X which is po-after S. Symbolically, this amounts to:
S ->po X ->hb* Y ->fr W ->rf Z ->po U.
S ->po X ->hb* Z ->fr W ->rf Y ->po U.
The fr link from Y to W indicates that W has not propagated to Y's CPU
at the time that Y executes. From this, it can be shown (see the
discussion of the rcu-link relation earlier) that X and Z are related
by rcu-link, yielding:
The fr link from Z to W indicates that W has not propagated to Z's CPU
at the time that Z executes. From this, it can be shown (see the
discussion of the rcu-link relation earlier) that S and U are related
by rcu-link:
S ->po X ->rcu-link Z ->po U.
S ->rcu-link U.
The formulas say that S is po-between F and X, hence F ->gp X. They
also say that Z comes before the end of the critical section and E
comes after its start, hence Z ->rscs E. From all this we obtain:
Since S is a grace period we have S ->rcu-gp S, and since L and U are
the start and end of the critical section C we have U ->rcu-rscsi L.
From this we obtain:
F ->gp X ->rcu-link Z ->rscs E ->rcu-link F,
S ->rcu-gp S ->rcu-link U ->rcu-rscsi L ->rcu-link S,
a forbidden cycle. Thus the "rcu" axiom rules out this violation of
the Grace Period Guarantee.
For something a little more down-to-earth, let's see how the axiom
works out in practice. Consider the RCU code example from above, this
time with statement labels added to the memory access instructions:
time with statement labels added:
int x, y;
P0()
{
rcu_read_lock();
W: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
X: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
rcu_read_unlock();
L: rcu_read_lock();
X: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
Y: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
U: rcu_read_unlock();
}
P1()
{
int r1, r2;
Y: r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
synchronize_rcu();
Z: r2 = READ_ONCE(y);
Z: r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
S: synchronize_rcu();
W: r2 = READ_ONCE(y);
}
If r2 = 0 at the end then P0's store at X overwrites the value that
P1's load at Z reads from, so we have Z ->fre X and thus Z ->rcu-link X.
In addition, there is a synchronize_rcu() between Y and Z, so therefore
we have Y ->gp Z.
If r2 = 0 at the end then P0's store at Y overwrites the value that
P1's load at W reads from, so we have W ->fre Y. Since S ->po W and
also Y ->po U, we get S ->rcu-link U. In addition, S ->rcu-gp S
because S is a grace period.
If r1 = 1 at the end then P1's load at Y reads from P0's store at W,
so we have W ->rcu-link Y. In addition, W and X are in the same critical
section, so therefore we have X ->rscs W.
If r1 = 1 at the end then P1's load at Z reads from P0's store at X,
so we have X ->rfe Z. Together with L ->po X and Z ->po S, this
yields L ->rcu-link S. And since L and U are the start and end of a
critical section, we have U ->rcu-rscsi L.
Then X ->rscs W ->rcu-link Y ->gp Z ->rcu-link X is a forbidden cycle,
violating the "rcu" axiom. Hence the outcome is not allowed by the
LKMM, as we would expect.
Then U ->rcu-rscsi L ->rcu-link S ->rcu-gp S ->rcu-link U is a
forbidden cycle, violating the "rcu" axiom. Hence the outcome is not
allowed by the LKMM, as we would expect.
For contrast, let's see what can happen in a more complicated example:
......@@ -1690,51 +1695,52 @@ For contrast, let's see what can happen in a more complicated example:
{
int r0;
rcu_read_lock();
W: r0 = READ_ONCE(x);
X: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
rcu_read_unlock();
L0: rcu_read_lock();
r0 = READ_ONCE(x);
WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
U0: rcu_read_unlock();
}
P1()
{
int r1;
Y: r1 = READ_ONCE(y);
synchronize_rcu();
Z: WRITE_ONCE(z, 1);
r1 = READ_ONCE(y);
S1: synchronize_rcu();
WRITE_ONCE(z, 1);
}
P2()
{
int r2;
rcu_read_lock();
U: r2 = READ_ONCE(z);
V: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
rcu_read_unlock();
L2: rcu_read_lock();
r2 = READ_ONCE(z);
WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
U2: rcu_read_unlock();
}
If r0 = r1 = r2 = 1 at the end, then similar reasoning to before shows
that W ->rscs X ->rcu-link Y ->gp Z ->rcu-link U ->rscs V ->rcu-link W.
However this cycle is not forbidden, because the sequence of relations
contains fewer instances of gp (one) than of rscs (two). Consequently
the outcome is allowed by the LKMM. The following instruction timing
diagram shows how it might actually occur:
that U0 ->rcu-rscsi L0 ->rcu-link S1 ->rcu-gp S1 ->rcu-link U2 ->rcu-rscsi
L2 ->rcu-link U0. However this cycle is not forbidden, because the
sequence of relations contains fewer instances of rcu-gp (one) than of
rcu-rscsi (two). Consequently the outcome is allowed by the LKMM.
The following instruction timing diagram shows how it might actually
occur:
P0 P1 P2
-------------------- -------------------- --------------------
rcu_read_lock()
X: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1)
Y: r1 = READ_ONCE(y)
WRITE_ONCE(y, 1)
r1 = READ_ONCE(y)
synchronize_rcu() starts
. rcu_read_lock()
. V: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1)
W: r0 = READ_ONCE(x) .
. WRITE_ONCE(x, 1)
r0 = READ_ONCE(x) .
rcu_read_unlock() .
synchronize_rcu() ends
Z: WRITE_ONCE(z, 1)
U: r2 = READ_ONCE(z)
WRITE_ONCE(z, 1)
r2 = READ_ONCE(z)
rcu_read_unlock()
This requires P0 and P2 to execute their loads and stores out of
......@@ -1744,6 +1750,15 @@ section in P0 both starts before P1's grace period does and ends
before it does, and the critical section in P2 both starts after P1's
grace period does and ends after it does.
Addendum: The LKMM now supports SRCU (Sleepable Read-Copy-Update) in
addition to normal RCU. The ideas involved are much the same as
above, with new relations srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi added to represent
SRCU grace periods and read-side critical sections. There is a
restriction on the srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi links that can appear in an
rcu-fence sequence (the srcu-rscsi links must be paired with srcu-gp
links having the same SRCU domain with proper nesting); the details
are relatively unimportant.
LOCKING
-------
......
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