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docs: filesystems: convert proc.txt to ReST 

This document has a nice format! Unfortunately, not exactly
ReST. So, several adjustments were required:

- Add a SPDX header;
- Adjust document and section titles;
- Whitespace fixes and new line breaks;
- Mark literal blocks as such;
- Add table markups;
- Add table captions;
- Add it to filesystems/index.rst.
Signed-off-by: default avatarMauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+huawei@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1d113d860188de416ca3b0b97371dc2195433d5b.1581955849.git.mchehab+huawei@kernel.orgSigned-off-by: default avatarJonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
parent 18ccb223
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Documentation/filesystems/index.rst
View file @ c33e97ef
......@@ -81,5 +81,6 @@ Documentation for filesystem implementations.
omfs
orangefs
overlayfs
proc
virtiofs
vfat
Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt → Documentation/filesystems/proc.rst
View file @ c33e97ef
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
T H E /proc F I L E S Y S T E M
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net> October 7 1999
Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
====================
The /proc Filesystem
====================
===================== ======================================= ================
/proc/sys Terrehon Bowden <terrehon@pacbell.net>, October 7 1999
Bodo Bauer <bb@ricochet.net>
2.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
move /proc/sys Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com> April 1 2009
fixes/update part 1.1 Stefani Seibold <stefani@seibold.net> June 9 2009
===================== ======================================= ================
2.4.x update Jorge Nerin <comandante@zaralinux.com> November 14 2000
move /proc/sys Shen Feng <shen@cn.fujitsu.com> April 1 2009
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Version 1.3 Kernel version 2.2.12
Kernel version 2.4.0-test11-pre4
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fixes/update part 1.1 Stefani Seibold <stefani@seibold.net> June 9 2009
Table of Contents
-----------------
.. Table of Contents
0 Preface
0.1 Introduction/Credits
......@@ -50,9 +51,8 @@ Table of Contents
4 Configuring procfs
4.1 Mount options
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preface
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
=======
0.1 Introduction/Credits
------------------------
......@@ -95,20 +95,18 @@ We don't guarantee the correctness of this document, and if you come to us
complaining about how you screwed up your system because of incorrect
documentation, we won't feel responsible...
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 1: COLLECTING SYSTEM INFORMATION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 1: Collecting System Information
========================================
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In This Chapter
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
* Investigating the properties of the pseudo file system /proc and its
ability to provide information on the running Linux system
* Examining /proc's structure
* Uncovering various information about the kernel and the processes running
on the system
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The proc file system acts as an interface to internal data structures in the
kernel. It can be used to obtain information about the system and to change
......@@ -134,9 +132,11 @@ never act on any new process that the kernel may, through chance, have
also assigned the process ID <pid>. Instead, operations on these FDs
usually fail with ESRCH.
Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
..............................................................................
.. table:: Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
============= ===============================================================
File Content
============= ===============================================================
clear_refs Clears page referenced bits shown in smaps output
cmdline Command line arguments
cpu Current and last cpu in which it was executed (2.4)(smp)
......@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc
can be derived from smaps, but is faster and more convenient
numa_maps An extension based on maps, showing the memory locality and
binding policy as well as mem usage (in pages) of each mapping.
..............................................................................
============= ===============================================================
For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is
read the file /proc/PID/status:
read the file /proc/PID/status::
>cat /proc/self/status
Name: cat
......@@ -222,14 +222,17 @@ contains details information about the process itself. Its fields are
explained in Table 1-4.
(for SMP CONFIG users)
For making accounting scalable, RSS related information are handled in an
asynchronous manner and the value may not be very precise. To see a precise
snapshot of a moment, you can see /proc/<pid>/smaps file and scan page table.
It's slow but very precise.
Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 4.19)
..............................................................................
.. table:: Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 4.19)
========================== ===================================================
Field Content
========================== ===================================================
Name filename of the executable
Umask file mode creation mask
State state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping
......@@ -254,7 +257,8 @@ Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 4.19)
VmPin pinned memory size
VmHWM peak resident set size ("high water mark")
VmRSS size of memory portions. It contains the three
following parts (VmRSS = RssAnon + RssFile + RssShmem)
following parts
(VmRSS = RssAnon + RssFile + RssShmem)
RssAnon size of resident anonymous memory
RssFile size of resident file mappings
RssShmem size of resident shmem memory (includes SysV shm,
......@@ -292,27 +296,32 @@ Table 1-2: Contents of the status files (as of 4.19)
Mems_allowed_list Same as previous, but in "list format"
voluntary_ctxt_switches number of voluntary context switches
nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches number of non voluntary context switches
..............................................................................
========================== ===================================================
Table 1-3: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
..............................................................................
.. table:: Table 1-3: Contents of the statm files (as of 2.6.8-rc3)
======== =============================== ==============================
Field Content
======== =============================== ==============================
size total program size (pages) (same as VmSize in status)
resident size of memory portions (pages) (same as VmRSS in status)
shared number of pages that are shared (i.e. backed by a file, same
as RssFile+RssShmem in status)
trs number of pages that are 'code' (not including libs; broken,
includes data segment)
includes data segment)
lrs number of pages of library (always 0 on 2.6)
drs number of pages of data/stack (including libs; broken,
includes library text)
includes library text)
dt number of dirty pages (always 0 on 2.6)
..............................................................................
======== =============================== ==============================
.. table:: Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
..............................................................................
Field Content
============= ===============================================================
Field Content
============= ===============================================================
pid process id
tcomm filename of the executable
state state (R is running, S is sleeping, D is sleeping in an
......@@ -348,7 +357,8 @@ Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
blocked bitmap of blocked signals
sigign bitmap of ignored signals
sigcatch bitmap of caught signals
0 (place holder, used to be the wchan address, use /proc/PID/wchan instead)
0 (place holder, used to be the wchan address,
use /proc/PID/wchan instead)
0 (place holder)
0 (place holder)
exit_signal signal to send to parent thread on exit
......@@ -365,39 +375,40 @@ Table 1-4: Contents of the stat files (as of 2.6.30-rc7)
arg_end address below which program command line is placed
env_start address above which program environment is placed
env_end address below which program environment is placed
exit_code the thread's exit_code in the form reported by the waitpid system call
..............................................................................
exit_code the thread's exit_code in the form reported by the waitpid
system call
============= ===============================================================
The /proc/PID/maps file contains the currently mapped memory regions and
their access permissions.
The format is:
address perms offset dev inode pathname
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
08049000-0804a000 rw-p 00001000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
0804a000-0806b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
a7cb1000-a7cb2000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
a7cb2000-a7eb2000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a7eb2000-a7eb3000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
a7eb3000-a7ed5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a7ed5000-a8008000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
a8008000-a800a000 r--p 00133000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
a800a000-a800b000 rw-p 00135000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
a800b000-a800e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a800e000-a8022000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
a8022000-a8023000 r--p 00013000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
a8023000-a8024000 rw-p 00014000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
a8024000-a8027000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a8027000-a8043000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
a8043000-a8044000 r--p 0001b000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
a8044000-a8045000 rw-p 0001c000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
aff35000-aff4a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
ffffe000-fffff000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
The format is::
address perms offset dev inode pathname
08048000-08049000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
08049000-0804a000 rw-p 00001000 03:00 8312 /opt/test
0804a000-0806b000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
a7cb1000-a7cb2000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
a7cb2000-a7eb2000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a7eb2000-a7eb3000 ---p 00000000 00:00 0
a7eb3000-a7ed5000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a7ed5000-a8008000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
a8008000-a800a000 r--p 00133000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
a800a000-a800b000 rw-p 00135000 03:00 4222 /lib/libc.so.6
a800b000-a800e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a800e000-a8022000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
a8022000-a8023000 r--p 00013000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
a8023000-a8024000 rw-p 00014000 03:00 14462 /lib/libpthread.so.0
a8024000-a8027000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
a8027000-a8043000 r-xp 00000000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
a8043000-a8044000 r--p 0001b000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
a8044000-a8045000 rw-p 0001c000 03:00 8317 /lib/ld-linux.so.2
aff35000-aff4a000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
ffffe000-fffff000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
where "address" is the address space in the process that it occupies, "perms"
is a set of permissions:
is a set of permissions::
r = read
w = write
......@@ -411,42 +422,44 @@ with the memory region, as the case would be with BSS (uninitialized data).
The "pathname" shows the name associated file for this mapping. If the mapping
is not associated with a file:
[heap] = the heap of the program
[stack] = the stack of the main process
[vdso] = the "virtual dynamic shared object",
======= ====================================
[heap] the heap of the program
[stack] the stack of the main process
[vdso] the "virtual dynamic shared object",
the kernel system call handler
======= ====================================
or if empty, the mapping is anonymous.
The /proc/PID/smaps is an extension based on maps, showing the memory
consumption for each of the process's mappings. For each mapping (aka Virtual
Memory Area, or VMA) there is a series of lines such as the following:
08048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130 /bin/bash
Size: 1084 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
Rss: 892 kB
Pss: 374 kB
Shared_Clean: 892 kB
Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
Private_Clean: 0 kB
Private_Dirty: 0 kB
Referenced: 892 kB
Anonymous: 0 kB
LazyFree: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
Shared_Hugetlb: 0 kB
Private_Hugetlb: 0 kB
Swap: 0 kB
SwapPss: 0 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
Locked: 0 kB
THPeligible: 0
VmFlags: rd ex mr mw me dw
Memory Area, or VMA) there is a series of lines such as the following::
08048000-080bc000 r-xp 00000000 03:02 13130 /bin/bash
Size: 1084 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
Rss: 892 kB
Pss: 374 kB
Shared_Clean: 892 kB
Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
Private_Clean: 0 kB
Private_Dirty: 0 kB
Referenced: 892 kB
Anonymous: 0 kB
LazyFree: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
Shared_Hugetlb: 0 kB
Private_Hugetlb: 0 kB
Swap: 0 kB
SwapPss: 0 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
Locked: 0 kB
THPeligible: 0
VmFlags: rd ex mr mw me dw
The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed for the
mapping in /proc/PID/maps. Following lines show the size of the mapping
......@@ -461,26 +474,35 @@ The "proportional set size" (PSS) of a process is the count of pages it has
in memory, where each page is divided by the number of processes sharing it.
So if a process has 1000 pages all to itself, and 1000 shared with one other
process, its PSS will be 1500.
Note that even a page which is part of a MAP_SHARED mapping, but has only
a single pte mapped, i.e. is currently used by only one process, is accounted
as private and not as shared.
"Referenced" indicates the amount of memory currently marked as referenced or
accessed.
"Anonymous" shows the amount of memory that does not belong to any file. Even
a mapping associated with a file may contain anonymous pages: when MAP_PRIVATE
and a page is modified, the file page is replaced by a private anonymous copy.
"LazyFree" shows the amount of memory which is marked by madvise(MADV_FREE).
The memory isn't freed immediately with madvise(). It's freed in memory
pressure if the memory is clean. Please note that the printed value might
be lower than the real value due to optimizations used in the current
implementation. If this is not desirable please file a bug report.
"AnonHugePages" shows the ammount of memory backed by transparent hugepage.
"ShmemPmdMapped" shows the ammount of shared (shmem/tmpfs) memory backed by
huge pages.
"Shared_Hugetlb" and "Private_Hugetlb" show the ammounts of memory backed by
hugetlbfs page which is *not* counted in "RSS" or "PSS" field for historical
reasons. And these are not included in {Shared,Private}_{Clean,Dirty} field.
"Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is also used, but out on swap.
For shmem mappings, "Swap" includes also the size of the mapped (and not
replaced by copy-on-write) part of the underlying shmem object out on swap.
"SwapPss" shows proportional swap share of this mapping. Unlike "Swap", this
......@@ -489,36 +511,39 @@ does not take into account swapped out page of underlying shmem objects.
"THPeligible" indicates whether the mapping is eligible for allocating THP
pages - 1 if true, 0 otherwise. It just shows the current status.
"VmFlags" field deserves a separate description. This member represents the kernel
flags associated with the particular virtual memory area in two letter encoded
manner. The codes are the following:
rd - readable
wr - writeable
ex - executable
sh - shared
mr - may read
mw - may write
me - may execute
ms - may share
gd - stack segment growns down
pf - pure PFN range
dw - disabled write to the mapped file
lo - pages are locked in memory
io - memory mapped I/O area
sr - sequential read advise provided
rr - random read advise provided
dc - do not copy area on fork
de - do not expand area on remapping
ac - area is accountable
nr - swap space is not reserved for the area
ht - area uses huge tlb pages
ar - architecture specific flag
dd - do not include area into core dump
sd - soft-dirty flag
mm - mixed map area
hg - huge page advise flag
nh - no-huge page advise flag
mg - mergable advise flag
"VmFlags" field deserves a separate description. This member represents the
kernel flags associated with the particular virtual memory area in two letter
encoded manner. The codes are the following:
== =======================================
rd readable
wr writeable
ex executable
sh shared
mr may read
mw may write
me may execute
ms may share
gd stack segment growns down
pf pure PFN range
dw disabled write to the mapped file
lo pages are locked in memory
io memory mapped I/O area
sr sequential read advise provided
rr random read advise provided
dc do not copy area on fork
de do not expand area on remapping
ac area is accountable
nr swap space is not reserved for the area
ht area uses huge tlb pages
ar architecture specific flag
dd do not include area into core dump
sd soft dirty flag
mm mixed map area
hg huge page advise flag
nh no huge page advise flag
mg mergable advise flag
== =======================================
Note that there is no guarantee that every flag and associated mnemonic will
be present in all further kernel releases. Things get changed, the flags may
......@@ -531,6 +556,7 @@ enabled.
Note: reading /proc/PID/maps or /proc/PID/smaps is inherently racy (consistent
output can be achieved only in the single read call).
This typically manifests when doing partial reads of these files while the
memory map is being modified. Despite the races, we do provide the following
guarantees:
......@@ -544,9 +570,9 @@ The /proc/PID/smaps_rollup file includes the same fields as /proc/PID/smaps,
but their values are the sums of the corresponding values for all mappings of
the process. Additionally, it contains these fields:
Pss_Anon
Pss_File
Pss_Shmem
- Pss_Anon
- Pss_File
- Pss_Shmem
They represent the proportional shares of anonymous, file, and shmem pages, as
described for smaps above. These fields are omitted in smaps since each
......@@ -558,20 +584,25 @@ The /proc/PID/clear_refs is used to reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG
bits on both physical and virtual pages associated with a process, and the
soft-dirty bit on pte (see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/soft-dirty.rst
for details).
To clear the bits for all the pages associated with the process
To clear the bits for all the pages associated with the process::
> echo 1 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
To clear the bits for the anonymous pages associated with the process
To clear the bits for the anonymous pages associated with the process::
> echo 2 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
To clear the bits for the file mapped pages associated with the process
To clear the bits for the file mapped pages associated with the process::
> echo 3 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
To clear the soft-dirty bit
To clear the soft-dirty bit::
> echo 4 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
To reset the peak resident set size ("high water mark") to the process's
current value:
current value::
> echo 5 > /proc/PID/clear_refs
Any other value written to /proc/PID/clear_refs will have no effect.
......@@ -584,30 +615,33 @@ Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst.
The /proc/pid/numa_maps is an extension based on maps, showing the memory
locality and binding policy, as well as the memory usage (in pages) of
each mapping. The output follows a general format where mapping details get
summarized separated by blank spaces, one mapping per each file line:
address policy mapping details
00400000 default file=/usr/local/bin/app mapped=1 active=0 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
00600000 default file=/usr/local/bin/app anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206000000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so mapped=26 mapmax=6 N0=24 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
320621f000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206220000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206221000 default anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206800000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so mapped=59 mapmax=21 active=55 N0=41 N3=18 kernelpagesize_kB=4
320698b000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so
3206b8a000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so anon=2 dirty=2 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206b8e000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206b8f000 default anon=3 dirty=3 active=1 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7f4dc10a2000 default anon=3 dirty=3 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7f4dc10b4000 default anon=2 dirty=2 active=1 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7f4dc1200000 default file=/anon_hugepage\040(deleted) huge anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=2048
7fff335f0000 default stack anon=3 dirty=3 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7fff3369d000 default mapped=1 mapmax=35 active=0 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
summarized separated by blank spaces, one mapping per each file line::
address policy mapping details
00400000 default file=/usr/local/bin/app mapped=1 active=0 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
00600000 default file=/usr/local/bin/app anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206000000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so mapped=26 mapmax=6 N0=24 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
320621f000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206220000 default file=/lib64/ld-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206221000 default anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206800000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so mapped=59 mapmax=21 active=55 N0=41 N3=18 kernelpagesize_kB=4
320698b000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so
3206b8a000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so anon=2 dirty=2 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206b8e000 default file=/lib64/libc-2.12.so anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
3206b8f000 default anon=3 dirty=3 active=1 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7f4dc10a2000 default anon=3 dirty=3 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7f4dc10b4000 default anon=2 dirty=2 active=1 N3=2 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7f4dc1200000 default file=/anon_hugepage\040(deleted) huge anon=1 dirty=1 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=2048
7fff335f0000 default stack anon=3 dirty=3 N3=3 kernelpagesize_kB=4
7fff3369d000 default mapped=1 mapmax=35 active=0 N3=1 kernelpagesize_kB=4
Where:
"address" is the starting address for the mapping;
"policy" reports the NUMA memory policy set for the mapping (see Documentation/admin-guide/mm/numa_memory_policy.rst);
"mapping details" summarizes mapping data such as mapping type, page usage counters,
node locality page counters (N0 == node0, N1 == node1, ...) and the kernel page
size, in KB, that is backing the mapping up.
......@@ -621,81 +655,83 @@ the running kernel. The files used to obtain this information are contained in
system. It depends on the kernel configuration and the loaded modules, which
files are there, and which are missing.
Table 1-5: Kernel info in /proc
..............................................................................
File Content
apm Advanced power management info
buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
bus Directory containing bus specific information
cmdline Kernel command line
cpuinfo Info about the CPU
devices Available devices (block and character)
dma Used DMS channels
filesystems Supported filesystems
driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
interrupts Interrupt usage
iomem Memory map (2.4)
ioports I/O port usage
irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
kmsg Kernel messages
ksyms Kernel symbol table
loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
locks Kernel locks
meminfo Memory info
misc Miscellaneous
modules List of loaded modules
mounts Mounted filesystems
net Networking info (see text)
.. table:: Table 1-5: Kernel info in /proc
============ ===============================================================
File Content
============ ===============================================================
apm Advanced power management info
buddyinfo Kernel memory allocator information (see text) (2.5)
bus Directory containing bus specific information
cmdline Kernel command line
cpuinfo Info about the CPU
devices Available devices (block and character)
dma Used DMS channels
filesystems Supported filesystems
driver Various drivers grouped here, currently rtc (2.4)
execdomains Execdomains, related to security (2.4)
fb Frame Buffer devices (2.4)
fs File system parameters, currently nfs/exports (2.4)
ide Directory containing info about the IDE subsystem
interrupts Interrupt usage
iomem Memory map (2.4)
ioports I/O port usage
irq Masks for irq to cpu affinity (2.4)(smp?)
isapnp ISA PnP (Plug&Play) Info (2.4)
kcore Kernel core image (can be ELF or A.OUT(deprecated in 2.4))
kmsg Kernel messages
ksyms Kernel symbol table
loadavg Load average of last 1, 5 & 15 minutes
locks Kernel locks
meminfo Memory info
misc Miscellaneous
modules List of loaded modules
mounts Mounted filesystems
net Networking info (see text)
pagetypeinfo Additional page allocator information (see text) (2.5)
partitions Table of partitions known to the system
pci Deprecated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
decoupled by lspci (2.4)
rtc Real time clock
scsi SCSI info (see text)
slabinfo Slab pool info
softirqs softirq usage
stat Overall statistics
swaps Swap space utilization
sys See chapter 2
sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
tty Info of tty drivers
uptime Wall clock since boot, combined idle time of all cpus
version Kernel version
video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
vmallocinfo Show vmalloced areas
..............................................................................
partitions Table of partitions known to the system
pci Deprecated info of PCI bus (new way -> /proc/bus/pci/,
decoupled by lspci (2.4)
rtc Real time clock
scsi SCSI info (see text)
slabinfo Slab pool info
softirqs softirq usage
stat Overall statistics
swaps Swap space utilization
sys See chapter 2
sysvipc Info of SysVIPC Resources (msg, sem, shm) (2.4)
tty Info of tty drivers
uptime Wall clock since boot, combined idle time of all cpus
version Kernel version
video bttv info of video resources (2.4)
vmallocinfo Show vmalloced areas
============ ===============================================================
You can, for example, check which interrupts are currently in use and what
they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts:
> cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0
0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
NMI: 0
they are used for by looking in the file /proc/interrupts::
> cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0
0: 8728810 XT-PIC timer
1: 895 XT-PIC keyboard
2: 0 XT-PIC cascade
3: 531695 XT-PIC aha152x
4: 2014133 XT-PIC serial
5: 44401 XT-PIC pcnet_cs
8: 2 XT-PIC rtc
11: 8 XT-PIC i82365
12: 182918 XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
13: 1 XT-PIC fpu
14: 1232265 XT-PIC ide0
15: 7 XT-PIC ide1
NMI: 0
In 2.4.* a couple of lines where added to this file LOC & ERR (this time is the
output of a SMP machine):
output of a SMP machine)::
> cat /proc/interrupts
> cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0 CPU1
CPU0 CPU1
0: 1243498 1214548 IO-APIC-edge timer
1: 8949 8958 IO-APIC-edge keyboard
2: 0 0 XT-PIC cascade
......@@ -708,8 +744,8 @@ output of a SMP machine):
15: 2183 2415 IO-APIC-edge ide1
17: 30564 30414 IO-APIC-level eth0
18: 177 164 IO-APIC-level bttv
NMI: 2457961 2457959
LOC: 2457882 2457881
NMI: 2457961 2457959
LOC: 2457882 2457881
ERR: 2155
NMI is incremented in this case because every timer interrupt generates a NMI
......@@ -726,21 +762,25 @@ In 2.6.2* /proc/interrupts was expanded again. This time the goal was for
/proc/interrupts to display every IRQ vector in use by the system, not
just those considered 'most important'. The new vectors are:
THR -- interrupt raised when a machine check threshold counter
THR
interrupt raised when a machine check threshold counter
(typically counting ECC corrected errors of memory or cache) exceeds
a configurable threshold. Only available on some systems.
TRM -- a thermal event interrupt occurs when a temperature threshold
TRM
a thermal event interrupt occurs when a temperature threshold
has been exceeded for the CPU. This interrupt may also be generated
when the temperature drops back to normal.
SPU -- a spurious interrupt is some interrupt that was raised then lowered
SPU
a spurious interrupt is some interrupt that was raised then lowered
by some IO device before it could be fully processed by the APIC. Hence
the APIC sees the interrupt but does not know what device it came from.
For this case the APIC will generate the interrupt with a IRQ vector
of 0xff. This might also be generated by chipset bugs.
RES, CAL, TLB -- rescheduling, call and TLB flush interrupts are
RES, CAL, TLB]
rescheduling, call and TLB flush interrupts are
sent from one CPU to another per the needs of the OS. Typically,
their statistics are used by kernel developers and interested users to
determine the occurrence of interrupts of the given type.
......@@ -756,7 +796,8 @@ IRQ to only one CPU, or to exclude a CPU of handling IRQs. The contents of the
irq subdir is one subdir for each IRQ, and two files; default_smp_affinity and
prof_cpu_mask.
For example
For example::
> ls /proc/irq/
0 10 12 14 16 18 2 4 6 8 prof_cpu_mask
1 11 13 15 17 19 3 5 7 9 default_smp_affinity
......@@ -764,20 +805,20 @@ For example
smp_affinity
smp_affinity is a bitmask, in which you can specify which CPUs can handle the
IRQ, you can set it by doing:
IRQ, you can set it by doing::
> echo 1 > /proc/irq/10/smp_affinity
This means that only the first CPU will handle the IRQ, but you can also echo
5 which means that only the first and third CPU can handle the IRQ.
The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default:
The contents of each smp_affinity file is the same by default::
> cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity
ffffffff
There is an alternate interface, smp_affinity_list which allows specifying
a cpu range instead of a bitmask:
a cpu range instead of a bitmask::
> cat /proc/irq/0/smp_affinity_list
1024-1031
......@@ -810,46 +851,46 @@ Linux uses slab pools for memory management above page level in version 2.2.
Commonly used objects have their own slab pool (such as network buffers,
directory cache, and so on).
..............................................................................
::
> cat /proc/buddyinfo
> cat /proc/buddyinfo
Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
Node 0, zone DMA 0 4 5 4 4 3 ...
Node 0, zone Normal 1 0 0 1 101 8 ...
Node 0, zone HighMem 2 0 0 1 1 0 ...
External fragmentation is a problem under some workloads, and buddyinfo is a
useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
useful tool for helping diagnose these problems. Buddyinfo will give you a
clue as to how big an area you can safely allocate, or why a previous
allocation failed.
Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
Each column represents the number of pages of a certain order which are
available. In this case, there are 0 chunks of 2^0*PAGE_SIZE available in
ZONE_DMA, 4 chunks of 2^1*PAGE_SIZE in ZONE_DMA, 101 chunks of 2^4*PAGE_SIZE
available in ZONE_NORMAL, etc...
More information relevant to external fragmentation can be found in
pagetypeinfo.
> cat /proc/pagetypeinfo
Page block order: 9
Pages per block: 512
Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 2
Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Unmovable 103 54 77 1 1 1 11 8 7 1 9
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reclaimable 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Movable 169 152 113 91 77 54 39 13 6 1 452
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reserve 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Isolate
Node 0, zone DMA 2 0 5 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA32 41 6 967 2 0
pagetypeinfo::
> cat /proc/pagetypeinfo
Page block order: 9
Pages per block: 512
Free pages count per migrate type at order 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Node 0, zone DMA, type Unmovable 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Reclaimable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Movable 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 0 1 0 2
Node 0, zone DMA, type Reserve 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Unmovable 103 54 77 1 1 1 11 8 7 1 9
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reclaimable 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Movable 169 152 113 91 77 54 39 13 6 1 452
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Reserve 1 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA32, type Isolate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of blocks type Unmovable Reclaimable Movable Reserve Isolate
Node 0, zone DMA 2 0 5 1 0
Node 0, zone DMA32 41 6 967 2 0
Fragmentation avoidance in the kernel works by grouping pages of different
migrate types into the same contiguous regions of memory called page blocks.
......@@ -870,59 +911,63 @@ unless memory has been mlock()'d. Some of the Reclaimable blocks should
also be allocatable although a lot of filesystem metadata may have to be
reclaimed to achieve this.
..............................................................................
meminfo:
meminfo
~~~~~~~
Provides information about distribution and utilization of memory. This
varies by architecture and compile options. The following is from a
16GB PIII, which has highmem enabled. You may not have all of these fields.
> cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 16344972 kB
MemFree: 13634064 kB
MemAvailable: 14836172 kB
Buffers: 3656 kB
Cached: 1195708 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 891636 kB
Inactive: 1077224 kB
HighTotal: 15597528 kB
HighFree: 13629632 kB
LowTotal: 747444 kB
LowFree: 4432 kB
SwapTotal: 0 kB
SwapFree: 0 kB
Dirty: 968 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 861800 kB
Mapped: 280372 kB
Shmem: 644 kB
KReclaimable: 168048 kB
Slab: 284364 kB
SReclaimable: 159856 kB
SUnreclaim: 124508 kB
PageTables: 24448 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
WritebackTmp: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
Committed_AS: 100056 kB
VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
VmallocUsed: 428 kB
VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
Percpu: 62080 kB
HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 49152 kB
ShmemHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
MemTotal: Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
::
> cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 16344972 kB
MemFree: 13634064 kB
MemAvailable: 14836172 kB
Buffers: 3656 kB
Cached: 1195708 kB
SwapCached: 0 kB
Active: 891636 kB
Inactive: 1077224 kB
HighTotal: 15597528 kB
HighFree: 13629632 kB
LowTotal: 747444 kB
LowFree: 4432 kB
SwapTotal: 0 kB
SwapFree: 0 kB
Dirty: 968 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 861800 kB
Mapped: 280372 kB
Shmem: 644 kB
KReclaimable: 168048 kB
Slab: 284364 kB
SReclaimable: 159856 kB
SUnreclaim: 124508 kB
PageTables: 24448 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
WritebackTmp: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 7669796 kB
Committed_AS: 100056 kB
VmallocTotal: 112216 kB
VmallocUsed: 428 kB
VmallocChunk: 111088 kB
Percpu: 62080 kB
HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 49152 kB
ShmemHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
MemTotal
Total usable ram (i.e. physical ram minus a few reserved
bits and the kernel binary code)
MemFree: The sum of LowFree+HighFree
MemAvailable: An estimate of how much memory is available for starting new
MemFree
The sum of LowFree+HighFree
MemAvailable
An estimate of how much memory is available for starting new
applications, without swapping. Calculated from MemFree,
SReclaimable, the size of the file LRU lists, and the low
watermarks in each zone.
......@@ -930,69 +975,99 @@ MemAvailable: An estimate of how much memory is available for starting new
page cache to function well, and that not all reclaimable
slab will be reclaimable, due to items being in use. The
impact of those factors will vary from system to system.
Buffers: Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
Buffers
Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
shouldn't get tremendously large (20MB or so)
Cached: in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
Cached
in-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
pagecache). Doesn't include SwapCached
SwapCached: Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
SwapCached
Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but
still also is in the swapfile (if memory is needed it
doesn't need to be swapped out AGAIN because it is already
in the swapfile. This saves I/O)
Active: Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
Active
Memory that has been used more recently and usually not
reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.
Inactive: Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
Inactive
Memory which has been less recently used. It is more
eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes
HighTotal:
HighFree: Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
HighTotal, HighFree
Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory
Highmem areas are for use by userspace programs, or
for the pagecache. The kernel must use tricks to access
this memory, making it slower to access than lowmem.
LowTotal:
LowFree: Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
LowTotal, LowFree
Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that
highmem can be used for, but it is also available for the
kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many
other things, it is where everything from the Slab is
allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
SwapTotal: total amount of swap space available
SwapFree: Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
SwapTotal
total amount of swap space available
SwapFree
Memory which has been evicted from RAM, and is temporarily
on the disk
Dirty: Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
Writeback: Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
AnonPages: Non-file backed pages mapped into userspace page tables
HardwareCorrupted: The amount of RAM/memory in KB, the kernel identifies as
Dirty
Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk
Writeback
Memory which is actively being written back to the disk
AnonPages
Non-file backed pages mapped into userspace page tables
HardwareCorrupted
The amount of RAM/memory in KB, the kernel identifies as
corrupted.
AnonHugePages: Non-file backed huge pages mapped into userspace page tables
Mapped: files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
Shmem: Total memory used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs
ShmemHugePages: Memory used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs allocated
AnonHugePages
Non-file backed huge pages mapped into userspace page tables
Mapped
files which have been mmaped, such as libraries
Shmem
Total memory used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs
ShmemHugePages
Memory used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs allocated
with huge pages
ShmemPmdMapped: Shared memory mapped into userspace with huge pages
KReclaimable: Kernel allocations that the kernel will attempt to reclaim
ShmemPmdMapped
Shared memory mapped into userspace with huge pages
KReclaimable
Kernel allocations that the kernel will attempt to reclaim
under memory pressure. Includes SReclaimable (below), and other
direct allocations with a shrinker.
Slab: in-kernel data structures cache
SReclaimable: Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches
SUnreclaim: Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure
PageTables: amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
Slab
in-kernel data structures cache
SReclaimable
Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches
SUnreclaim
Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure
PageTables
amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page
tables.
NFS_Unstable: NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable
NFS_Unstable
NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable
storage
Bounce: Memory used for block device "bounce buffers"
WritebackTmp: Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers
CommitLimit: Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
Bounce
Memory used for block device "bounce buffers"
WritebackTmp
Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers
CommitLimit
Based on the overcommit ratio ('vm.overcommit_ratio'),
this is the total amount of memory currently available to
be allocated on the system. This limit is only adhered to
if strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
'vm.overcommit_memory').
The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula:
CommitLimit = ([total RAM pages] - [total huge TLB pages]) *
overcommit_ratio / 100 + [total swap pages]
The CommitLimit is calculated with the following formula::
CommitLimit = ([total RAM pages] - [total huge TLB pages]) *
overcommit_ratio / 100 + [total swap pages]
For example, on a system with 1G of physical RAM and 7G
of swap with a `vm.overcommit_ratio` of 30 it would
yield a CommitLimit of 7.3G.
For more details, see the memory overcommit documentation
in vm/overcommit-accounting.
Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
Committed_AS
The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
The committed memory is a sum of all of the memory which
has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been
"used" by them as of yet. A process which malloc()'s 1G
......@@ -1005,21 +1080,25 @@ Committed_AS: The amount of memory presently allocated on the system.
This is useful if one needs to guarantee that processes will
not fail due to lack of memory once that memory has been
successfully allocated.
VmallocTotal: total size of vmalloc memory area
VmallocUsed: amount of vmalloc area which is used
VmallocChunk: largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free
Percpu: Memory allocated to the percpu allocator used to back percpu
VmallocTotal
total size of vmalloc memory area
VmallocUsed
amount of vmalloc area which is used
VmallocChunk
largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free
Percpu
Memory allocated to the percpu allocator used to back percpu
allocations. This stat excludes the cost of metadata.
..............................................................................
vmallocinfo:
vmallocinfo
~~~~~~~~~~~
Provides information about vmalloced/vmaped areas. One line per area,
containing the virtual address range of the area, size in bytes,
caller information of the creator, and optional information depending
on the kind of area :
========== ===================================================
pages=nr number of pages
phys=addr if a physical address was specified
ioremap I/O mapping (ioremap() and friends)
......@@ -1029,49 +1108,54 @@ on the kind of area :
vpages buffer for pages pointers was vmalloced (huge area)
N<node>=nr (Only on NUMA kernels)
Number of pages allocated on memory node <node>
> cat /proc/vmallocinfo
0xffffc20000000000-0xffffc20000201000 2101248 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
/0x2c0 pages=512 vmalloc N0=128 N1=128 N2=128 N3=128
0xffffc20000201000-0xffffc20000302000 1052672 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
/0x2c0 pages=256 vmalloc N0=64 N1=64 N2=64 N3=64
0xffffc20000302000-0xffffc20000304000 8192 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
phys=7fee8000 ioremap
0xffffc20000304000-0xffffc20000307000 12288 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
phys=7fee7000 ioremap
0xffffc2000031d000-0xffffc2000031f000 8192 init_vdso_vars+0x112/0x210
0xffffc2000031f000-0xffffc2000032b000 49152 cramfs_uncompress_init+0x2e ...
/0x80 pages=11 vmalloc N0=3 N1=3 N2=2 N3=3
0xffffc2000033a000-0xffffc2000033d000 12288 sys_swapon+0x640/0xac0 ...
pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
0xffffc20000347000-0xffffc2000034c000 20480 xt_alloc_table_info+0xfe ...
/0x130 [x_tables] pages=4 vmalloc N0=4
0xffffffffa0000000-0xffffffffa000f000 61440 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=14 vmalloc N2=14
0xffffffffa000f000-0xffffffffa0014000 20480 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=4 vmalloc N1=4
0xffffffffa0014000-0xffffffffa0017000 12288 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
0xffffffffa0017000-0xffffffffa0022000 45056 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=10 vmalloc N0=10
..............................................................................
softirqs:
========== ===================================================
::
> cat /proc/vmallocinfo
0xffffc20000000000-0xffffc20000201000 2101248 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
/0x2c0 pages=512 vmalloc N0=128 N1=128 N2=128 N3=128
0xffffc20000201000-0xffffc20000302000 1052672 alloc_large_system_hash+0x204 ...
/0x2c0 pages=256 vmalloc N0=64 N1=64 N2=64 N3=64
0xffffc20000302000-0xffffc20000304000 8192 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
phys=7fee8000 ioremap
0xffffc20000304000-0xffffc20000307000 12288 acpi_tb_verify_table+0x21/0x4f...
phys=7fee7000 ioremap
0xffffc2000031d000-0xffffc2000031f000 8192 init_vdso_vars+0x112/0x210
0xffffc2000031f000-0xffffc2000032b000 49152 cramfs_uncompress_init+0x2e ...
/0x80 pages=11 vmalloc N0=3 N1=3 N2=2 N3=3
0xffffc2000033a000-0xffffc2000033d000 12288 sys_swapon+0x640/0xac0 ...
pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
0xffffc20000347000-0xffffc2000034c000 20480 xt_alloc_table_info+0xfe ...
/0x130 [x_tables] pages=4 vmalloc N0=4
0xffffffffa0000000-0xffffffffa000f000 61440 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=14 vmalloc N2=14
0xffffffffa000f000-0xffffffffa0014000 20480 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=4 vmalloc N1=4
0xffffffffa0014000-0xffffffffa0017000 12288 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=2 vmalloc N1=2
0xffffffffa0017000-0xffffffffa0022000 45056 sys_init_module+0xc27/0x1d00 ...
pages=10 vmalloc N0=10
softirqs
~~~~~~~~
Provides counts of softirq handlers serviced since boot time, for each cpu.
> cat /proc/softirqs
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3
HI: 0 0 0 0
TIMER: 27166 27120 27097 27034
NET_TX: 0 0 0 17
NET_RX: 42 0 0 39
BLOCK: 0 0 107 1121
TASKLET: 0 0 0 290
SCHED: 27035 26983 26971 26746
HRTIMER: 0 0 0 0
RCU: 1678 1769 2178 2250
::
> cat /proc/softirqs
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3
HI: 0 0 0 0
TIMER: 27166 27120 27097 27034
NET_TX: 0 0 0 17
NET_RX: 42 0 0 39
BLOCK: 0 0 107 1121
TASKLET: 0 0 0 290
SCHED: 27035 26983 26971 26746
HRTIMER: 0 0 0 0
RCU: 1678 1769 2178 2250
1.3 IDE devices in /proc/ide
......@@ -1083,7 +1167,7 @@ file drivers and a link for each IDE device, pointing to the device directory
in the controller specific subtree.
The file drivers contains general information about the drivers used for the
IDE devices:
IDE devices::
> cat /proc/ide/drivers
ide-cdrom version 4.53
......@@ -1094,57 +1178,61 @@ subdirectories. These are named ide0, ide1 and so on. Each of these
directories contains the files shown in table 1-6.
Table 1-6: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
..............................................................................
File Content
channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
mate Mate name
model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
..............................................................................
.. table:: Table 1-6: IDE controller info in /proc/ide/ide?
======= =======================================
File Content
======= =======================================
channel IDE channel (0 or 1)
config Configuration (only for PCI/IDE bridge)
mate Mate name
model Type/Chipset of IDE controller
======= =======================================
Each device connected to a controller has a separate subdirectory in the
controllers directory. The files listed in table 1-7 are contained in these
directories.
Table 1-7: IDE device information
..............................................................................
File Content
cache The cache
capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
driver driver and version
geometry physical and logical geometry
identify device identify block
media media type
model device identifier
settings device setup
smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
smart_values IDE disk management values
..............................................................................
The most interesting file is settings. This file contains a nice overview of
the drive parameters:
# cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
name value min max mode
---- ----- --- --- ----
bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
bios_head 255 0 255 rw
bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
bswap 0 0 1 r
file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
multcount 0 0 8 rw
nice1 1 0 1 rw
nowerr 0 0 1 rw
pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
slow 0 0 1 rw
unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
using_dma 0 0 1 rw
.. table:: Table 1-7: IDE device information
================ ==========================================
File Content
================ ==========================================
cache The cache
capacity Capacity of the medium (in 512Byte blocks)
driver driver and version
geometry physical and logical geometry
identify device identify block
media media type
model device identifier
settings device setup
smart_thresholds IDE disk management thresholds
smart_values IDE disk management values
================ ==========================================
The most interesting file is ``settings``. This file contains a nice
overview of the drive parameters::
# cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/settings
name value min max mode
---- ----- --- --- ----
bios_cyl 526 0 65535 rw
bios_head 255 0 255 rw
bios_sect 63 0 63 rw
breada_readahead 4 0 127 rw
bswap 0 0 1 r
file_readahead 72 0 2097151 rw
io_32bit 0 0 3 rw
keepsettings 0 0 1 rw
max_kb_per_request 122 1 127 rw
multcount 0 0 8 rw
nice1 1 0 1 rw
nowerr 0 0 1 rw
pio_mode write-only 0 255 w
slow 0 0 1 rw
unmaskirq 0 0 1 rw
using_dma 0 0 1 rw
1.4 Networking info in /proc/net
......@@ -1155,67 +1243,70 @@ additional values you get for IP version 6 if you configure the kernel to
support this. Table 1-9 lists the files and their meaning.
Table 1-8: IPv6 info in /proc/net
..............................................................................
File Content
udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
..............................................................................
Table 1-9: Network info in /proc/net
..............................................................................
File Content
arp Kernel ARP table
dev network devices with statistics
.. table:: Table 1-8: IPv6 info in /proc/net
========== =====================================================
File Content
========== =====================================================
udp6 UDP sockets (IPv6)
tcp6 TCP sockets (IPv6)
raw6 Raw device statistics (IPv6)
igmp6 IP multicast addresses, which this host joined (IPv6)
if_inet6 List of IPv6 interface addresses
ipv6_route Kernel routing table for IPv6
rt6_stats Global IPv6 routing tables statistics
sockstat6 Socket statistics (IPv6)
snmp6 Snmp data (IPv6)
========== =====================================================
.. table:: Table 1-9: Network info in /proc/net
============= ================================================================
File Content
============= ================================================================
arp Kernel ARP table
dev network devices with statistics
dev_mcast the Layer2 multicast groups a device is listening too
(interface index, label, number of references, number of bound
addresses).
dev_stat network device status
ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
netstat Network statistics
raw raw device statistics
route Kernel routing table
rpc Directory containing rpc info
rt_cache Routing cache
snmp SNMP data
sockstat Socket statistics
tcp TCP sockets
udp UDP sockets
unix UNIX domain sockets
wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
..............................................................................
addresses).
dev_stat network device status
ip_fwchains Firewall chain linkage
ip_fwnames Firewall chain names
ip_masq Directory containing the masquerading tables
ip_masquerade Major masquerading table
netstat Network statistics
raw raw device statistics
route Kernel routing table
rpc Directory containing rpc info
rt_cache Routing cache
snmp SNMP data
sockstat Socket statistics
tcp TCP sockets
udp UDP sockets
unix UNIX domain sockets
wireless Wireless interface data (Wavelan etc)
igmp IP multicast addresses, which this host joined
psched Global packet scheduler parameters.
netlink List of PF_NETLINK sockets
ip_mr_vifs List of multicast virtual interfaces
ip_mr_cache List of multicast routing cache
============= ================================================================
You can use this information to see which network devices are available in
your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices:
> cat /proc/net/dev
Inter-|Receive |[...
face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
...] Transmit
...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
your system and how much traffic was routed over those devices::
> cat /proc/net/dev
Inter-|Receive |[...
face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|[...
lo: 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0 [...
ppp0:15475140 20721 410 0 0 410 0 0 [...
eth0: 614530 7085 0 0 0 0 0 1 [...
...] Transmit
...] bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
...] 908188 5596 0 0 0 0 0 0
...] 1375103 17405 0 0 0 0 0 0
...] 1703981 5535 0 0 0 3 0 0
In addition, each Channel Bond interface has its own directory. For
example, the bond0 device will have a directory called /proc/net/bond0/.
......@@ -1228,62 +1319,62 @@ many times the slaves link has failed.
If you have a SCSI host adapter in your system, you'll find a subdirectory
named after the driver for this adapter in /proc/scsi. You'll also see a list
of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi:
of all recognized SCSI devices in /proc/scsi::
>cat /proc/scsi/scsi
Attached devices:
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
>cat /proc/scsi/scsi
Attached devices:
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
Vendor: IBM Model: DGHS09U Rev: 03E0
Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 03
Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00
Vendor: PIONEER Model: CD-ROM DR-U06S Rev: 1.04
Type: CD-ROM ANSI SCSI revision: 02
The directory named after the driver has one file for each adapter found in
the system. These files contain information about the controller, including
the used IRQ and the IO address range. The amount of information shown is
dependent on the adapter you use. The example shows the output for an Adaptec
AHA-2940 SCSI adapter:
> cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
Compile Options:
TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
Adapter Configuration:
SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
Ultra Wide Controller
PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
IRQ: 10
SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
Interrupts: 160328
BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
Extended Translation: Enabled
Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
{255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
{1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
Statistics:
(scsi0:0:0:0)
Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
(scsi0:0:6:0)
Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
AHA-2940 SCSI adapter::
> cat /proc/scsi/aic7xxx/0
Adaptec AIC7xxx driver version: 5.1.19/3.2.4
Compile Options:
TCQ Enabled By Default : Disabled
AIC7XXX_PROC_STATS : Disabled
AIC7XXX_RESET_DELAY : 5
Adapter Configuration:
SCSI Adapter: Adaptec AHA-294X Ultra SCSI host adapter
Ultra Wide Controller
PCI MMAPed I/O Base: 0xeb001000
Adapter SEEPROM Config: SEEPROM found and used.
Adaptec SCSI BIOS: Enabled
IRQ: 10
SCBs: Active 0, Max Active 2,
Allocated 15, HW 16, Page 255
Interrupts: 160328
BIOS Control Word: 0x18b6
Adapter Control Word: 0x005b
Extended Translation: Enabled
Disconnect Enable Flags: 0xffff
Ultra Enable Flags: 0x0001
Tag Queue Enable Flags: 0x0000
Ordered Queue Tag Flags: 0x0000
Default Tag Queue Depth: 8
Tagged Queue By Device array for aic7xxx host instance 0:
{255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255,255}
Actual queue depth per device for aic7xxx host instance 0:
{1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
Statistics:
(scsi0:0:0:0)
Device using Wide/Sync transfers at 40.0 MByte/sec, offset 8
Transinfo settings: current(12/8/1/0), goal(12/8/1/0), user(12/15/1/0)
Total transfers 160151 (74577 reads and 85574 writes)
(scsi0:0:6:0)
Device using Narrow/Sync transfers at 5.0 MByte/sec, offset 15
Transinfo settings: current(50/15/0/0), goal(50/15/0/0), user(50/15/0/0)
Total transfers 0 (0 reads and 0 writes)
1.6 Parallel port info in /proc/parport
......@@ -1296,18 +1387,20 @@ number (0,1,2,...).
These directories contain the four files shown in Table 1-10.
Table 1-10: Files in /proc/parport
..............................................................................
File Content
autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
.. table:: Table 1-10: Files in /proc/parport
========= ====================================================================
File Content
========= ====================================================================
autoprobe Any IEEE-1284 device ID information that has been acquired.
devices list of the device drivers using that port. A + will appear by the
name of the device currently using the port (it might not appear
against any).
hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
against any).
hardware Parallel port's base address, IRQ line and DMA channel.
irq IRQ that parport is using for that port. This is in a separate
file to allow you to alter it by writing a new value in (IRQ
number or none).
..............................................................................
number or none).
========= ====================================================================
1.7 TTY info in /proc/tty
-------------------------
......@@ -1317,29 +1410,31 @@ directory /proc/tty.You'll find entries for drivers and line disciplines in
this directory, as shown in Table 1-11.
Table 1-11: Files in /proc/tty
..............................................................................
File Content
drivers list of drivers and their usage
ldiscs registered line disciplines
driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
..............................................................................
.. table:: Table 1-11: Files in /proc/tty
============= ==============================================
File Content
============= ==============================================
drivers list of drivers and their usage
ldiscs registered line disciplines
driver/serial usage statistic and status of single tty lines
============= ==============================================
To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
/proc/tty/drivers:
> cat /proc/tty/drivers
pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
/dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
/dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
/dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
/dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
/proc/tty/drivers::
> cat /proc/tty/drivers
pty_slave /dev/pts 136 0-255 pty:slave
pty_master /dev/ptm 128 0-255 pty:master
pty_slave /dev/ttyp 3 0-255 pty:slave
pty_master /dev/pty 2 0-255 pty:master
serial /dev/cua 5 64-67 serial:callout
serial /dev/ttyS 4 64-67 serial
/dev/tty0 /dev/tty0 4 0 system:vtmaster
/dev/ptmx /dev/ptmx 5 2 system
/dev/console /dev/console 5 1 system:console
/dev/tty /dev/tty 5 0 system:/dev/tty
unknown /dev/tty 4 1-63 console
1.8 Miscellaneous kernel statistics in /proc/stat
......@@ -1347,7 +1442,7 @@ To see which tty's are currently in use, you can simply look into the file
Various pieces of information about kernel activity are available in the
/proc/stat file. All of the numbers reported in this file are aggregates
since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file:
since the system first booted. For a quick look, simply cat the file::
> cat /proc/stat
cpu 2255 34 2290 22625563 6290 127 456 0 0 0
......@@ -1372,6 +1467,7 @@ second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
- idle: twiddling thumbs
- iowait: In a word, iowait stands for waiting for I/O to complete. But there
are several problems:
1. Cpu will not wait for I/O to complete, iowait is the time that a task is
waiting for I/O to complete. When cpu goes into idle state for
outstanding task io, another task will be scheduled on this CPU.
......@@ -1379,6 +1475,7 @@ second). The meanings of the columns are as follows, from left to right:
on any CPU, so the iowait of each CPU is difficult to calculate.
3. The value of iowait field in /proc/stat will decrease in certain
conditions.
So, the iowait is not reliable by reading from /proc/stat.
- irq: servicing interrupts
- softirq: servicing softirqs
......@@ -1422,18 +1519,19 @@ Information about mounted ext4 file systems can be found in
/proc/fs/ext4/dm-0). The files in each per-device directory are shown
in Table 1-12, below.
Table 1-12: Files in /proc/fs/ext4/<devname>
..............................................................................
File Content
.. table:: Table 1-12: Files in /proc/fs/ext4/<devname>
============== ==========================================================
File Content
mb_groups details of multiblock allocator buddy cache of free blocks
..............................................................................
============== ==========================================================
2.0 /proc/consoles
------------------
Shows registered system console lines.
To see which character device lines are currently used for the system console
/dev/console, you may simply look into the file /proc/consoles:
/dev/console, you may simply look into the file /proc/consoles::
> cat /proc/consoles
tty0 -WU (ECp) 4:7
......@@ -1441,41 +1539,45 @@ To see which character device lines are currently used for the system console
The columns are:
device name of the device
operations R = can do read operations
W = can do write operations
U = can do unblank
flags E = it is enabled
C = it is preferred console
B = it is primary boot console
p = it is used for printk buffer
b = it is not a TTY but a Braille device
a = it is safe to use when cpu is offline
major:minor major and minor number of the device separated by a colon
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| device | name of the device |
+====================+=======================================================+
| operations | * R = can do read operations |
| | * W = can do write operations |
| | * U = can do unblank |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| flags | * E = it is enabled |
| | * C = it is preferred console |
| | * B = it is primary boot console |
| | * p = it is used for printk buffer |
| | * b = it is not a TTY but a Braille device |
| | * a = it is safe to use when cpu is offline |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| major:minor | major and minor number of the device separated by a |
| | colon |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
The /proc file system serves information about the running system. It not only
allows access to process data but also allows you to request the kernel status
by reading files in the hierarchy.
The directory structure of /proc reflects the types of information and makes
it easy, if not obvious, where to look for specific data.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 2: MODIFYING SYSTEM PARAMETERS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 2: Modifying System Parameters
======================================
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In This Chapter
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------
* Modifying kernel parameters by writing into files found in /proc/sys
* Exploring the files which modify certain parameters
* Review of the /proc/sys file tree
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A very interesting part of /proc is the directory /proc/sys. This is not only
a source of information, it also allows you to change parameters within the
......@@ -1503,19 +1605,18 @@ kernels, and became part of it in version 2.2.1 of the Linux kernel.
Please see: Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/ directory for descriptions of these
entries.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
Certain aspects of kernel behavior can be modified at runtime, without the
need to recompile the kernel, or even to reboot the system. The files in the
/proc/sys tree can not only be read, but also modified. You can use the echo
command to write value into these files, thereby changing the default settings
of the kernel.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 3: PER-PROCESS PARAMETERS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter 3: Per-process Parameters
=================================
3.1 /proc/<pid>/oom_adj & /proc/<pid>/oom_score_adj- Adjust the oom-killer score
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
......@@ -1588,26 +1689,28 @@ process should be killed in an out-of-memory situation.
This file contains IO statistics for each running process
Example
-------
~~~~~~~
::
test:/tmp # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test.dat &
[1] 3828
test:/tmp # dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/test.dat &
[1] 3828
test:/tmp # cat /proc/3828/io
rchar: 323934931
wchar: 323929600
syscr: 632687
syscw: 632675
read_bytes: 0
write_bytes: 323932160
cancelled_write_bytes: 0
test:/tmp # cat /proc/3828/io
rchar: 323934931
wchar: 323929600
syscr: 632687
syscw: 632675
read_bytes: 0
write_bytes: 323932160
cancelled_write_bytes: 0
Description
-----------
~~~~~~~~~~~
rchar
-----
^^^^^
I/O counter: chars read
The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage. This
......@@ -1618,7 +1721,7 @@ pagecache)
wchar
-----
^^^^^
I/O counter: chars written
The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
......@@ -1626,7 +1729,7 @@ to disk. Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.
syscr
-----
^^^^^
I/O counter: read syscalls
Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like read()
......@@ -1634,7 +1737,7 @@ and pread().
syscw
-----
^^^^^
I/O counter: write syscalls
Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations, i.e. syscalls like
......@@ -1642,7 +1745,7 @@ write() and pwrite().
read_bytes
----------
^^^^^^^^^^
I/O counter: bytes read
Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
......@@ -1652,7 +1755,7 @@ CIFS at a later time>
write_bytes
-----------
^^^^^^^^^^^
I/O counter: bytes written
Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
......@@ -1660,7 +1763,7 @@ the storage layer. This is done at page-dirtying time.
cancelled_write_bytes
---------------------
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The big inaccuracy here is truncate. If a process writes 1MB to a file and
then deletes the file, it will in fact perform no writeout. But it will have
......@@ -1673,12 +1776,11 @@ from the truncating task's write_bytes, but there is information loss in doing
that.
Note
----
.. Note::
At its current implementation state, this is a bit racy on 32-bit machines: if
process A reads process B's /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one of
those 64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.
At its current implementation state, this is a bit racy on 32-bit machines:
if process A reads process B's /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one
of those 64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.
More information about this can be found within the taskstats documentation in
......@@ -1698,12 +1800,13 @@ of memory types. If a bit of the bitmask is set, memory segments of the
corresponding memory type are dumped, otherwise they are not dumped.
The following 9 memory types are supported:
- (bit 0) anonymous private memory
- (bit 1) anonymous shared memory
- (bit 2) file-backed private memory
- (bit 3) file-backed shared memory
- (bit 4) ELF header pages in file-backed private memory areas (it is
effective only if the bit 2 is cleared)
effective only if the bit 2 is cleared)
- (bit 5) hugetlb private memory
- (bit 6) hugetlb shared memory
- (bit 7) DAX private memory
......@@ -1719,13 +1822,13 @@ The default value of coredump_filter is 0x33; this means all anonymous memory
segments, ELF header pages and hugetlb private memory are dumped.
If you don't want to dump all shared memory segments attached to pid 1234,
write 0x31 to the process's proc file.
write 0x31 to the process's proc file::
$ echo 0x31 > /proc/1234/coredump_filter
When a new process is created, the process inherits the bitmask status from its
parent. It is useful to set up coredump_filter before the program runs.
For example:
For example::
$ echo 0x7 > /proc/self/coredump_filter
$ ./some_program
......@@ -1733,35 +1836,37 @@ For example:
3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo - Information about mounts
--------------------------------------------------------
This file contains lines of the form:
This file contains lines of the form::
36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
(1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
(1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(1) mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after umount)
(2) parent ID: ID of parent (or of self for the top of the mount tree)
(3) major:minor: value of st_dev for files on filesystem
(4) root: root of the mount within the filesystem
(5) mount point: mount point relative to the process's root
(6) mount options: per mount options
(7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"
(8) separator: marks the end of the optional fields
(9) filesystem type: name of filesystem of the form "type[.subtype]"
(10) mount source: filesystem specific information or "none"
(11) super options: per super block options
(1) mount ID: unique identifier of the mount (may be reused after umount)
(2) parent ID: ID of parent (or of self for the top of the mount tree)
(3) major:minor: value of st_dev for files on filesystem
(4) root: root of the mount within the filesystem
(5) mount point: mount point relative to the process's root
(6) mount options: per mount options
(7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"
(8) separator: marks the end of the optional fields
(9) filesystem type: name of filesystem of the form "type[.subtype]"
(10) mount source: filesystem specific information or "none"
(11) super options: per super block options
Parsers should ignore all unrecognised optional fields. Currently the
possible optional fields are:
shared:X mount is shared in peer group X
master:X mount is slave to peer group X
propagate_from:X mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X (*)
unbindable mount is unbindable
================ ==============================================================
shared:X mount is shared in peer group X
master:X mount is slave to peer group X
propagate_from:X mount is slave and receives propagation from peer group X [#]_
unbindable mount is unbindable
================ ==============================================================
(*) X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root. If
X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there's no dominant peer
group under the same root, then only the "master:X" field is present
and not the "propagate_from:X" field.
.. [#] X is the closest dominant peer group under the process's root. If
X is the immediate master of the mount, or if there's no dominant peer
group under the same root, then only the "master:X" field is present
and not the "propagate_from:X" field.
For more information on mount propagation see:
......@@ -1804,77 +1909,86 @@ created with [see open(2) for details] and 'mnt_id' represents mount ID of
the file system containing the opened file [see 3.5 /proc/<pid>/mountinfo
for details].
A typical output is
A typical output is::
pos: 0
flags: 0100002
mnt_id: 19
All locks associated with a file descriptor are shown in its fdinfo too.
All locks associated with a file descriptor are shown in its fdinfo too::
lock: 1: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 359 00:13:11691 0 EOF
lock: 1: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 359 00:13:11691 0 EOF
The files such as eventfd, fsnotify, signalfd, epoll among the regular pos/flags
pair provide additional information particular to the objects they represent.
Eventfd files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Eventfd files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
::
pos: 0
flags: 04002
mnt_id: 9
eventfd-count: 5a
where 'eventfd-count' is hex value of a counter.
where 'eventfd-count' is hex value of a counter.
Signalfd files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
::
Signalfd files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
pos: 0
flags: 04002
mnt_id: 9
sigmask: 0000000000000200
where 'sigmask' is hex value of the signal mask associated
with a file.
where 'sigmask' is hex value of the signal mask associated
with a file.
Epoll files
~~~~~~~~~~~
::
Epoll files
~~~~~~~~~~~
pos: 0
flags: 02
mnt_id: 9
tfd: 5 events: 1d data: ffffffffffffffff pos:0 ino:61af sdev:7
where 'tfd' is a target file descriptor number in decimal form,
'events' is events mask being watched and the 'data' is data
associated with a target [see epoll(7) for more details].
where 'tfd' is a target file descriptor number in decimal form,
'events' is events mask being watched and the 'data' is data
associated with a target [see epoll(7) for more details].
The 'pos' is current offset of the target file in decimal form
[see lseek(2)], 'ino' and 'sdev' are inode and device numbers
where target file resides, all in hex format.
The 'pos' is current offset of the target file in decimal form
[see lseek(2)], 'ino' and 'sdev' are inode and device numbers
where target file resides, all in hex format.
Fsnotify files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For inotify files the format is the following
Fsnotify files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For inotify files the format is the following::
pos: 0
flags: 02000000
inotify wd:3 ino:9e7e sdev:800013 mask:800afce ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:7e9e0000640d1b6d
where 'wd' is a watch descriptor in decimal form, ie a target file
descriptor number, 'ino' and 'sdev' are inode and device where the
target file resides and the 'mask' is the mask of events, all in hex
form [see inotify(7) for more details].
where 'wd' is a watch descriptor in decimal form, ie a target file
descriptor number, 'ino' and 'sdev' are inode and device where the
target file resides and the 'mask' is the mask of events, all in hex
form [see inotify(7) for more details].
If the kernel was built with exportfs support, the path to the target
file is encoded as a file handle. The file handle is provided by three
fields 'fhandle-bytes', 'fhandle-type' and 'f_handle', all in hex
format.
If the kernel was built with exportfs support, the path to the target
file is encoded as a file handle. The file handle is provided by three
fields 'fhandle-bytes', 'fhandle-type' and 'f_handle', all in hex
format.
If the kernel is built without exportfs support the file handle won't be
printed out.
If the kernel is built without exportfs support the file handle won't be
printed out.
If there is no inotify mark attached yet the 'inotify' line will be omitted.
If there is no inotify mark attached yet the 'inotify' line will be omitted.
For fanotify files the format is
For fanotify files the format is::
pos: 0
flags: 02
......@@ -1883,20 +1997,22 @@ pair provide additional information particular to the objects they represent.
fanotify mnt_id:12 mflags:40 mask:38 ignored_mask:40000003
fanotify ino:4f969 sdev:800013 mflags:0 mask:3b ignored_mask:40000000 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:69f90400c275b5b4
where fanotify 'flags' and 'event-flags' are values used in fanotify_init
call, 'mnt_id' is the mount point identifier, 'mflags' is the value of
flags associated with mark which are tracked separately from events
mask. 'ino', 'sdev' are target inode and device, 'mask' is the events
mask and 'ignored_mask' is the mask of events which are to be ignored.
All in hex format. Incorporation of 'mflags', 'mask' and 'ignored_mask'
does provide information about flags and mask used in fanotify_mark
call [see fsnotify manpage for details].
where fanotify 'flags' and 'event-flags' are values used in fanotify_init
call, 'mnt_id' is the mount point identifier, 'mflags' is the value of
flags associated with mark which are tracked separately from events
mask. 'ino', 'sdev' are target inode and device, 'mask' is the events
mask and 'ignored_mask' is the mask of events which are to be ignored.
All in hex format. Incorporation of 'mflags', 'mask' and 'ignored_mask'
does provide information about flags and mask used in fanotify_mark
call [see fsnotify manpage for details].
While the first three lines are mandatory and always printed, the rest is
optional and may be omitted if no marks created yet.
While the first three lines are mandatory and always printed, the rest is
optional and may be omitted if no marks created yet.
Timerfd files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Timerfd files
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
::
pos: 0
flags: 02
......@@ -1907,18 +2023,18 @@ pair provide additional information particular to the objects they represent.
it_value: (0, 49406829)
it_interval: (1, 0)
where 'clockid' is the clock type and 'ticks' is the number of the timer expirations
that have occurred [see timerfd_create(2) for details]. 'settime flags' are
flags in octal form been used to setup the timer [see timerfd_settime(2) for
details]. 'it_value' is remaining time until the timer exiration.
'it_interval' is the interval for the timer. Note the timer might be set up
with TIMER_ABSTIME option which will be shown in 'settime flags', but 'it_value'
still exhibits timer's remaining time.
where 'clockid' is the clock type and 'ticks' is the number of the timer expirations
that have occurred [see timerfd_create(2) for details]. 'settime flags' are
flags in octal form been used to setup the timer [see timerfd_settime(2) for
details]. 'it_value' is remaining time until the timer exiration.
'it_interval' is the interval for the timer. Note the timer might be set up
with TIMER_ABSTIME option which will be shown in 'settime flags', but 'it_value'
still exhibits timer's remaining time.
3.9 /proc/<pid>/map_files - Information about memory mapped files
---------------------------------------------------------------------
This directory contains symbolic links which represent memory mapped files
the process is maintaining. Example output:
the process is maintaining. Example output::
| lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 333c600000-333c620000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
| lr-------- 1 root root 64 Jan 27 11:24 333c81f000-333c820000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.18.so
......@@ -1976,17 +2092,22 @@ When CONFIG_PROC_PID_ARCH_STATUS is enabled, this file displays the
architecture specific status of the task.
Example
-------
~~~~~~~
::
$ cat /proc/6753/arch_status
AVX512_elapsed_ms: 8
Description
-----------
~~~~~~~~~~~
x86 specific entries:
---------------------
AVX512_elapsed_ms:
------------------
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
AVX512_elapsed_ms:
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
If AVX512 is supported on the machine, this entry shows the milliseconds
elapsed since the last time AVX512 usage was recorded. The recording
happens on a best effort basis when a task is scheduled out. This means
......@@ -2010,17 +2131,18 @@ x86 specific entries:
the task is unlikely an AVX512 user, but depends on the workload and the
scheduling scenario, it also could be a false negative mentioned above.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Configuring procfs
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------
4.1 Mount options
---------------------
The following mount options are supported:
========= ========================================================
hidepid= Set /proc/<pid>/ access mode.
gid= Set the group authorized to learn processes information.
========= ========================================================
hidepid=0 means classic mode - everybody may access all /proc/<pid>/ directories
(default).
......
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