Commit d6d71ee4 authored by Jacob Pan's avatar Jacob Pan Committed by Zhang Rui

PM: Introduce Intel PowerClamp Driver

Intel PowerClamp driver performs synchronized idle injection across
all online CPUs. The goal is to maintain a given package level C-state
ratio.

Compared to other throttling methods already exist in the kernel,
such as ACPI PAD (taking CPUs offline) and clock modulation, this is often
more efficient in terms of performance per watt.

Please refer to Documentation/thermal/intel_powerclamp.txt for more details.
Signed-off-by: default avatarArjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: default avatarJacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: default avatarZhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com>
parent 29c6fb7b
=======================
INTEL POWERCLAMP DRIVER
=======================
By: Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com>
Contents:
(*) Introduction
- Goals and Objectives
(*) Theory of Operation
- Idle Injection
- Calibration
(*) Performance Analysis
- Effectiveness and Limitations
- Power vs Performance
- Scalability
- Calibration
- Comparison with Alternative Techniques
(*) Usage and Interfaces
- Generic Thermal Layer (sysfs)
- Kernel APIs (TBD)
============
INTRODUCTION
============
Consider the situation where a system’s power consumption must be
reduced at runtime, due to power budget, thermal constraint, or noise
level, and where active cooling is not preferred. Software managed
passive power reduction must be performed to prevent the hardware
actions that are designed for catastrophic scenarios.
Currently, P-states, T-states (clock modulation), and CPU offlining
are used for CPU throttling.
On Intel CPUs, C-states provide effective power reduction, but so far
they’re only used opportunistically, based on workload. With the
development of intel_powerclamp driver, the method of synchronizing
idle injection across all online CPU threads was introduced. The goal
is to achieve forced and controllable C-state residency.
Test/Analysis has been made in the areas of power, performance,
scalability, and user experience. In many cases, clear advantage is
shown over taking the CPU offline or modulating the CPU clock.
===================
THEORY OF OPERATION
===================
Idle Injection
--------------
On modern Intel processors (Nehalem or later), package level C-state
residency is available in MSRs, thus also available to the kernel.
These MSRs are:
#define MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY 0x60D
#define MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY 0x3F8
#define MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY 0x3F9
#define MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY 0x3FA
If the kernel can also inject idle time to the system, then a
closed-loop control system can be established that manages package
level C-state. The intel_powerclamp driver is conceived as such a
control system, where the target set point is a user-selected idle
ratio (based on power reduction), and the error is the difference
between the actual package level C-state residency ratio and the target idle
ratio.
Injection is controlled by high priority kernel threads, spawned for
each online CPU.
These kernel threads, with SCHED_FIFO class, are created to perform
clamping actions of controlled duty ratio and duration. Each per-CPU
thread synchronizes its idle time and duration, based on the rounding
of jiffies, so accumulated errors can be prevented to avoid a jittery
effect. Threads are also bound to the CPU such that they cannot be
migrated, unless the CPU is taken offline. In this case, threads
belong to the offlined CPUs will be terminated immediately.
Running as SCHED_FIFO and relatively high priority, also allows such
scheme to work for both preemptable and non-preemptable kernels.
Alignment of idle time around jiffies ensures scalability for HZ
values. This effect can be better visualized using a Perf timechart.
The following diagram shows the behavior of kernel thread
kidle_inject/cpu. During idle injection, it runs monitor/mwait idle
for a given "duration", then relinquishes the CPU to other tasks,
until the next time interval.
The NOHZ schedule tick is disabled during idle time, but interrupts
are not masked. Tests show that the extra wakeups from scheduler tick
have a dramatic impact on the effectiveness of the powerclamp driver
on large scale systems (Westmere system with 80 processors).
CPU0
____________ ____________
kidle_inject/0 | sleep | mwait | sleep |
_________| |________| |_______
duration
CPU1
____________ ____________
kidle_inject/1 | sleep | mwait | sleep |
_________| |________| |_______
^
|
|
roundup(jiffies, interval)
Only one CPU is allowed to collect statistics and update global
control parameters. This CPU is referred to as the controlling CPU in
this document. The controlling CPU is elected at runtime, with a
policy that favors BSP, taking into account the possibility of a CPU
hot-plug.
In terms of dynamics of the idle control system, package level idle
time is considered largely as a non-causal system where its behavior
cannot be based on the past or current input. Therefore, the
intel_powerclamp driver attempts to enforce the desired idle time
instantly as given input (target idle ratio). After injection,
powerclamp moniors the actual idle for a given time window and adjust
the next injection accordingly to avoid over/under correction.
When used in a causal control system, such as a temperature control,
it is up to the user of this driver to implement algorithms where
past samples and outputs are included in the feedback. For example, a
PID-based thermal controller can use the powerclamp driver to
maintain a desired target temperature, based on integral and
derivative gains of the past samples.
Calibration
-----------
During scalability testing, it is observed that synchronized actions
among CPUs become challenging as the number of cores grows. This is
also true for the ability of a system to enter package level C-states.
To make sure the intel_powerclamp driver scales well, online
calibration is implemented. The goals for doing such a calibration
are:
a) determine the effective range of idle injection ratio
b) determine the amount of compensation needed at each target ratio
Compensation to each target ratio consists of two parts:
a) steady state error compensation
This is to offset the error occurring when the system can
enter idle without extra wakeups (such as external interrupts).
b) dynamic error compensation
When an excessive amount of wakeups occurs during idle, an
additional idle ratio can be added to quiet interrupts, by
slowing down CPU activities.
A debugfs file is provided for the user to examine compensation
progress and results, such as on a Westmere system.
[jacob@nex01 ~]$ cat
/sys/kernel/debug/intel_powerclamp/powerclamp_calib
controlling cpu: 0
pct confidence steady dynamic (compensation)
0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0
2 1 1 0
3 3 1 0
4 3 1 0
5 3 1 0
6 3 1 0
7 3 1 0
8 3 1 0
...
30 3 2 0
31 3 2 0
32 3 1 0
33 3 2 0
34 3 1 0
35 3 2 0
36 3 1 0
37 3 2 0
38 3 1 0
39 3 2 0
40 3 3 0
41 3 1 0
42 3 2 0
43 3 1 0
44 3 1 0
45 3 2 0
46 3 3 0
47 3 0 0
48 3 2 0
49 3 3 0
Calibration occurs during runtime. No offline method is available.
Steady state compensation is used only when confidence levels of all
adjacent ratios have reached satisfactory level. A confidence level
is accumulated based on clean data collected at runtime. Data
collected during a period without extra interrupts is considered
clean.
To compensate for excessive amounts of wakeup during idle, additional
idle time is injected when such a condition is detected. Currently,
we have a simple algorithm to double the injection ratio. A possible
enhancement might be to throttle the offending IRQ, such as delaying
EOI for level triggered interrupts. But it is a challenge to be
non-intrusive to the scheduler or the IRQ core code.
CPU Online/Offline
------------------
Per-CPU kernel threads are started/stopped upon receiving
notifications of CPU hotplug activities. The intel_powerclamp driver
keeps track of clamping kernel threads, even after they are migrated
to other CPUs, after a CPU offline event.
=====================
Performance Analysis
=====================
This section describes the general performance data collected on
multiple systems, including Westmere (80P) and Ivy Bridge (4P, 8P).
Effectiveness and Limitations
-----------------------------
The maximum range that idle injection is allowed is capped at 50
percent. As mentioned earlier, since interrupts are allowed during
forced idle time, excessive interrupts could result in less
effectiveness. The extreme case would be doing a ping -f to generated
flooded network interrupts without much CPU acknowledgement. In this
case, little can be done from the idle injection threads. In most
normal cases, such as scp a large file, applications can be throttled
by the powerclamp driver, since slowing down the CPU also slows down
network protocol processing, which in turn reduces interrupts.
When control parameters change at runtime by the controlling CPU, it
may take an additional period for the rest of the CPUs to catch up
with the changes. During this time, idle injection is out of sync,
thus not able to enter package C- states at the expected ratio. But
this effect is minor, in that in most cases change to the target
ratio is updated much less frequently than the idle injection
frequency.
Scalability
-----------
Tests also show a minor, but measurable, difference between the 4P/8P
Ivy Bridge system and the 80P Westmere server under 50% idle ratio.
More compensation is needed on Westmere for the same amount of
target idle ratio. The compensation also increases as the idle ratio
gets larger. The above reason constitutes the need for the
calibration code.
On the IVB 8P system, compared to an offline CPU, powerclamp can
achieve up to 40% better performance per watt. (measured by a spin
counter summed over per CPU counting threads spawned for all running
CPUs).
====================
Usage and Interfaces
====================
The powerclamp driver is registered to the generic thermal layer as a
cooling device. Currently, it’s not bound to any thermal zones.
jacob@chromoly:/sys/class/thermal/cooling_device14$ grep . *
cur_state:0
max_state:50
type:intel_powerclamp
Example usage:
- To inject 25% idle time
$ sudo sh -c "echo 25 > /sys/class/thermal/cooling_device80/cur_state
"
If the system is not busy and has more than 25% idle time already,
then the powerclamp driver will not start idle injection. Using Top
will not show idle injection kernel threads.
If the system is busy (spin test below) and has less than 25% natural
idle time, powerclamp kernel threads will do idle injection, which
appear running to the scheduler. But the overall system idle is still
reflected. In this example, 24.1% idle is shown. This helps the
system admin or user determine the cause of slowdown, when a
powerclamp driver is in action.
Tasks: 197 total, 1 running, 196 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 71.2%us, 4.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 24.1%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 3943228k total, 1689632k used, 2253596k free, 74960k buffers
Swap: 4087804k total, 0k used, 4087804k free, 945336k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
3352 jacob 20 0 262m 644 428 S 286 0.0 0:17.16 spin
3341 root -51 0 0 0 0 D 25 0.0 0:01.62 kidle_inject/0
3344 root -51 0 0 0 0 D 25 0.0 0:01.60 kidle_inject/3
3342 root -51 0 0 0 0 D 25 0.0 0:01.61 kidle_inject/1
3343 root -51 0 0 0 0 D 25 0.0 0:01.60 kidle_inject/2
2935 jacob 20 0 696m 125m 35m S 5 3.3 0:31.11 firefox
1546 root 20 0 158m 20m 6640 S 3 0.5 0:26.97 Xorg
2100 jacob 20 0 1223m 88m 30m S 3 2.3 0:23.68 compiz
Tests have shown that by using the powerclamp driver as a cooling
device, a PID based userspace thermal controller can manage to
control CPU temperature effectively, when no other thermal influence
is added. For example, a UltraBook user can compile the kernel under
certain temperature (below most active trip points).
......@@ -131,4 +131,14 @@ config DB8500_CPUFREQ_COOLING
bound cpufreq cooling device turns active to set CPU frequency low to
cool down the CPU.
config INTEL_POWERCLAMP
tristate "Intel PowerClamp idle injection driver"
depends on THERMAL
depends on X86
depends on CPU_SUP_INTEL
help
Enable this to enable Intel PowerClamp idle injection driver. This
enforce idle time which results in more package C-state residency. The
user interface is exposed via generic thermal framework.
endif
......@@ -18,3 +18,5 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_RCAR_THERMAL) += rcar_thermal.o
obj-$(CONFIG_EXYNOS_THERMAL) += exynos_thermal.o
obj-$(CONFIG_DB8500_THERMAL) += db8500_thermal.o
obj-$(CONFIG_DB8500_CPUFREQ_COOLING) += db8500_cpufreq_cooling.o
obj-$(CONFIG_INTEL_POWERCLAMP) += intel_powerclamp.o
/*
* intel_powerclamp.c - package c-state idle injection
*
* Copyright (c) 2012, Intel Corporation.
*
* Authors:
* Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>
* Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License,
* version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT
* ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for
* more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
* this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
* 51 Franklin St - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
*
*
* TODO:
* 1. better handle wakeup from external interrupts, currently a fixed
* compensation is added to clamping duration when excessive amount
* of wakeups are observed during idle time. the reason is that in
* case of external interrupts without need for ack, clamping down
* cpu in non-irq context does not reduce irq. for majority of the
* cases, clamping down cpu does help reduce irq as well, we should
* be able to differenciate the two cases and give a quantitative
* solution for the irqs that we can control. perhaps based on
* get_cpu_iowait_time_us()
*
* 2. synchronization with other hw blocks
*
*
*/
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/cpu.h>
#include <linux/thermal.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/tick.h>
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/seq_file.h>
#include <asm/nmi.h>
#include <asm/msr.h>
#include <asm/mwait.h>
#include <asm/cpu_device_id.h>
#include <asm/idle.h>
#include <asm/hardirq.h>
#define MAX_TARGET_RATIO (50U)
/* For each undisturbed clamping period (no extra wake ups during idle time),
* we increment the confidence counter for the given target ratio.
* CONFIDENCE_OK defines the level where runtime calibration results are
* valid.
*/
#define CONFIDENCE_OK (3)
/* Default idle injection duration, driver adjust sleep time to meet target
* idle ratio. Similar to frequency modulation.
*/
#define DEFAULT_DURATION_JIFFIES (6)
static unsigned int target_mwait;
static struct dentry *debug_dir;
/* user selected target */
static unsigned int set_target_ratio;
static unsigned int current_ratio;
static bool should_skip;
static bool reduce_irq;
static atomic_t idle_wakeup_counter;
static unsigned int control_cpu; /* The cpu assigned to collect stat and update
* control parameters. default to BSP but BSP
* can be offlined.
*/
static bool clamping;
static struct task_struct * __percpu *powerclamp_thread;
static struct thermal_cooling_device *cooling_dev;
static unsigned long *cpu_clamping_mask; /* bit map for tracking per cpu
* clamping thread
*/
static unsigned int duration;
static unsigned int pkg_cstate_ratio_cur;
static unsigned int window_size;
static int duration_set(const char *arg, const struct kernel_param *kp)
{
int ret = 0;
unsigned long new_duration;
ret = kstrtoul(arg, 10, &new_duration);
if (ret)
goto exit;
if (new_duration > 25 || new_duration < 6) {
pr_err("Out of recommended range %lu, between 6-25ms\n",
new_duration);
ret = -EINVAL;
}
duration = clamp(new_duration, 6ul, 25ul);
smp_mb();
exit:
return ret;
}
static struct kernel_param_ops duration_ops = {
.set = duration_set,
.get = param_get_int,
};
module_param_cb(duration, &duration_ops, &duration, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(duration, "forced idle time for each attempt in msec.");
struct powerclamp_calibration_data {
unsigned long confidence; /* used for calibration, basically a counter
* gets incremented each time a clamping
* period is completed without extra wakeups
* once that counter is reached given level,
* compensation is deemed usable.
*/
unsigned long steady_comp; /* steady state compensation used when
* no extra wakeups occurred.
*/
unsigned long dynamic_comp; /* compensate excessive wakeup from idle
* mostly from external interrupts.
*/
};
static struct powerclamp_calibration_data cal_data[MAX_TARGET_RATIO];
static int window_size_set(const char *arg, const struct kernel_param *kp)
{
int ret = 0;
unsigned long new_window_size;
ret = kstrtoul(arg, 10, &new_window_size);
if (ret)
goto exit_win;
if (new_window_size > 10 || new_window_size < 2) {
pr_err("Out of recommended window size %lu, between 2-10\n",
new_window_size);
ret = -EINVAL;
}
window_size = clamp(new_window_size, 2ul, 10ul);
smp_mb();
exit_win:
return ret;
}
static struct kernel_param_ops window_size_ops = {
.set = window_size_set,
.get = param_get_int,
};
module_param_cb(window_size, &window_size_ops, &window_size, 0644);
MODULE_PARM_DESC(window_size, "sliding window in number of clamping cycles\n"
"\tpowerclamp controls idle ratio within this window. larger\n"
"\twindow size results in slower response time but more smooth\n"
"\tclamping results. default to 2.");
static void find_target_mwait(void)
{
unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
unsigned int highest_cstate = 0;
unsigned int highest_subcstate = 0;
int i;
if (boot_cpu_data.cpuid_level < CPUID_MWAIT_LEAF)
return;
cpuid(CPUID_MWAIT_LEAF, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
if (!(ecx & CPUID5_ECX_EXTENSIONS_SUPPORTED) ||
!(ecx & CPUID5_ECX_INTERRUPT_BREAK))
return;
edx >>= MWAIT_SUBSTATE_SIZE;
for (i = 0; i < 7 && edx; i++, edx >>= MWAIT_SUBSTATE_SIZE) {
if (edx & MWAIT_SUBSTATE_MASK) {
highest_cstate = i;
highest_subcstate = edx & MWAIT_SUBSTATE_MASK;
}
}
target_mwait = (highest_cstate << MWAIT_SUBSTATE_SIZE) |
(highest_subcstate - 1);
}
static u64 pkg_state_counter(void)
{
u64 val;
u64 count = 0;
static bool skip_c2;
static bool skip_c3;
static bool skip_c6;
static bool skip_c7;
if (!skip_c2) {
if (!rdmsrl_safe(MSR_PKG_C2_RESIDENCY, &val))
count += val;
else
skip_c2 = true;
}
if (!skip_c3) {
if (!rdmsrl_safe(MSR_PKG_C3_RESIDENCY, &val))
count += val;
else
skip_c3 = true;
}
if (!skip_c6) {
if (!rdmsrl_safe(MSR_PKG_C6_RESIDENCY, &val))
count += val;
else
skip_c6 = true;
}
if (!skip_c7) {
if (!rdmsrl_safe(MSR_PKG_C7_RESIDENCY, &val))
count += val;
else
skip_c7 = true;
}
return count;
}
static void noop_timer(unsigned long foo)
{
/* empty... just the fact that we get the interrupt wakes us up */
}
static unsigned int get_compensation(int ratio)
{
unsigned int comp = 0;
/* we only use compensation if all adjacent ones are good */
if (ratio == 1 &&
cal_data[ratio].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK &&
cal_data[ratio + 1].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK &&
cal_data[ratio + 2].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK) {
comp = (cal_data[ratio].steady_comp +
cal_data[ratio + 1].steady_comp +
cal_data[ratio + 2].steady_comp) / 3;
} else if (ratio == MAX_TARGET_RATIO - 1 &&
cal_data[ratio].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK &&
cal_data[ratio - 1].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK &&
cal_data[ratio - 2].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK) {
comp = (cal_data[ratio].steady_comp +
cal_data[ratio - 1].steady_comp +
cal_data[ratio - 2].steady_comp) / 3;
} else if (cal_data[ratio].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK &&
cal_data[ratio - 1].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK &&
cal_data[ratio + 1].confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK) {
comp = (cal_data[ratio].steady_comp +
cal_data[ratio - 1].steady_comp +
cal_data[ratio + 1].steady_comp) / 3;
}
/* REVISIT: simple penalty of double idle injection */
if (reduce_irq)
comp = ratio;
/* do not exceed limit */
if (comp + ratio >= MAX_TARGET_RATIO)
comp = MAX_TARGET_RATIO - ratio - 1;
return comp;
}
static void adjust_compensation(int target_ratio, unsigned int win)
{
int delta;
struct powerclamp_calibration_data *d = &cal_data[target_ratio];
/*
* adjust compensations if confidence level has not been reached or
* there are too many wakeups during the last idle injection period, we
* cannot trust the data for compensation.
*/
if (d->confidence >= CONFIDENCE_OK ||
atomic_read(&idle_wakeup_counter) >
win * num_online_cpus())
return;
delta = set_target_ratio - current_ratio;
/* filter out bad data */
if (delta >= 0 && delta <= (1+target_ratio/10)) {
if (d->steady_comp)
d->steady_comp =
roundup(delta+d->steady_comp, 2)/2;
else
d->steady_comp = delta;
d->confidence++;
}
}
static bool powerclamp_adjust_controls(unsigned int target_ratio,
unsigned int guard, unsigned int win)
{
static u64 msr_last, tsc_last;
u64 msr_now, tsc_now;
u64 val64;
/* check result for the last window */
msr_now = pkg_state_counter();
rdtscll(tsc_now);
/* calculate pkg cstate vs tsc ratio */
if (!msr_last || !tsc_last)
current_ratio = 1;
else if (tsc_now-tsc_last) {
val64 = 100*(msr_now-msr_last);
do_div(val64, (tsc_now-tsc_last));
current_ratio = val64;
}
/* update record */
msr_last = msr_now;
tsc_last = tsc_now;
adjust_compensation(target_ratio, win);
/*
* too many external interrupts, set flag such
* that we can take measure later.
*/
reduce_irq = atomic_read(&idle_wakeup_counter) >=
2 * win * num_online_cpus();
atomic_set(&idle_wakeup_counter, 0);
/* if we are above target+guard, skip */
return set_target_ratio + guard <= current_ratio;
}
static int clamp_thread(void *arg)
{
int cpunr = (unsigned long)arg;
DEFINE_TIMER(wakeup_timer, noop_timer, 0, 0);
static const struct sched_param param = {
.sched_priority = MAX_USER_RT_PRIO/2,
};
unsigned int count = 0;
unsigned int target_ratio;
set_bit(cpunr, cpu_clamping_mask);
set_freezable();
init_timer_on_stack(&wakeup_timer);
sched_setscheduler(current, SCHED_FIFO, &param);
while (true == clamping && !kthread_should_stop() &&
cpu_online(cpunr)) {
int sleeptime;
unsigned long target_jiffies;
unsigned int guard;
unsigned int compensation = 0;
int interval; /* jiffies to sleep for each attempt */
unsigned int duration_jiffies = msecs_to_jiffies(duration);
unsigned int window_size_now;
try_to_freeze();
/*
* make sure user selected ratio does not take effect until
* the next round. adjust target_ratio if user has changed
* target such that we can converge quickly.
*/
target_ratio = set_target_ratio;
guard = 1 + target_ratio/20;
window_size_now = window_size;
count++;
/*
* systems may have different ability to enter package level
* c-states, thus we need to compensate the injected idle ratio
* to achieve the actual target reported by the HW.
*/
compensation = get_compensation(target_ratio);
interval = duration_jiffies*100/(target_ratio+compensation);
/* align idle time */
target_jiffies = roundup(jiffies, interval);
sleeptime = target_jiffies - jiffies;
if (sleeptime <= 0)
sleeptime = 1;
schedule_timeout_interruptible(sleeptime);
/*
* only elected controlling cpu can collect stats and update
* control parameters.
*/
if (cpunr == control_cpu && !(count%window_size_now)) {
should_skip =
powerclamp_adjust_controls(target_ratio,
guard, window_size_now);
smp_mb();
}
if (should_skip)
continue;
target_jiffies = jiffies + duration_jiffies;
mod_timer(&wakeup_timer, target_jiffies);
if (unlikely(local_softirq_pending()))
continue;
/*
* stop tick sched during idle time, interrupts are still
* allowed. thus jiffies are updated properly.
*/
preempt_disable();
tick_nohz_idle_enter();
/* mwait until target jiffies is reached */
while (time_before(jiffies, target_jiffies)) {
unsigned long ecx = 1;
unsigned long eax = target_mwait;
/*
* REVISIT: may call enter_idle() to notify drivers who
* can save power during cpu idle. same for exit_idle()
*/
local_touch_nmi();
stop_critical_timings();
__monitor((void *)&current_thread_info()->flags, 0, 0);
cpu_relax(); /* allow HT sibling to run */
__mwait(eax, ecx);
start_critical_timings();
atomic_inc(&idle_wakeup_counter);
}
tick_nohz_idle_exit();
preempt_enable_no_resched();
}
del_timer_sync(&wakeup_timer);
clear_bit(cpunr, cpu_clamping_mask);
return 0;
}
/*
* 1 HZ polling while clamping is active, useful for userspace
* to monitor actual idle ratio.
*/
static void poll_pkg_cstate(struct work_struct *dummy);
static DECLARE_DELAYED_WORK(poll_pkg_cstate_work, poll_pkg_cstate);
static void poll_pkg_cstate(struct work_struct *dummy)
{
static u64 msr_last;
static u64 tsc_last;
static unsigned long jiffies_last;
u64 msr_now;
unsigned long jiffies_now;
u64 tsc_now;
u64 val64;
msr_now = pkg_state_counter();
rdtscll(tsc_now);
jiffies_now = jiffies;
/* calculate pkg cstate vs tsc ratio */
if (!msr_last || !tsc_last)
pkg_cstate_ratio_cur = 1;
else {
if (tsc_now - tsc_last) {
val64 = 100 * (msr_now - msr_last);
do_div(val64, (tsc_now - tsc_last));
pkg_cstate_ratio_cur = val64;
}
}
/* update record */
msr_last = msr_now;
jiffies_last = jiffies_now;
tsc_last = tsc_now;
if (true == clamping)
schedule_delayed_work(&poll_pkg_cstate_work, HZ);
}
static int start_power_clamp(void)
{
unsigned long cpu;
struct task_struct *thread;
/* check if pkg cstate counter is completely 0, abort in this case */
if (!pkg_state_counter()) {
pr_err("pkg cstate counter not functional, abort\n");
return -EINVAL;
}
set_target_ratio = clamp(set_target_ratio, 0U, MAX_TARGET_RATIO);
/* prevent cpu hotplug */
get_online_cpus();
/* prefer BSP */
control_cpu = 0;
if (!cpu_online(control_cpu))
control_cpu = smp_processor_id();
clamping = true;
schedule_delayed_work(&poll_pkg_cstate_work, 0);
/* start one thread per online cpu */
for_each_online_cpu(cpu) {
struct task_struct **p =
per_cpu_ptr(powerclamp_thread, cpu);
thread = kthread_create_on_node(clamp_thread,
(void *) cpu,
cpu_to_node(cpu),
"kidle_inject/%ld", cpu);
/* bind to cpu here */
if (likely(!IS_ERR(thread))) {
kthread_bind(thread, cpu);
wake_up_process(thread);
*p = thread;
}
}
put_online_cpus();
return 0;
}
static void end_power_clamp(void)
{
int i;
struct task_struct *thread;
clamping = false;
/*
* make clamping visible to other cpus and give per cpu clamping threads
* sometime to exit, or gets killed later.
*/
smp_mb();
msleep(20);
if (bitmap_weight(cpu_clamping_mask, num_possible_cpus())) {
for_each_set_bit(i, cpu_clamping_mask, num_possible_cpus()) {
pr_debug("clamping thread for cpu %d alive, kill\n", i);
thread = *per_cpu_ptr(powerclamp_thread, i);
kthread_stop(thread);
}
}
}
static int powerclamp_cpu_callback(struct notifier_block *nfb,
unsigned long action, void *hcpu)
{
unsigned long cpu = (unsigned long)hcpu;
struct task_struct *thread;
struct task_struct **percpu_thread =
per_cpu_ptr(powerclamp_thread, cpu);
if (false == clamping)
goto exit_ok;
switch (action) {
case CPU_ONLINE:
thread = kthread_create_on_node(clamp_thread,
(void *) cpu,
cpu_to_node(cpu),
"kidle_inject/%lu", cpu);
if (likely(!IS_ERR(thread))) {
kthread_bind(thread, cpu);
wake_up_process(thread);
*percpu_thread = thread;
}
/* prefer BSP as controlling CPU */
if (cpu == 0) {
control_cpu = 0;
smp_mb();
}
break;
case CPU_DEAD:
if (test_bit(cpu, cpu_clamping_mask)) {
pr_err("cpu %lu dead but powerclamping thread is not\n",
cpu);
kthread_stop(*percpu_thread);
}
if (cpu == control_cpu) {
control_cpu = smp_processor_id();
smp_mb();
}
}
exit_ok:
return NOTIFY_OK;
}
static struct notifier_block powerclamp_cpu_notifier = {
.notifier_call = powerclamp_cpu_callback,
};
static int powerclamp_get_max_state(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
unsigned long *state)
{
*state = MAX_TARGET_RATIO;
return 0;
}
static int powerclamp_get_cur_state(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
unsigned long *state)
{
if (true == clamping)
*state = pkg_cstate_ratio_cur;
else
/* to save power, do not poll idle ratio while not clamping */
*state = -1; /* indicates invalid state */
return 0;
}
static int powerclamp_set_cur_state(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
unsigned long new_target_ratio)
{
int ret = 0;
new_target_ratio = clamp(new_target_ratio, 0UL,
(unsigned long) (MAX_TARGET_RATIO-1));
if (set_target_ratio == 0 && new_target_ratio > 0) {
pr_info("Start idle injection to reduce power\n");
set_target_ratio = new_target_ratio;
ret = start_power_clamp();
goto exit_set;
} else if (set_target_ratio > 0 && new_target_ratio == 0) {
pr_info("Stop forced idle injection\n");
set_target_ratio = 0;
end_power_clamp();
} else /* adjust currently running */ {
set_target_ratio = new_target_ratio;
/* make new set_target_ratio visible to other cpus */
smp_mb();
}
exit_set:
return ret;
}
/* bind to generic thermal layer as cooling device*/
static struct thermal_cooling_device_ops powerclamp_cooling_ops = {
.get_max_state = powerclamp_get_max_state,
.get_cur_state = powerclamp_get_cur_state,
.set_cur_state = powerclamp_set_cur_state,
};
/* runs on Nehalem and later */
static const struct x86_cpu_id intel_powerclamp_ids[] = {
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x1a},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x1c},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x1e},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x1f},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x25},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x26},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x2a},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x2c},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x2d},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x2e},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x2f},
{ X86_VENDOR_INTEL, 6, 0x3a},
{}
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(x86cpu, intel_powerclamp_ids);
static int powerclamp_probe(void)
{
if (!x86_match_cpu(intel_powerclamp_ids)) {
pr_err("Intel powerclamp does not run on family %d model %d\n",
boot_cpu_data.x86, boot_cpu_data.x86_model);
return -ENODEV;
}
if (!boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_NONSTOP_TSC) ||
!boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_CONSTANT_TSC) ||
!boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_MWAIT) ||
!boot_cpu_has(X86_FEATURE_ARAT))
return -ENODEV;
/* find the deepest mwait value */
find_target_mwait();
return 0;
}
static int powerclamp_debug_show(struct seq_file *m, void *unused)
{
int i = 0;
seq_printf(m, "controlling cpu: %d\n", control_cpu);
seq_printf(m, "pct confidence steady dynamic (compensation)\n");
for (i = 0; i < MAX_TARGET_RATIO; i++) {
seq_printf(m, "%d\t%lu\t%lu\t%lu\n",
i,
cal_data[i].confidence,
cal_data[i].steady_comp,
cal_data[i].dynamic_comp);
}
return 0;
}
static int powerclamp_debug_open(struct inode *inode,
struct file *file)
{
return single_open(file, powerclamp_debug_show, inode->i_private);
}
static const struct file_operations powerclamp_debug_fops = {
.open = powerclamp_debug_open,
.read = seq_read,
.llseek = seq_lseek,
.release = single_release,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
};
static inline void powerclamp_create_debug_files(void)
{
debug_dir = debugfs_create_dir("intel_powerclamp", NULL);
if (!debug_dir)
return;
if (!debugfs_create_file("powerclamp_calib", S_IRUGO, debug_dir,
cal_data, &powerclamp_debug_fops))
goto file_error;
return;
file_error:
debugfs_remove_recursive(debug_dir);
}
static int powerclamp_init(void)
{
int retval;
int bitmap_size;
bitmap_size = BITS_TO_LONGS(num_possible_cpus()) * sizeof(long);
cpu_clamping_mask = kzalloc(bitmap_size, GFP_KERNEL);
if (!cpu_clamping_mask)
return -ENOMEM;
/* probe cpu features and ids here */
retval = powerclamp_probe();
if (retval)
return retval;
/* set default limit, maybe adjusted during runtime based on feedback */
window_size = 2;
register_hotcpu_notifier(&powerclamp_cpu_notifier);
powerclamp_thread = alloc_percpu(struct task_struct *);
cooling_dev = thermal_cooling_device_register("intel_powerclamp", NULL,
&powerclamp_cooling_ops);
if (IS_ERR(cooling_dev))
return -ENODEV;
if (!duration)
duration = jiffies_to_msecs(DEFAULT_DURATION_JIFFIES);
powerclamp_create_debug_files();
return 0;
}
module_init(powerclamp_init);
static void powerclamp_exit(void)
{
unregister_hotcpu_notifier(&powerclamp_cpu_notifier);
end_power_clamp();
free_percpu(powerclamp_thread);
thermal_cooling_device_unregister(cooling_dev);
kfree(cpu_clamping_mask);
cancel_delayed_work_sync(&poll_pkg_cstate_work);
debugfs_remove_recursive(debug_dir);
}
module_exit(powerclamp_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Arjan van de Ven <arjan@linux.intel.com>");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Jacob Pan <jacob.jun.pan@linux.intel.com>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Package Level C-state Idle Injection for Intel CPUs");
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