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in apache frontend, we have been using:

LogFormat "%h %l %{REMOTE_USER}i %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %D" combined

The %l is (from mod_log_config docs): Remote logname (from identd, if supplied). This will return a dash unless mod_ident is present and IdentityCheck is set On.

In the case of apache frontend, it was always a - . This is missing in caddy frontend and our existing log processing tools (apachedex) cannot be used on frontend logs since we switched to Caddy.