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slapos.core
Commit ff2fd95e authored by Thomas Gambier's avatar Thomas Gambier 🚴🏼 Committed by Xavier Thompson
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slapos.core: introduce ipv6_range for each partition

parent 48d46cca
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Showing with 239 additions and 84 deletions
slapos.cfg.example
View file @ ff2fd95e
......@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ tap_ipv6 = true
# You can choose any other local network which does not conflict with your
# current machine configuration
ipv4_local_network = 10.0.0.0/16
partition_has_ipv6_range = true
# to enable, change to [firewall]
[disabled-firewall]
......
slapos/format.py
View file @ ff2fd95e
......@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ import six
import lxml.etree
import xml_marshaller.xml_marshaller
from slapos.util import dumps, mkdir_p, ipv6FromBin, binFromIpv6, lenNetmaskIpv6
from slapos.util import dumps, mkdir_p, ipv6FromBin, binFromIpv6, lenNetmaskIpv6, getPartitionIpv6Addr, getPartitionIpv6Range, getTapIpv6Range, netmaskFromLenIPv6
import slapos.slap as slap
from slapos import version
from slapos import manager as slapmanager
......@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ class Computer(object):
"""Object representing the computer"""
def __init__(self, reference, interface=None, addr=None, netmask=None,
ipv6_interface=None, software_user='slapsoft',
ipv6_interface=None, partition_has_ipv6_range=None, software_user='slapsoft',
tap_gateway_interface=None, tap_ipv6=None,
instance_root=None, software_root=None, instance_storage_home=None,
partition_list=None, config=None):
......@@ -260,6 +260,9 @@ class Computer(object):
self.address = addr
self.netmask = netmask
self.ipv6_interface = ipv6_interface
self.partition_has_ipv6_range = partition_has_ipv6_range
print("DEBUG CONF1")
print(self.partition_has_ipv6_range)
self.software_user = software_user
self.tap_gateway_interface = tap_gateway_interface
self.tap_ipv6 = tap_ipv6
......@@ -410,7 +413,7 @@ class Computer(object):
archive.writestr(saved_filename, xml_content, zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED)
@classmethod
def load(cls, path_to_xml, reference, ipv6_interface, tap_gateway_interface,
def load(cls, path_to_xml, reference, ipv6_interface, partition_has_ipv6_range, tap_gateway_interface,
tap_ipv6, instance_root=None, software_root=None, config=None):
"""
Create a computer object from a valid xml file.
......@@ -431,6 +434,7 @@ class Computer(object):
addr=dumped_dict['address'],
netmask=dumped_dict['netmask'],
ipv6_interface=ipv6_interface,
partition_has_ipv6_range=partition_has_ipv6_range,
software_user=dumped_dict.get('software_user', 'slapsoft'),
tap_gateway_interface=tap_gateway_interface,
tap_ipv6=tap_ipv6,
......@@ -467,6 +471,7 @@ class Computer(object):
tun = Tun("slaptun" + str(partition_index), partition_index, partition_amount)
address_list = partition_dict['address_list']
ipv6_range = partition_dict.get('ipv6_range', {})
external_storage_list = partition_dict.get('external_storage_list', [])
partition = Partition(
......@@ -474,6 +479,7 @@ class Computer(object):
path=partition_dict['path'],
user=user,
address_list=address_list,
ipv6_range=ipv6_range,
tap=tap,
tun=tun if config.create_tun else None,
external_storage_list=external_storage_list,
......@@ -562,7 +568,7 @@ class Computer(object):
####################
if alter_network:
if self.address is not None:
self.interface.addIPv6Address(self.address, self.netmask)
self.interface._addSystemAddress(self.address, self.netmask)
if create_tap and self.tap_gateway_interface:
gateway_addr_dict = getIfaceAddressIPv4(self.tap_gateway_interface)
......@@ -571,6 +577,11 @@ class Computer(object):
len(self.partition_list))
assert(len(self.partition_list) <= len(tap_address_list))
if self.partition_has_ipv6_range:
print("WITH RANGE")
print(alter_network)
self.interface.allowUseInexistingIpv6Address()
self._speedHackAddAllOldIpsToInterface()
try:
......@@ -614,12 +625,13 @@ class Computer(object):
if self.tap_ipv6:
if not partition.tap.ipv6_addr:
# create a new IPv6 randomly for the tap
ipv6_dict = self.interface.addIPv6Address(tap=partition.tap)
ipv6_dict = self.interface.addIPv6Address(partition_index, tap=partition.tap)
partition.tap.ipv6_addr = ipv6_dict['addr']
partition.tap.ipv6_netmask = ipv6_dict['netmask']
else:
# make sure the tap has its IPv6
self.interface.addIPv6Address(
partition_index=partition_index,
addr=partition.tap.ipv6_addr,
netmask=partition.tap.ipv6_netmask,
tap=partition.tap)
......@@ -645,43 +657,58 @@ class Computer(object):
partition.tun.createWithOwner(owner)
partition.tun.createRoutes()
# Reconstructing partition's address
# There should be two addresses on each Computer Partition:
# * local IPv4, took from slapformat:ipv4_local_network
# * global IPv6
if not partition.address_list:
# generate new addresses
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv4LocalAddress())
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv6Address(partition_index))
else:
# regenerate list of addresses
old_partition_address_list = partition.address_list
partition.address_list = []
if len(old_partition_address_list) != 2:
raise ValueError(
'There should be exactly 2 stored addresses. Got: %r' %
(old_partition_address_list,))
if not any(netaddr.valid_ipv6(q['addr'])
for q in old_partition_address_list):
raise ValueError('No valid IPv6 address loaded from XML config')
if not any(netaddr.valid_ipv4(q['addr'])
for q in old_partition_address_list):
raise ValueError('No valid IPv4 address loaded from XML config')
for address in old_partition_address_list:
if netaddr.valid_ipv6(address['addr']):
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv6Address(
partition_index,
address['addr'],
address['netmask']))
elif netaddr.valid_ipv4(address['addr']):
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv4LocalAddress(
address['addr']))
else:
# should never happen since there are exactly 1 valid IPv6 and 1
# valid IPv4 in old_partition_address_list
raise ValueError('Address %r is incorrect' % address['addr'])
# Reconstructing partiton's IPv6 range
if self.partition_has_ipv6_range:
if not partition.ipv6_range:
# generate new IPv6 range
partition.ipv6_range = self.interface.generateIPv6Range(partition_index)
else:
if not netaddr.valid_ipv6(partition.ipv6_range['addr']):
raise ValueError('existing IPv6 range %r is incorrect', partition.ipv6_range['addr'])
else:
partition.ipv6_range = {}
# Reconstructing partition's directory
partition.createPath(alter_user)
partition.createExternalPath(alter_user)
# Reconstructing partition's address
# There should be two addresses on each Computer Partition:
# * local IPv4, took from slapformat:ipv4_local_network
# * global IPv6
if not partition.address_list:
# regenerate
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv4LocalAddress())
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv6Address())
elif alter_network:
# regenerate list of addresses
old_partition_address_list = partition.address_list
partition.address_list = []
if len(old_partition_address_list) != 2:
raise ValueError(
'There should be exactly 2 stored addresses. Got: %r' %
(old_partition_address_list,))
if not any(netaddr.valid_ipv6(q['addr'])
for q in old_partition_address_list):
raise ValueError('Not valid ipv6 addresses loaded')
if not any(netaddr.valid_ipv4(q['addr'])
for q in old_partition_address_list):
raise ValueError('Not valid ipv6 addresses loaded')
for address in old_partition_address_list:
if netaddr.valid_ipv6(address['addr']):
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv6Address(
address['addr'],
address['netmask']))
elif netaddr.valid_ipv4(address['addr']):
partition.address_list.append(self.interface.addIPv4LocalAddress(
address['addr']))
else:
raise ValueError('Address %r is incorrect' % address['addr'])
finally:
for manager in self._manager_list:
manager.formatTearDown(self)
......@@ -693,13 +720,14 @@ class Partition(object):
resource_file = ".slapos-resource"
def __init__(self, reference, path, user, address_list,
tap, external_storage_list=[], tun=None):
ipv6_range, tap, external_storage_list=[], tun=None):
"""
Attributes:
reference: String, the name of the partition.
path: String, the path to the partition folder.
user: User, the user linked to this partition.
address_list: List of associated IP addresses.
ipv6_range: IPv6 range given to this partiton (dict with 'addr' and 'netmask').
tap: Tap, the tap interface linked to this partition e.g. used as a gateway for kvm
tun: Tun interface used for special apps simulating ethernet connections
external_storage_list: Base path list of folder to format for data storage
......@@ -709,12 +737,13 @@ class Partition(object):
self.path = str(path)
self.user = user
self.address_list = address_list or []
self.ipv6_range = ipv6_range or {}
self.tap = tap
self.tun = tun
self.external_storage_list = []
def __getinitargs__(self):
return (self.reference, self.path, self.user, self.address_list, self.tap, self.tun)
return (self.reference, self.path, self.user, self.address_list, self.ipv6_range, self.tap, self.tun)
def createPath(self, alter_user=True):
"""
......@@ -1072,13 +1101,10 @@ class Interface(object):
for q in netifaces.ifaddresses(interface_name)[af]
]:
# add an address
callAndRead(['ip', 'addr', 'add', address_string, 'dev', interface_name])
# Fake success for local ipv4
if not ipv6:
return True
code, _ = callAndRead(['ip', 'addr', 'add', address_string, 'dev', interface_name])
# wait few moments
if code != 0:
return False
time.sleep(2)
# Fake success for local ipv4
......@@ -1132,7 +1158,7 @@ class Interface(object):
# confirmed to be configured
return dict(addr=addr, netmask=netmask)
def addIPv6Address(self, addr=None, netmask=None, tap=None):
def addIPv6Address(self, partition_index, addr=None, netmask=None, tap=None):
"""
Adds IPv6 address to interface.
......@@ -1142,6 +1168,9 @@ class Interface(object):
address. If it is not possible (ex. because network changed), calculate new
address.
If tap is specified, tap will get actually an IPv6 range (and not a single
address) 16 bits smaller than the range of the interface.
Args:
addr: Wished address to be added to interface.
netmask: Wished netmask to be used.
......@@ -1197,38 +1226,65 @@ class Interface(object):
self._logger.warning('Impossible to add old public IPv6 %s. '
'Generating new IPv6 address.' % addr)
# Try 10 times to add address, raise in case if not possible
try_num = 10
netmask = address_dict['netmask']
address_dict['netmask'] = lenNetmaskIpv6(address_dict['netmask'])
if tap:
netmask_len = lenNetmaskIpv6(netmask)
prefix = binFromIpv6(address_dict['addr'])[:netmask_len]
netmask_len += 16
# we generate a subnetwork for the tap
# the subnetwork has 16 bits more than the interface network
# make sure we have at least 2 IPs in the subnetwork
if netmask_len >= 128:
self._logger.error('Interface %s has netmask %s which is too big for generating IPv6 on taps.' % (interface_name, netmask))
raise AddressGenerationError(addr)
netmask = ipv6FromBin('1'*128) # the netmask of the tap itself is always 128 bits
result_addr = getTapIpv6Range(address_dict, partition_index)
else:
result_addr = getPartitionIpv6Addr(address_dict, partition_index)
# restore netmask as bitmask
result_addr['netmask'] = netmaskFromLenIPv6(result_addr['netmask'])
while try_num > 0:
if tap:
addr = ipv6FromBin(prefix
+ bin(random.randint(1, 65000))[2:].zfill(16)
+ '1' * (128 - netmask_len))
else:
addr = ':'.join(address_dict['addr'].split(':')[:-1] + ['%x' % (
random.randint(1, 65000), )])
socket.inet_pton(socket.AF_INET6, addr)
if (dict(addr=addr, netmask=netmask) not in
self.getGlobalScopeAddressList(tap=tap)):
# Checking the validity of the IPv6 address
if self._addSystemAddress(addr, netmask, tap=tap):
return dict(addr=addr, netmask=netmask)
try_num -= 1
self._addSystemAddress(result_addr['addr'], result_addr['netmask'], tap=tap)
return result_addr
raise AddressGenerationError(addr)
def generateIPv6Range(self, i):
"""
Generate an IPv6 range included in the IPv6 range of the interface. The IPv6 range depends on the partition index i.
There is no need to actually add this range anywhere because allowUseInexistingIpv6Address() has already been called.
Returns:
dict(addr=address, netmask=netmask, network=addr/CIDR).
Raises:
ValueError: Couldn't construct valid address with existing
one's on the interface.
NoAddressOnInterface: There's no address on the interface to construct
an address with.
"""
interface_name = self.ipv6_interface or self.name
# Getting one address of the interface as base of the next addresses
interface_addr_list = self.getGlobalScopeAddressList()
# No address found
if len(interface_addr_list) == 0:
raise NoAddressOnInterface(interface_name)
address_dict = interface_addr_list[0]
address_dict['netmask'] = lenNetmaskIpv6(address_dict['netmask'])
ipv6_range = getPartitionIpv6Range(address_dict, i)
ipv6_range['network'] = '{addr}/{netmask}'.format(**ipv6_range)
ipv6_range['netmask'] = netmaskFromLenIPv6(ipv6_range['netmask'])
return ipv6_range
def allowUseInexistingIpv6Address(self):
# This will allow the usage of unexisting IPv6 adrdresses.
# Getting the global IPv6 range of the computer
interface_addr_list = self.getGlobalScopeAddressList()
# No address found
if len(interface_addr_list) == 0:
raise NoAddressOnInterface(interface_name)
address_dict = interface_addr_list[0]
addr = address_dict['addr']
netmask = address_dict['netmask'].split('/')[1]
self._logger.debug('sysctl net.ipv6.ip_nonlocal_bind=1')
callAndRead(['sysctl', 'net.ipv6.ip_nonlocal_bind=1'])
_, result = callAndRead(['ip', '-6', 'route', 'show', 'table', 'local', '%s/%s' % (addr, netmask)])
if not 'dev lo' in result:
self._logger.debug(' ip -6 route add local %s/%s dev lo', addr, netmask)
callAndRead(['ip', '-6', 'route', 'add', 'local', '%s/%s' % (addr, netmask), 'dev', 'lo'])
def parse_computer_definition(conf, definition_path):
......@@ -1254,6 +1310,7 @@ def parse_computer_definition(conf, definition_path):
addr=address,
netmask=netmask,
ipv6_interface=conf.ipv6_interface,
partition_has_ipv6_range=conf.partition_has_ipv6_range,
software_user=computer_definition.get('computer', 'software_user'),
tap_gateway_interface=conf.tap_gateway_interface,
tap_ipv6=conf.tap_ipv6,
......@@ -1268,6 +1325,10 @@ def parse_computer_definition(conf, definition_path):
for a in computer_definition.get(section, 'address').split():
address, netmask = a.split('/')
address_list.append(dict(addr=address, netmask=netmask))
ipv6_range_network = computer_definition.get(section, 'ipv6_range')
addr, netmask = ipv6_range_network.split('/')
netmask = netmaskFromLenIPv6(int(netmask))
ipv6_range = {'addr' : address, 'netmask' : netmask, 'network' : ipv6_range_network}
tap = Tap(computer_definition.get(section, 'network_interface'))
tun = Tun("slaptun" + str(partition_number),
partition_number,
......@@ -1277,6 +1338,7 @@ def parse_computer_definition(conf, definition_path):
computer_definition.get(section, 'pathname')),
user=user,
address_list=address_list,
ipv6_range=ipv6_range,
tap=tap, tun=tun)
partition_list.append(partition)
computer.partition_list = partition_list
......@@ -1294,6 +1356,7 @@ def parse_computer_xml(conf, xml_path):
computer = Computer.load(xml_path,
reference=conf.computer_id,
ipv6_interface=conf.ipv6_interface,
partition_has_ipv6_range=conf.partition_has_ipv6_range,
tap_gateway_interface=conf.tap_gateway_interface,
tap_ipv6=conf.tap_ipv6,
software_root=conf.software_root,
......@@ -1312,6 +1375,7 @@ def parse_computer_xml(conf, xml_path):
addr=None,
netmask=None,
ipv6_interface=conf.ipv6_interface,
partition_has_ipv6_range=conf.partition_has_ipv6_range,
software_user=conf.software_user,
tap_gateway_interface=conf.tap_gateway_interface,
tap_ipv6=conf.tap_ipv6,
......@@ -1338,6 +1402,7 @@ def parse_computer_xml(conf, xml_path):
conf.partition_base_name, i)),
user=User('%s%s' % (conf.user_base_name, i)),
address_list=None,
ipv6_range=None,
tap=Tap('%s%s' % (conf.tap_base_name, i)),
tun=Tun('slaptun' + str(i), i, partition_amount) if conf.create_tun else None
)
......@@ -1359,6 +1424,7 @@ def write_computer_definition(conf, computer):
for address in partition.address_list:
address_list.append('/'.join([address['addr'], address['netmask']]))
computer_definition.set(section, 'address', ' '.join(address_list))
computer_definition.set(section, 'ipv6_range', partition.ipv6_range['network'])
computer_definition.set(section, 'user', partition.user.name)
computer_definition.set(section, 'network_interface', partition.tap.name)
computer_definition.set(section, 'pathname', partition.reference)
......@@ -1424,6 +1490,7 @@ class FormatConfig(object):
alter_network = 'True' # modifiable by cmdline
interface_name = None
ipv6_interface = None
partition_has_ipv6_range = True
create_tap = True
create_tun = False
tap_base_name = None
......@@ -1488,7 +1555,7 @@ class FormatConfig(object):
raise UsageError(message)
# Convert strings to booleans
for option in ['alter_network', 'alter_user', 'create_tap', 'create_tun', 'tap_ipv6']:
for option in ['alter_network', 'alter_user', 'partition_has_ipv6_range', 'create_tap', 'create_tun', 'tap_ipv6']:
attr = getattr(self, option)
if isinstance(attr, str):
if attr.lower() == 'true':
......
slapos/slap/standalone.py
View file @ ff2fd95e
......@@ -59,11 +59,23 @@ from .interface.slap import IRequester
from ..grid.slapgrid import SLAPGRID_PROMISE_FAIL
from .slap import slap
from ..util import dumps, rmtree
from ..util import dumps, rmtree, getPartitionIpv6Addr, getPartitionIpv6Range
from ..grid.svcbackend import getSupervisorRPC
from ..grid.svcbackend import _getSupervisordSocketPath
def _getPartitionIpv6(ipv6_address, i):
# returns (single_ipv6_address, ipv6_range) for a partition
# ipv6_address can be either a range or a single IPv6 address (with no /)
if '/' in ipv6_address:
addr,netmask = ipv6_address.split('/')
single_ipv6_address = getPartitionIpv6Addr({'addr':addr, 'netmask':int(netmask)}, i)['addr']
ipv6_range = getPartitionIpv6Range({'addr':addr, 'netmask':int(netmask)}, i)
else:
ipv6_range = None
single_ipv6_address = ipv6_address
return (single_ipv6_address, ipv6_range)
@zope.interface.implementer(IException)
class SlapOSNodeCommandError(Exception):
......@@ -287,9 +299,7 @@ class SlapformatDefinitionWriter(ConfigWriter):
"""
def writeConfig(self, path):
ipv4 = self._standalone_slapos._ipv4_address
ipv6 = self._standalone_slapos._ipv6_address
ipv4_cidr = ipv4 + '/255.255.255.255' if ipv4 else ''
ipv6_cidr = ipv6 + '/64' if ipv6 else ''
user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_name
partition_base_name = self._standalone_slapos._partition_base_name
with open(path, 'w') as f:
......@@ -300,11 +310,15 @@ class SlapformatDefinitionWriter(ConfigWriter):
address = {ipv4_cidr}\n
""").format(**locals()))
for i in range(self._standalone_slapos._partition_count):
print(i)
single_ipv6_address, ipv6_range = _getPartitionIpv6(self._standalone_slapos._ipv6_address, i)
ipv6_range_network= '{addr}/{netmask}'.format(**ipv6_range)
f.write(
textwrap.dedent(
"""
[partition_{i}]
address = {ipv6_cidr} {ipv4_cidr}
address = {single_ipv6_address}/128 {ipv4_cidr}
ipv6_range = {ipv6_range_network}
pathname = {partition_base_name}{i}
user = {user}
network_interface =\n
......@@ -594,8 +608,12 @@ class StandaloneSlapOS(object):
partition_base_name="slappart"):
"""Creates `partition_count` partitions.
All partitions have the same `ipv4_address` and `ipv6_address` and
use the current system user.
All partitions have the same `ipv4_address` and use the current system
user.
`ipv6_address` can be a single address (in this case all partitions have
the same address) or a range in the form IPV6/CIDR (in this case each
partition has a subrange).
When calling this a second time with a lower `partition_count` or with
different `partition_base_name` will delete existing partitions.
......@@ -628,6 +646,7 @@ class StandaloneSlapOS(object):
if not (os.path.exists(partition_path)):
os.mkdir(partition_path)
os.chmod(partition_path, 0o750)
single_ipv6_address, ipv6_range = _getPartitionIpv6(ipv6_address, i)
partition_list.append({
'address_list': [
{
......@@ -635,10 +654,11 @@ class StandaloneSlapOS(object):
'netmask': '255.255.255.255'
},
{
'addr': ipv6_address,
'addr': single_ipv6_address,
'netmask': 'ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'
},
],
'ipv6_range' : ipv6_range,
'path': partition_path,
'reference': partition_reference,
'tap': {
......
slapos/util.py
View file @ ff2fd95e
......@@ -205,6 +205,69 @@ def ipv6FromBin(ip, suffix=''):
return socket.inet_ntop(socket.AF_INET6,
struct.pack('>QQ', int(ip[:64], 2), int(ip[64:], 2)))
def getPartitionIpv6Addr(ipv6_range, partition_index):
"""
from a IPv6 range in the form
{
'addr' : addr,
'natmask' : CIDR
}
returns the IPv6 addr
addr::(partition_index+2) (address 1 is is used by re6st)
"""
addr = ipv6_range['addr']
netmask = ipv6_range['netmask']
prefix = binFromIpv6(addr)[:netmask]
return dict(addr = ipv6FromBin(prefix + bin(partition_index+2)[2:].zfill(128 - netmask)), netmask = netmask)
def getPartitionIpv6Range(ipv6_range, partition_index):
"""
from a IPv6 range in the form
{
'addr' : addr,
'natmask' : CIDR
}
returns the IPv6 range
{
'addr' : addr:(partition_index+1)
'netmask : CIDR+16
}
"""
addr = ipv6_range['addr']
netmask = ipv6_range['netmask']
prefix = binFromIpv6(addr)[:netmask]
# we generate a subnetwork for the partition
# the subnetwork has 16 bits more than our IPv6 range
# make sure we have at least 2 IPs in the subnetwork
netmask += 16
if netmask >= 128:
raise ValueError('The IPv6 range has netmask {} which is too big for generating IPv6 range for partitions.'.format(netmask))
return dict(addr = ipv6FromBin(prefix + bin(partition_index+1)[2:].zfill(16) + '0' * (128 - netmask)), netmask=netmask)
def getTapIpv6Range(ipv6_range, partition_index):
"""
from a IPv6 range in the form
{
'addr' : addr,
'natmask' : CIDR
}
returns the IPv6 range
{
'addr' : addr:(2^15 + partition_index+1)
'netmask : CIDR+16
}
"""
addr = ipv6_range['addr']
netmask = ipv6_range['netmask']
prefix = binFromIpv6(addr)[:netmask]
# we generate a subnetwork for the partition
# the subnetwork has 16 bits more than our IPv6 range
# make sure we have at least 2 IPs in the subnetwork
netmask += 16
if netmask >= 128:
raise ValueError('The IPv6 range has netmask {} which is too big for generating IPv6 range for partitions.'.format(netmask))
return dict(addr = ipv6FromBin(prefix + bin(2^15 + partition_index+1)[2:].zfill(16) + '0' * (128 - netmask)), netmask=netmask)
def lenNetmaskIpv6(netmask):
"""Convert string represented netmask to its integer prefix"""
# Since version 0.10.7 of netifaces, the netmask is something like "ffff::/16",
......@@ -215,6 +278,10 @@ def lenNetmaskIpv6(netmask):
except ValueError:
return netaddr.IPNetwork(netmask).prefixlen
def netmaskFromLenIPv6(netmask_len):
""" opposite of lenNetmaskIpv6"""
return ipv6FromBin('1' * netmask_len)
# Used for Python 2-3 compatibility
if str is bytes:
bytes2str = str2bytes = lambda s: s
......
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