Assigning the result of str() to a map broke after
https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/pull/299 landed. This commit fixes
it by making sure our call has a type before the final pass of the
semantic analyzer. Also moved the default strlen to bpftrace.h to make
sure the value is correctly set on unit tests.

allow isra symbols in kprobe wildcards

basic positional paramater support

str() to accept optional length

* Add BPFtrace::extract_func_symbols_from_path function

* Refactor to add find_wildcard_matches overload that takes an istream

* Prepare find_wildcard_matches usage for u(ret)probe types

* Add support for wildcard matches with uprobe and uretprobe types

* Update add_probes_uprobe_wildcard test

* Add test for uprobe wildcard match

* Mention uprobe wildcard in readme

* Add uprobe support to codegen

* Clean up whitespace

* Add TODO comment to remove objdump dependency

Improve build times of codegen tests, fix build-time exhaustion of virtual memory

Bad zero

Search PATH for executables when running commands

This makes it easier for the user to run commands. Specifying abosolute
paths to a binary was kind of a pain in the rear.

gather codegen tests into a single compilation unit, for faster build perf (see https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/issues/229)

Better non-root error

Add -c CMD option

This patch adds a command running option to bpftrace. The user can now
run something like:

    ./bpftrace -e '...' -c 'sleep 5'

which is a convenience wrapper around something like:

    sleep 5 & ./bpfrace -e '...' -p `pidof sleep`

`-c` is better because it:
* ensures a tighter tracing range around CMD (ie we trace less of the
system while it is not running CMD)
* makes bpftrace exit (which is convenient) when CMD terminates
    * previously, it was not possible to get a full trace of CMDs
    execution and have bpftrace exit upon CMD termination

Test Plan:
Trivial successful example:
```
$ sudo ./build/src/bpftrace -e 'tracepoint:syscalls:sys_enter_nanosleep
{ printf("%s nanoslept\n", comm); }' -c '/bin/sleep 1'
[sudo] password for dlxu:
chdir(/lib/modules/4.19.8-200.fc28.x86_64/build): No such file or
directory
Attaching 1 probe...
sleep nanoslept
splunkd nanoslept
webrtc_audio_mo nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
webrtc_audio_mo nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept
gnome-terminal- nanoslept

$
```

Ambigous executable:
```
$ sudo ./build/src/bpftrace -e 'tracepoint:syscalls:sys_enter_nanosleep
{ printf("%s nanoslept\n", comm); }' -c 'sleep 1'
chdir(/lib/modules/4.19.8-200.fc28.x86_64/build): No such file or
directory
Attaching 1 probe...
execve: No such file or directory
Failed to spawn child=sleep 1
splunkd nanoslept

$
```

This closes #253

Normalize bpftrace(8) man page

This patch normalizes parts of the man page to be in line with the rest.

If the user provides a specific PID to trace, it doesn't really make
sense to keep running if the tracee terminates. This patch makes
bpftrace exit cleanly if the tracee terminates.

I spent quite a bit of time thinking about the generic problem of
figuring out when an arbitrary pid terminates. After some experiments,
here is what I've learned:
* wait(2) and waitpid(2) can only wait on child processes (duh)
* epoll(2) does not support procfs (or other pseudo filesystems)
* inotify does not support procfs either b/c procfs changes are not made
through the filesystem (by another userspace entity)
* ptrace with PTRACE_SEIZE might work but might have extra overhead on
the tracee
* the netlink interface for process state changes seems a bit overkill
* the only sane solution (AFAICT) is to poll /proc/PID/ for changes

Thus, I've made some minor changes to the main event loop to support
polling procfs.

Test Plan:
Make sure non-pid-specific tracing still works:
```
$ sudo ./build/src/bpftrace -e 'uretprobe:/bin/bash:readline { printf("read a line\n"); }'
[sudo] password for dlxu:
Attaching 1 probe...
read a line
read a line
read a line
read a line
read a line
read a line
read a line
read a line
^C

```

Verify pid-specific tracing (ie usdt) exits on tracee termination:
```
// in window 1
$ ./python -q

// in window 2
$ sudo ~/dev/bpftrace/build/src/bpftrace -p $(pidof python) -e 'usdt:/home/dlxu/dev/cpython/python:function__entry { printf("%s %s\n", str(arg0), str(arg1)) }'
[sudo] password for dlxu:
Attaching 1 probe...
<stdin> <module>

// in window 1
>>> print('wow')
wow
>>>

// verify bpftrace has exited in window 2

```

[tests] Fix codegen tests for LLVM 5, 6 and 7

bpftrace adaptations of several iovisor/bcc tcp*.py tools

Extract LINUX_VERSION_CODE from running kernel via vDSO.

Fedora 27 and LLVM 5 are EOL, which means they won't receive new
updates (not even security patches). As such, there's no reason to keep
testing those platforms/dependencies in our CI, and removing them will
reduce our CI complexity as well as unbreak our CI.

Also, static builds are broken for some time
(https://github.com/iovisor/bpftrace/issues/266), and keeping them in
our CI will only prevent collaborators from keeping the CI healthy. We
should push for Ubuntu/Debian/Fedora static builds instead of relying on
alpine for it. For now, mark alpine static build as "allow to fail" on
Travis.

This method reuses a stable interface provided for glibc, avoids runtime
header file parsing or regexes, and the vDSO structure should remain
stable over time. Fall back to the compile time constant if search
fails.

Initial inet_ntop implementation

Use LLVM_VERSION_MAJOR checks to make codegen tests work on LLVM 5, 6 and 7.