Raise statement normalization in Lib/test/.

Lib/test/leakers/test_gestalt.py

 import sys
 
 if sys.platform != 'darwin':
-    raise ValueError, "This test only leaks on Mac OS X"
+    raise ValueError("This test only leaks on Mac OS X")
 
 def leak():
     # taken from platform._mac_ver_lookup()

Lib/test/pickletester.py

@@ -868,7 +868,7 @@ class REX_three(object):
         self._proto = proto
         return REX_two, ()
     def __reduce__(self):
-        raise TestFailed, "This __reduce__ shouldn't be called"
+        raise TestFailed("This __reduce__ shouldn't be called")
 
 class REX_four(object):
     _proto = None

Lib/test/test_binop.py

@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ class Rat(object):
 
         The arguments must be ints or longs, and default to (0, 1)."""
         if not isint(num):
-            raise TypeError, "Rat numerator must be int or long (%r)" % num
+            raise TypeError("Rat numerator must be int or long (%r)" % num)
         if not isint(den):
-            raise TypeError, "Rat denominator must be int or long (%r)" % den
+            raise TypeError("Rat denominator must be int or long (%r)" % den)
         # But the zero is always on
         if den == 0:
-            raise ZeroDivisionError, "zero denominator"
+            raise ZeroDivisionError("zero denominator")
         g = gcd(den, num)
         self.__num = int(num//g)
         self.__den = int(den//g)
@@ -73,15 +73,15 @@ class Rat(object):
             try:
                 return int(self.__num)
             except OverflowError:
-                raise OverflowError, ("%s too large to convert to int" %
+                raise OverflowError("%s too large to convert to int" %
                                       repr(self))
-        raise ValueError, "can't convert %s to int" % repr(self)
+        raise ValueError("can't convert %s to int" % repr(self))
 
     def __long__(self):
         """Convert a Rat to an long; self.den must be 1."""
         if self.__den == 1:
             return int(self.__num)
-        raise ValueError, "can't convert %s to long" % repr(self)
+        raise ValueError("can't convert %s to long" % repr(self))
 
     def __add__(self, other):
         """Add two Rats, or a Rat and a number."""

Lib/test/test_capi.py

@@ -12,10 +12,7 @@ def test_main():
             test = getattr(_testcapi, name)
             if test_support.verbose:
                 print("internal", name)
-            try:
-                test()
-            except _testcapi.error:
-                raise test_support.TestFailed, sys.exc_info()[1]
+            test()
 
     # some extra thread-state tests driven via _testcapi
     def TestThreadState():
@@ -35,8 +32,8 @@ def test_main():
         time.sleep(1)
         # Check our main thread is in the list exactly 3 times.
         if idents.count(thread.get_ident()) != 3:
-            raise test_support.TestFailed, \
-                  "Couldn't find main thread correctly in the list"
+            raise test_support.TestFailed(
+                        "Couldn't find main thread correctly in the list")
 
     try:
         _testcapi._test_thread_state

Lib/test/test_cgi.py

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def do_test(buf, method):
         env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
         env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = str(len(buf))
     else:
-        raise ValueError, "unknown method: %s" % method
+        raise ValueError("unknown method: %s" % method)
     try:
         return cgi.parse(fp, env, strict_parsing=1)
     except Exception as err:

Lib/test/test_contains.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class seq(base_set):
 
 def check(ok, *args):
     if not ok:
-        raise TestFailed, " ".join(map(str, args))
+        raise TestFailed(" ".join(map(str, args)))
 
 a = base_set(1)
 b = set(1)
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ class Deviant2:
 
     def __cmp__(self, other):
         if other == 4:
-            raise RuntimeError, "gotcha"
+            raise RuntimeError("gotcha")
 
 try:
     check(Deviant2() not in a, "oops")

Lib/test/test_copy.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
             def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
                 return ""
             def __reduce__(self):
-                raise test_support.TestFailed, "shouldn't call this"
+                raise test_support.TestFailed("shouldn't call this")
         x = C()
         y = copy.copy(x)
         self.assert_(y is x)
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
         class C(object):
             def __getattribute__(self, name):
                 if name.startswith("__reduce"):
-                    raise AttributeError, name
+                    raise AttributeError(name)
                 return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
         x = C()
         self.assertRaises(copy.Error, copy.copy, x)
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
             def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
                 return ""
             def __reduce__(self):
-                raise test_support.TestFailed, "shouldn't call this"
+                raise test_support.TestFailed("shouldn't call this")
         x = C()
         y = copy.deepcopy(x)
         self.assert_(y is x)
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
         class C(object):
             def __getattribute__(self, name):
                 if name.startswith("__reduce"):
-                    raise AttributeError, name
+                    raise AttributeError(name)
                 return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
         x = C()
         self.assertRaises(copy.Error, copy.deepcopy, x)
@@ -565,7 +565,7 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_getstate_exc(self):
         class EvilState(object):
             def __getstate__(self):
-                raise ValueError, "ain't got no stickin' state"
+                raise ValueError("ain't got no stickin' state")
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, copy.copy, EvilState())
 
     def test_copy_function(self):

Lib/test/test_curses.py

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ requires('curses')
 # XXX: if newterm was supported we could use it instead of initscr and not exit
 term = os.environ.get('TERM')
 if not term or term == 'unknown':
-    raise TestSkipped, "$TERM=%r, calling initscr() may cause exit" % term
+    raise TestSkipped("$TERM=%r, calling initscr() may cause exit" % term)
 
 if sys.platform == "cygwin":
     raise TestSkipped("cygwin's curses mostly just hangs")
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ def window_funcs(stdscr):
     except TypeError:
         pass
     else:
-        raise RuntimeError, "Expected win.border() to raise TypeError"
+        raise RuntimeError("Expected win.border() to raise TypeError")
 
     stdscr.clearok(1)
 
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ def test_userptr_without_set(stdscr):
     # try to access userptr() before calling set_userptr() -- segfaults
     try:
         p.userptr()
-        raise RuntimeError, 'userptr should fail since not set'
+        raise RuntimeError('userptr should fail since not set')
     except curses.panel.error:
         pass
 
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ def test_resize_term(stdscr):
         curses.resizeterm(lines - 1, cols + 1)
 
         if curses.LINES != lines - 1 or curses.COLS != cols + 1:
-            raise RuntimeError, "Expected resizeterm to update LINES and COLS"
+            raise RuntimeError("Expected resizeterm to update LINES and COLS")
 
 def main(stdscr):
     curses.savetty()

Lib/test/test_dbm.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ def cleanup():
             # if we can't delete the file because of permissions,
             # nothing will work, so skip the test
             if errno == 1:
-                raise TestSkipped, 'unable to remove: ' + filename + suffix
+                raise TestSkipped('unable to remove: ' + filename + suffix)
 
 def test_keys():
     d = dbm.open(filename, 'c')

Lib/test/test_descrtut.py

@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ Attributes defined by get/set methods
     ...
     ...     def __set__(self, inst, value):
     ...         if self.__set is None:
-    ...             raise AttributeError, "this attribute is read-only"
+    ...             raise AttributeError("this attribute is read-only")
     ...         return self.__set(inst, value)
 
 Now let's define a class with an attribute x defined by a pair of methods,

Lib/test/test_dl.py

@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ for s, func in sharedlibs:
             print('worked!')
         break
 else:
-    raise TestSkipped, 'Could not open any shared libraries'
+    raise TestSkipped('Could not open any shared libraries')

Lib/test/test_doctest.py

@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ Exception messages may contain newlines:
 
     >>> def f(x):
     ...     r'''
-    ...     >>> raise ValueError, 'multi\nline\nmessage'
+    ...     >>> raise ValueError('multi\nline\nmessage')
     ...     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...     ValueError: multi
     ...     line
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ message is raised, then it is reported as a failure:
 
     >>> def f(x):
     ...     r'''
-    ...     >>> raise ValueError, 'message'
+    ...     >>> raise ValueError('message')
     ...     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...     ValueError: wrong message
     ...     '''
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ message is raised, then it is reported as a failure:
     **********************************************************************
     File ..., line 3, in f
     Failed example:
-        raise ValueError, 'message'
+        raise ValueError('message')
     Expected:
         Traceback (most recent call last):
         ValueError: wrong message
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ detail:
 
     >>> def f(x):
     ...     r'''
-    ...     >>> raise ValueError, 'message' #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+    ...     >>> raise ValueError('message') #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
     ...     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...     ValueError: wrong message
     ...     '''
@@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ But IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL does not allow a mismatch in the exception type:
 
     >>> def f(x):
     ...     r'''
-    ...     >>> raise ValueError, 'message' #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+    ...     >>> raise ValueError('message') #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
     ...     Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...     TypeError: wrong type
     ...     '''
@@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ But IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL does not allow a mismatch in the exception type:
     **********************************************************************
     File ..., line 3, in f
     Failed example:
-        raise ValueError, 'message' #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
+        raise ValueError('message') #doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
     Expected:
         Traceback (most recent call last):
         TypeError: wrong type

Lib/test/test_exception_variations.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class ExceptionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         hit_finally = False
 
         try:
-            raise Exception, 'nyaa!'
+            raise Exception('nyaa!')
         except:
             hit_except = True
         else:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class ExceptionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         hit_finally = False
 
         try:
-            raise Exception, 'yarr!'
+            raise Exception('yarr!')
         except:
             hit_except = True
         finally:
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ class ExceptionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         hit_except = False
 
         try:
-            raise Exception, 'ahoy!'
+            raise Exception('ahoy!')
         except:
             hit_except = True
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class ExceptionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         hit_else = False
 
         try:
-            raise Exception, 'foo!'
+            raise Exception('foo!')
         except:
             hit_except = True
         else:
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ class ExceptionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
         try:
             try:
-                raise Exception, 'inner exception'
+                raise Exception('inner exception')
             except:
                 hit_inner_except = True
             finally:
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ class ExceptionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             else:
                 hit_inner_else = True
 
-            raise Exception, 'outer exception'
+            raise Exception('outer exception')
         except:
             hit_except = True
         else:

Lib/test/test_extcall.py

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class Nothing:
         if i < 3:
             return i
         else:
-            raise IndexError, i
+            raise IndexError(i)
 g(*Nothing())
 
 class Nothing:
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ try:
 except TypeError:
     pass
 else:
-    raise TestFailed, 'expected TypeError; no exception raised'
+    raise TestFailed('expected TypeError; no exception raised')
 
 a, b, d, e, v, k = 'A', 'B', 'D', 'E', 'V', 'K'
 funcs = []

Lib/test/test_fork1.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from test.test_support import TestSkipped, run_unittest, reap_children
 try:
     os.fork
 except AttributeError:
-    raise TestSkipped, "os.fork not defined -- skipping test_fork1"
+    raise TestSkipped("os.fork not defined -- skipping test_fork1")
 
 class ForkTest(ForkWait):
     def wait_impl(self, cpid):

Lib/test/test_format.py

@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ def test_exc(formatstr, args, exception, excmsg):
         print('Unexpected exception')
         raise
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, 'did not get expected exception: %s' % excmsg
+        raise TestFailed('did not get expected exception: %s' % excmsg)
 
 test_exc('abc %a', 1, ValueError,
          "unsupported format character 'a' (0x61) at index 5")
@@ -241,4 +241,4 @@ if maxsize == 2**31-1:
     except MemoryError:
         pass
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, '"%*d"%(maxsize, -127) should fail'
+        raise TestFailed('"%*d"%(maxsize, -127) should fail')

Lib/test/test_funcattrs.py

@@ -17,40 +17,40 @@ verify(verify.__module__ == "test.test_support")
 try:
     b.publish
 except AttributeError: pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected AttributeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected AttributeError')
 
 if b.__dict__ != {}:
-    raise TestFailed, 'expected unassigned func.__dict__ to be {}'
+    raise TestFailed('expected unassigned func.__dict__ to be {}')
 
 b.publish = 1
 if b.publish != 1:
-    raise TestFailed, 'function attribute not set to expected value'
+    raise TestFailed('function attribute not set to expected value')
 
 docstring = 'its docstring'
 b.__doc__ = docstring
 if b.__doc__ != docstring:
-    raise TestFailed, 'problem with setting __doc__ attribute'
+    raise TestFailed('problem with setting __doc__ attribute')
 
 if 'publish' not in dir(b):
-    raise TestFailed, 'attribute not in dir()'
+    raise TestFailed('attribute not in dir()')
 
 try:
     del b.__dict__
 except TypeError: pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'del func.__dict__ expected TypeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('del func.__dict__ expected TypeError')
 
 b.publish = 1
 try:
     b.__dict__ = None
 except TypeError: pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'func.__dict__ = None expected TypeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('func.__dict__ = None expected TypeError')
 
 d = {'hello': 'world'}
 b.__dict__ = d
 if b.__dict__ is not d:
-    raise TestFailed, 'func.__dict__ assignment to dictionary failed'
+    raise TestFailed('func.__dict__ assignment to dictionary failed')
 if b.hello != 'world':
-    raise TestFailed, 'attribute after func.__dict__ assignment failed'
+    raise TestFailed('attribute after func.__dict__ assignment failed')
 
 f1 = F()
 f2 = F()
@@ -58,45 +58,45 @@ f2 = F()
 try:
     F.a.publish
 except AttributeError: pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected AttributeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected AttributeError')
 
 try:
     f1.a.publish
 except AttributeError: pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected AttributeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected AttributeError')
 
 # In Python 2.1 beta 1, we disallowed setting attributes on unbound methods
 # (it was already disallowed on bound methods).  See the PEP for details.
 try:
     F.a.publish = 1
 except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected AttributeError or TypeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected AttributeError or TypeError')
 
 # But setting it explicitly on the underlying function object is okay.
 F.a.im_func.publish = 1
 
 if F.a.publish != 1:
-    raise TestFailed, 'unbound method attribute not set to expected value'
+    raise TestFailed('unbound method attribute not set to expected value')
 
 if f1.a.publish != 1:
-    raise TestFailed, 'bound method attribute access did not work'
+    raise TestFailed('bound method attribute access did not work')
 
 if f2.a.publish != 1:
-    raise TestFailed, 'bound method attribute access did not work'
+    raise TestFailed('bound method attribute access did not work')
 
 if 'publish' not in dir(F.a):
-    raise TestFailed, 'attribute not in dir()'
+    raise TestFailed('attribute not in dir()')
 
 try:
     f1.a.publish = 0
 except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected AttributeError or TypeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected AttributeError or TypeError')
 
 # See the comment above about the change in semantics for Python 2.1b1
 try:
     F.a.myclass = F
 except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected AttributeError or TypeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected AttributeError or TypeError')
 
 F.a.im_func.myclass = F
 
@@ -107,18 +107,18 @@ F.a.myclass
 
 if f1.a.myclass is not f2.a.myclass or \
        f1.a.myclass is not F.a.myclass:
-    raise TestFailed, 'attributes were not the same'
+    raise TestFailed('attributes were not the same')
 
 # try setting __dict__
 try:
     F.a.__dict__ = (1, 2, 3)
 except (AttributeError, TypeError): pass
-else: raise TestFailed, 'expected TypeError or AttributeError'
+else: raise TestFailed('expected TypeError or AttributeError')
 
 F.a.im_func.__dict__ = {'one': 11, 'two': 22, 'three': 33}
 
 if f1.a.two != 22:
-    raise TestFailed, 'setting __dict__'
+    raise TestFailed('setting __dict__')
 
 from UserDict import UserDict
 d = UserDict({'four': 44, 'five': 55})
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ def cantset(obj, name, value, exception=(AttributeError, TypeError)):
     except exception:
         pass
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, "shouldn't be able to set %s to %r" % (name, value)
+        raise TestFailed("shouldn't be able to set %s to %r" % (name, value))
     try:
         delattr(obj, name)
     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
         pass
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, "shouldn't be able to del %s" % name
+        raise TestFailed("shouldn't be able to del %s" % name)
 
 def test_func_closure():
     a = 12
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ def test_func_defaults():
     except TypeError:
         pass
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, "shouldn't be allowed to call g() w/o defaults"
+        raise TestFailed("shouldn't be allowed to call g() w/o defaults")
 
 def test_func_dict():
     def f(): pass

Lib/test/test_gdbm.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ try:
 except error:
     pass
 else:
-    raise TestFailed, "expected gdbm.error accessing closed database"
+    raise TestFailed("expected gdbm.error accessing closed database")
 g = gdbm.open(filename, 'r')
 g.close()
 g = gdbm.open(filename, 'w')
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ try:
 except error:
     pass
 else:
-    raise TestFailed, "expected gdbm.error when passing invalid open flags"
+    raise TestFailed("expected gdbm.error when passing invalid open flags")
 
 try:
     import os

Lib/test/test_importhooks.py

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ class ImportBlocker:
             return self
         return None
     def load_module(self, fullname):
-        raise ImportError, "I dare you"
+        raise ImportError("I dare you")
 
 
 class ImpWrapper:

Lib/test/test_iter.py

@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@ class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
             i = state[0]
             state[0] = i+1
             if i == 10:
-                raise AssertionError, "shouldn't have gotten this far"
+                raise AssertionError("shouldn't have gotten this far")
             return i
         b = iter(spam, 5)
         self.assertEqual(list(b), list(range(5)))

Lib/test/test_largefile.py

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ else:
     except (IOError, OverflowError):
         f.close()
         os.unlink(test_support.TESTFN)
-        raise test_support.TestSkipped, \
-              "filesystem does not have largefile support"
+        raise test_support.TestSkipped(
+                                "filesystem does not have largefile support")
     else:
         f.close()
 
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ def expect(got_this, expect_this):
     if got_this != expect_this:
         if test_support.verbose:
             print('no')
-        raise test_support.TestFailed, 'got %r, but expected %r' %\
-              (got_this, expect_this)
+        raise test_support.TestFailed('got %r, but expected %r'
+                                      % (got_this, expect_this))
     else:
         if test_support.verbose:
             print('yes')

Lib/test/test_locale.py

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import locale
 import sys
 
 if sys.platform == 'darwin':
-    raise TestSkipped("Locale support on MacOSX is minimal and cannot be tested")
+    raise TestSkipped(
+            "Locale support on MacOSX is minimal and cannot be tested")
 oldlocale = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_NUMERIC)
 
 if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
@@ -18,20 +19,22 @@ for tloc in tlocs:
     except locale.Error:
         continue
 else:
-    raise ImportError, "test locale not supported (tried %s)"%(', '.join(tlocs))
+    raise ImportError(
+            "test locale not supported (tried %s)" % (', '.join(tlocs)))
 
 def testformat(formatstr, value, grouping = 0, output=None, func=locale.format):
     if verbose:
         if output:
-            print("%s %% %s =? %s ..." %\
-                (repr(formatstr), repr(value), repr(output)), end=' ')
+            print("%s %% %s =? %s ..." %
+                  (repr(formatstr), repr(value), repr(output)), end=' ')
         else:
-            print("%s %% %s works? ..." % (repr(formatstr), repr(value)), end=' ')
+            print("%s %% %s works? ..." % (repr(formatstr), repr(value)),
+                  end=' ')
     result = func(formatstr, value, grouping = grouping)
     if output and result != output:
         if verbose:
             print('no')
-        print("%s %% %s == %s != %s" %\
+        print("%s %% %s == %s != %s" %
               (repr(formatstr), repr(value), repr(result), repr(output)))
     else:
         if verbose:

Lib/test/test_logging.py

@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ def test_main_inner():
         else:
             break
     else:
-        raise ImportError, "Could not find unused port"
+        raise ImportError("Could not find unused port")
 
 
     #Set up a handler such that all events are sent via a socket to the log

Lib/test/test_openpty.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import os, unittest
 from test.test_support import run_unittest, TestSkipped
 
 if not hasattr(os, "openpty"):
-    raise TestSkipped, "No openpty() available."
+    raise TestSkipped("No openpty() available.")
 
 
 class OpenptyTest(unittest.TestCase):

Lib/test/test_pep277.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import sys, os, unittest
 from test import test_support
 if not os.path.supports_unicode_filenames:
-    raise test_support.TestSkipped, "test works only on NT+"
+    raise test_support.TestSkipped("test works only on NT+")
 
 filenames = [
     'abc',

Lib/test/test_pkgimport.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class TestImport(unittest.TestCase):
         self.rewrite_file('for')
         try: __import__(self.module_name)
         except SyntaxError: pass
-        else: raise RuntimeError, 'Failed to induce SyntaxError'
+        else: raise RuntimeError('Failed to induce SyntaxError')
         self.assert_(self.module_name not in sys.modules and
                      not hasattr(sys.modules[self.package_name], 'foo'))
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class TestImport(unittest.TestCase):
 
         try: __import__(self.module_name)
         except NameError: pass
-        else: raise RuntimeError, 'Failed to induce NameError.'
+        else: raise RuntimeError('Failed to induce NameError.')
 
         # ...now  change  the module  so  that  the NameError  doesn't
         # happen

Lib/test/test_poll.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ from test.test_support import TestSkipped, TESTFN, run_unittest
 try:
     select.poll
 except AttributeError:
-    raise TestSkipped, "select.poll not defined -- skipping test_poll"
+    raise TestSkipped("select.poll not defined -- skipping test_poll")
 
 
 def find_ready_matching(ready, flag):
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ class PollTests(unittest.TestCase):
             ready = p.poll()
             ready_writers = find_ready_matching(ready, select.POLLOUT)
             if not ready_writers:
-                raise RuntimeError, "no pipes ready for writing"
+                raise RuntimeError("no pipes ready for writing")
             wr = random.choice(ready_writers)
             os.write(wr, MSG)
 
             ready = p.poll()
             ready_readers = find_ready_matching(ready, select.POLLIN)
             if not ready_readers:
-                raise RuntimeError, "no pipes ready for reading"
+                raise RuntimeError("no pipes ready for reading")
             rd = random.choice(ready_readers)
             buf = os.read(rd, MSG_LEN)
             self.assertEqual(len(buf), MSG_LEN)

Lib/test/test_posix.py

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from test import test_support
 try:
     import posix
 except ImportError:
-    raise test_support.TestSkipped, "posix is not available"
+    raise test_support.TestSkipped("posix is not available")
 
 import time
 import os

Lib/test/test_pty.py

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class PtyTest(unittest.TestCase):
             debug("Got slave_fd '%d'" % slave_fd)
         except OSError:
             # " An optional feature could not be imported " ... ?
-            raise TestSkipped, "Pseudo-terminals (seemingly) not functional."
+            raise TestSkipped("Pseudo-terminals (seemingly) not functional.")
 
         self.assertTrue(os.isatty(slave_fd), 'slave_fd is not a tty')
 

Lib/test/test_queue.py

@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ class FailingQueue(Queue.Queue):
     def _put(self, item):
         if self.fail_next_put:
             self.fail_next_put = False
-            raise FailingQueueException, "You Lose"
+            raise FailingQueueException("You Lose")
         return Queue.Queue._put(self, item)
     def _get(self):
         if self.fail_next_get:
             self.fail_next_get = False
-            raise FailingQueueException, "You Lose"
+            raise FailingQueueException("You Lose")
         return Queue.Queue._get(self)
 
 def FailingQueueTest(q):
     if not q.empty():
-        raise RuntimeError, "Call this function with an empty queue"
+        raise RuntimeError("Call this function with an empty queue")
     for i in range(QUEUE_SIZE-1):
         q.put(i)
     # Test a failing non-blocking put.
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def FailingQueueTest(q):
 
 def SimpleQueueTest(q):
     if not q.empty():
-        raise RuntimeError, "Call this function with an empty queue"
+        raise RuntimeError("Call this function with an empty queue")
     # I guess we better check things actually queue correctly a little :)
     q.put(111)
     q.put(222)

Lib/test/test_re.py

@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ def run_re_tests():
         elif len(t) == 3:
             pattern, s, outcome = t
         else:
-            raise ValueError, ('Test tuples should have 3 or 5 fields', t)
+            raise ValueError('Test tuples should have 3 or 5 fields', t)
 
         try:
             obj = re.compile(pattern)

Lib/test/test_richcmp.py

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Number:
         return self.x >= other
 
     def __cmp__(self, other):
-        raise test_support.TestFailed, "Number.__cmp__() should not be called"
+        raise test_support.TestFailed("Number.__cmp__() should not be called")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "Number(%r)" % (self.x, )
@@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ class Vector:
         self.data[i] = v
 
     def __hash__(self):
-        raise TypeError, "Vectors cannot be hashed"
+        raise TypeError("Vectors cannot be hashed")
 
     def __bool__(self):
-        raise TypeError, "Vectors cannot be used in Boolean contexts"
+        raise TypeError("Vectors cannot be used in Boolean contexts")
 
     def __cmp__(self, other):
-        raise test_support.TestFailed, "Vector.__cmp__() should not be called"
+        raise test_support.TestFailed("Vector.__cmp__() should not be called")
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return "Vector(%r)" % (self.data, )
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ class Vector:
         if isinstance(other, Vector):
             other = other.data
         if len(self.data) != len(other):
-            raise ValueError, "Cannot compare vectors of different length"
+            raise ValueError("Cannot compare vectors of different length")
         return other
 
 opmap = {
@@ -196,10 +196,10 @@ class MiscTest(unittest.TestCase):
             def __lt__(self, other): return 0
             def __gt__(self, other): return 0
             def __eq__(self, other): return 0
-            def __le__(self, other): raise TestFailed, "This shouldn't happen"
-            def __ge__(self, other): raise TestFailed, "This shouldn't happen"
-            def __ne__(self, other): raise TestFailed, "This shouldn't happen"
-            def __cmp__(self, other): raise RuntimeError, "expected"
+            def __le__(self, other): raise TestFailed("This shouldn't happen")
+            def __ge__(self, other): raise TestFailed("This shouldn't happen")
+            def __ne__(self, other): raise TestFailed("This shouldn't happen")
+            def __cmp__(self, other): raise RuntimeError("expected")
         a = Misb()
         b = Misb()
         self.assertEqual(a<b, 0)

Lib/test/test_scope.py

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ class ScopeTests(unittest.TestCase):
             if x >= 0:
                 return fact(x)
             else:
-                raise ValueError, "x must be >= 0"
+                raise ValueError("x must be >= 0")
 
         self.assertEqual(f(6), 720)
 

Lib/test/test_socket.py

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ class ThreadableTest:
         self.client_ready.set()
         self.clientSetUp()
         if not hasattr(test_func, '__call__'):
-            raise TypeError, "test_func must be a callable function"
+            raise TypeError("test_func must be a callable function")
         try:
             test_func()
         except Exception as strerror:
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class ThreadableTest:
         self.clientTearDown()
 
     def clientSetUp(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError, "clientSetUp must be implemented."
+        raise NotImplementedError("clientSetUp must be implemented.")
 
     def clientTearDown(self):
         self.done.set()

Lib/test/test_socketserver.py

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def receive(sock, n, timeout=20):
     if sock in r:
         return sock.recv(n)
     else:
-        raise RuntimeError, "timed out on %r" % (sock,)
+        raise RuntimeError("timed out on %r" % (sock,))
 
 def testdgram(proto, addr):
     s = socket.socket(proto, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)

Lib/test/test_struct.py

@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ def simple_err(func, *args):
     except struct.error:
         pass
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, "%s%s did not raise struct.error" % (
-            func.__name__, args)
+        raise TestFailed("%s%s did not raise struct.error" % (
+            func.__name__, args))
 
 def any_err(func, *args):
     try:
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ def any_err(func, *args):
     except (struct.error, TypeError):
         pass
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, "%s%s did not raise error" % (
-            func.__name__, args)
+        raise TestFailed("%s%s did not raise error" % (
+            func.__name__, args))
 
 def with_warning_restore(func):
     def _with_warning_restore(*args, **kw):
@@ -70,11 +70,11 @@ def deprecated_err(func, *args):
         pass
     except DeprecationWarning:
         if not PY_STRUCT_OVERFLOW_MASKING:
-            raise TestFailed, "%s%s expected to raise struct.error" % (
-                func.__name__, args)
+            raise TestFailed("%s%s expected to raise struct.error" % (
+                func.__name__, args))
     else:
-        raise TestFailed, "%s%s did not raise error" % (
-            func.__name__, args)
+        raise TestFailed("%s%s did not raise error" % (
+            func.__name__, args))
 deprecated_err = with_warning_restore(deprecated_err)
 
 
@@ -82,15 +82,15 @@ simple_err(struct.calcsize, 'Z')
 
 sz = struct.calcsize('i')
 if sz * 3 != struct.calcsize('iii'):
-    raise TestFailed, 'inconsistent sizes'
+    raise TestFailed('inconsistent sizes')
 
 fmt = 'cbxxxxxxhhhhiillffdt'
 fmt3 = '3c3b18x12h6i6l6f3d3t'
 sz = struct.calcsize(fmt)
 sz3 = struct.calcsize(fmt3)
 if sz * 3 != sz3:
-    raise TestFailed, 'inconsistent sizes (3*%r -> 3*%d = %d, %r -> %d)' % (
-        fmt, sz, 3*sz, fmt3, sz3)
+    raise TestFailed('inconsistent sizes (3*%r -> 3*%d = %d, %r -> %d)' % (
+        fmt, sz, 3*sz, fmt3, sz3))
 
 simple_err(struct.pack, 'iii', 3)
 simple_err(struct.pack, 'i', 3, 3, 3)
@@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ for prefix in ('', '@', '<', '>', '=', '!'):
             int(100 * fp) != int(100 * f) or int(100 * dp) != int(100 * d) or
                         tp != t):
             # ^^^ calculate only to two decimal places
-            raise TestFailed, "unpack/pack not transitive (%s, %s)" % (
-                str(format), str((cp, bp, hp, ip, lp, fp, dp, tp)))
+            raise TestFailed("unpack/pack not transitive (%s, %s)" % (
+                str(format), str((cp, bp, hp, ip, lp, fp, dp, tp))))
 
 # Test some of the new features in detail
 
@@ -176,16 +176,16 @@ for fmt, arg, big, lil, asy in tests:
                         ('='+fmt, ISBIGENDIAN and big or lil)]:
         res = struct.pack(xfmt, arg)
         if res != exp:
-            raise TestFailed, "pack(%r, %r) -> %r # expected %r" % (
-                fmt, arg, res, exp)
+            raise TestFailed("pack(%r, %r) -> %r # expected %r" % (
+                fmt, arg, res, exp))
         n = struct.calcsize(xfmt)
         if n != len(res):
-            raise TestFailed, "calcsize(%r) -> %d # expected %d" % (
-                xfmt, n, len(res))
+            raise TestFailed("calcsize(%r) -> %d # expected %d" % (
+                xfmt, n, len(res)))
         rev = struct.unpack(xfmt, res)[0]
         if rev != arg and not asy:
-            raise TestFailed, "unpack(%r, %r) -> (%r,) # expected (%r,)" % (
-                fmt, res, rev, arg)
+            raise TestFailed("unpack(%r, %r) -> (%r,) # expected (%r,)" % (
+                fmt, res, rev, arg))
 
 ###########################################################################
 # Simple native q/Q tests.

Lib/test/test_thread.py

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ def task2(ident):
 
 print('\n*** Barrier Test ***')
 if done.acquire(0):
-    raise ValueError, "'done' should have remained acquired"
+    raise ValueError("'done' should have remained acquired")
 bar = barrier(numtasks)
 running = numtasks
 for i in range(numtasks):
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@ print('all tasks done')
 # not all platforms support changing thread stack size
 print('\n*** Changing thread stack size ***')
 if thread.stack_size() != 0:
-    raise ValueError, "initial stack_size not 0"
+    raise ValueError("initial stack_size not 0")
 
 thread.stack_size(0)
 if thread.stack_size() != 0:
-    raise ValueError, "stack_size not reset to default"
+    raise ValueError("stack_size not reset to default")
 
 from os import name as os_name
 if os_name in ("nt", "os2", "posix"):
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ if os_name in ("nt", "os2", "posix"):
         for tss in (262144, 0x100000, 0):
             thread.stack_size(tss)
             if failed(thread.stack_size(), tss):
-                raise ValueError, fail_msg % tss
+                raise ValueError(fail_msg % tss)
             print('successfully set stack_size(%d)' % tss)
 
         for tss in (262144, 0x100000):

Lib/test/test_threadsignals.py

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import sys
 from test.test_support import run_unittest, TestSkipped
 
 if sys.platform[:3] in ('win', 'os2'):
-    raise TestSkipped, "Can't test signal on %s" % sys.platform
+    raise TestSkipped("Can't test signal on %s" % sys.platform)
 
 process_pid = os.getpid()
 signalled_all=thread.allocate_lock()

Lib/test/test_trace.py

@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ class RaisingTraceFuncTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
         def g(frame, why, extra):
             if (why == 'line' and
                 frame.f_lineno == f.__code__.co_firstlineno + 2):
-                raise RuntimeError, "i am crashing"
+                raise RuntimeError("i am crashing")
             return g
 
         sys.settrace(g)
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ def no_jump_without_trace_function():
             raise
     else:
         # Something's wrong - the expected exception wasn't raised.
-        raise RuntimeError, "Trace-function-less jump failed to fail"
+        raise RuntimeError("Trace-function-less jump failed to fail")
 
 
 class JumpTestCase(unittest.TestCase):

Lib/test/test_traceback.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class TracebackCases(unittest.TestCase):
         except exc as value:
             return traceback.format_exception_only(exc, value)
         else:
-            raise ValueError, "call did not raise exception"
+            raise ValueError("call did not raise exception")
 
     def syntax_error_with_caret(self):
         compile("def fact(x):\n\treturn x!\n", "?", "exec")

Lib/test/test_unicode_file.py

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if TESTFN_ENCODED.decode(TESTFN_ENCODING) != TESTFN_UNICODE:
         TESTFN_ENCODED = TESTFN_UNICODE.encode(TESTFN_ENCODING)
         if '?' in TESTFN_ENCODED:
             # MBCS will not report the error properly
-            raise UnicodeError, "mbcs encoding problem"
+            raise UnicodeError("mbcs encoding problem")
     except (UnicodeError, TypeError):
         raise TestSkipped("Cannot find a suitable filename")
 

Lib/test/test_univnewlines.py

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import sys
 from test import test_support
 
 if not hasattr(sys.stdin, 'newlines'):
-    raise test_support.TestSkipped, \
-        "This Python does not have universal newline support"
+    raise test_support.TestSkipped(
+                       "This Python does not have universal newline support")
 
 FATX = 'x' * (2**14)
 

Lib/test/test_wait3.py

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ from test.test_support import TestSkipped, run_unittest, reap_children
 try:
     os.fork
 except AttributeError:
-    raise TestSkipped, "os.fork not defined -- skipping test_wait3"
+    raise TestSkipped("os.fork not defined -- skipping test_wait3")
 
 try:
     os.wait3
 except AttributeError:
-    raise TestSkipped, "os.wait3 not defined -- skipping test_wait3"
+    raise TestSkipped("os.wait3 not defined -- skipping test_wait3")
 
 class Wait3Test(ForkWait):
     def wait_impl(self, cpid):

Lib/test/test_wait4.py

@@ -9,12 +9,12 @@ from test.test_support import TestSkipped, run_unittest, reap_children
 try:
     os.fork
 except AttributeError:
-    raise TestSkipped, "os.fork not defined -- skipping test_wait4"
+    raise TestSkipped("os.fork not defined -- skipping test_wait4")
 
 try:
     os.wait4
 except AttributeError:
-    raise TestSkipped, "os.wait4 not defined -- skipping test_wait4"
+    raise TestSkipped("os.wait4 not defined -- skipping test_wait4")
 
 class Wait4Test(ForkWait):
     def wait_impl(self, cpid):

Lib/test/test_wave.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import wave
 
 def check(t, msg=None):
     if not t:
-        raise TestFailed, msg
+        raise TestFailed(msg)
 
 nchannels = 2
 sampwidth = 2

Lib/test/time_hashlib.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import hashlib
 
 
 def creatorFunc():
-    raise RuntimeError, "eek, creatorFunc not overridden"
+    raise RuntimeError("eek, creatorFunc not overridden")
 
 def test_scaled_msg(scale, name):
     iterations = 106201/scale * 20