Issue #28496: Mark up constants 0, 1 and -1 that denote return values or

special input values as literal text.

Doc/c-api/arg.rst

@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ Other objects
 ``p`` (:class:`bool`) [int]
    Tests the value passed in for truth (a boolean **p**\ redicate) and converts
    the result to its equivalent C true/false integer value.
-   Sets the int to 1 if the expression was true and 0 if it was false.
+   Sets the int to ``1`` if the expression was true and ``0`` if it was false.
    This accepts any valid Python value.  See :ref:`truth` for more
    information about how Python tests values for truth.
 

Doc/c-api/buffer.rst

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ a buffer, see :c:func:`PyObject_GetBuffer`.
    .. c:member:: int ndim
 
       The number of dimensions the memory represents as an n-dimensional array.
-      If it is 0, :c:member:`~Py_buffer.buf` points to a single item representing
+      If it is ``0``, :c:member:`~Py_buffer.buf` points to a single item representing
       a scalar. In this case, :c:member:`~Py_buffer.shape`, :c:member:`~Py_buffer.strides`
       and :c:member:`~Py_buffer.suboffsets` MUST be *NULL*.
 
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ Buffer-related functions
 
 .. c:function:: int PyObject_CheckBuffer(PyObject *obj)
 
-   Return 1 if *obj* supports the buffer interface otherwise 0.  When 1 is
+   Return ``1`` if *obj* supports the buffer interface otherwise ``0``.  When ``1`` is
    returned, it doesn't guarantee that :c:func:`PyObject_GetBuffer` will
    succeed.
 
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ Buffer-related functions
    Send a request to *exporter* to fill in *view* as specified by  *flags*.
    If the exporter cannot provide a buffer of the exact type, it MUST raise
    :c:data:`PyExc_BufferError`, set :c:member:`view->obj` to *NULL* and
-   return -1.
+   return ``-1``.
 
    On success, fill in *view*, set :c:member:`view->obj` to a new reference
    to *exporter* and return 0. In the case of chained buffer providers
@@ -468,9 +468,9 @@ Buffer-related functions
 
 .. c:function:: int PyBuffer_IsContiguous(Py_buffer *view, char order)
 
-   Return 1 if the memory defined by the *view* is C-style (*order* is
+   Return ``1`` if the memory defined by the *view* is C-style (*order* is
    ``'C'``) or Fortran-style (*order* is ``'F'``) :term:`contiguous` or either one
-   (*order* is ``'A'``).  Return 0 otherwise.
+   (*order* is ``'A'``).  Return ``0`` otherwise.
 
 
 .. c:function:: void PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int ndim, Py_ssize_t *shape, Py_ssize_t *strides, Py_ssize_t itemsize, char order)
@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ Buffer-related functions
 
    On success, set :c:member:`view->obj` to a new reference to *exporter* and
    return 0. Otherwise, raise :c:data:`PyExc_BufferError`, set
-   :c:member:`view->obj` to *NULL* and return -1;
+   :c:member:`view->obj` to *NULL* and return ``-1``;
 
    If this function is used as part of a :ref:`getbufferproc <buffer-structs>`,
    *exporter* MUST be set to the exporting object and *flags* must be passed

Doc/c-api/capsule.rst

@@ -120,19 +120,19 @@ Refer to :ref:`using-capsules` for more information on using these objects.
    guaranteed to succeed.
 
    Return a nonzero value if the object is valid and matches the name passed in.
-   Return 0 otherwise.  This function will not fail.
+   Return ``0`` otherwise.  This function will not fail.
 
 .. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetContext(PyObject *capsule, void *context)
 
    Set the context pointer inside *capsule* to *context*.
 
-   Return 0 on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+   Return ``0`` on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
 
 .. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetDestructor(PyObject *capsule, PyCapsule_Destructor destructor)
 
    Set the destructor inside *capsule* to *destructor*.
 
-   Return 0 on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+   Return ``0`` on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
 
 .. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetName(PyObject *capsule, const char *name)
 
@@ -140,11 +140,11 @@ Refer to :ref:`using-capsules` for more information on using these objects.
    outlive the capsule.  If the previous *name* stored in the capsule was not
    *NULL*, no attempt is made to free it.
 
-   Return 0 on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+   Return ``0`` on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
 
 .. c:function:: int PyCapsule_SetPointer(PyObject *capsule, void *pointer)
 
    Set the void pointer inside *capsule* to *pointer*.  The pointer may not be
    *NULL*.
 
-   Return 0 on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.
+   Return ``0`` on success.  Return nonzero and set an exception on failure.

Doc/c-api/import.rst

@@ -185,10 +185,10 @@ Importing Modules
 
    Return the magic number for Python bytecode files (a.k.a. :file:`.pyc` file).
    The magic number should be present in the first four bytes of the bytecode
-   file, in little-endian byte order. Returns -1 on error.
+   file, in little-endian byte order. Returns ``-1`` on error.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.3
-      Return value of -1 upon failure.
+      Return value of ``-1`` upon failure.
 
 
 .. c:function:: const char * PyImport_GetMagicTag()

Doc/c-api/init.rst

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
 
 .. c:function:: void Py_InitializeEx(int initsigs)
 
-   This function works like :c:func:`Py_Initialize` if *initsigs* is 1. If
-   *initsigs* is 0, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
+   This function works like :c:func:`Py_Initialize` if *initsigs* is ``1``. If
+   *initsigs* is ``0``, it skips initialization registration of signal handlers, which
    might be useful when Python is embedded.
 
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
    If :c:func:`Py_Finalize` is called, this function will need to be called
    again in order to affect subsequent calls to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.
 
-   Returns 0 if successful, a nonzero value on error (e.g. calling after the
+   Returns ``0`` if successful, a nonzero value on error (e.g. calling after the
    interpreter has already been initialized).
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.4
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
    - If the name of an existing script is passed in ``argv[0]``, the absolute
      path of the directory where the script is located is prepended to
      :data:`sys.path`.
-   - Otherwise (that is, if *argc* is 0 or ``argv[0]`` doesn't point
+   - Otherwise (that is, if *argc* is ``0`` or ``argv[0]`` doesn't point
      to an existing file name), an empty string is prepended to
      :data:`sys.path`, which is the same as prepending the current working
      directory (``"."``).
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
 
    .. note::
       It is recommended that applications embedding the Python interpreter
-      for purposes other than executing a single script pass 0 as *updatepath*,
+      for purposes other than executing a single script pass ``0`` as *updatepath*,
       and update :data:`sys.path` themselves if desired.
       See `CVE-2008-5983 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
 
@@ -371,14 +371,14 @@ Process-wide parameters
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.1.3
 
-   .. XXX impl. doesn't seem consistent in allowing 0/NULL for the params;
+   .. XXX impl. doesn't seem consistent in allowing ``0``/``NULL`` for the params;
       check w/ Guido.
 
 
 .. c:function:: void PySys_SetArgv(int argc, wchar_t **argv)
 
    This function works like :c:func:`PySys_SetArgvEx` with *updatepath* set
-   to 1 unless the :program:`python` interpreter was started with the
+   to ``1`` unless the :program:`python` interpreter was started with the
    :option:`-I`.
 
    Use :c:func:`Py_DecodeLocale` to decode a bytes string to get a
@@ -718,10 +718,10 @@ with sub-interpreters:
 
 .. c:function:: int PyGILState_Check()
 
-   Return 1 if the current thread is holding the GIL and 0 otherwise.
+   Return ``1`` if the current thread is holding the GIL and ``0`` otherwise.
    This function can be called from any thread at any time.
    Only if it has had its Python thread state initialized and currently is
-   holding the GIL will it return 1.
+   holding the GIL will it return ``1``.
    This is mainly a helper/diagnostic function.  It can be useful
    for example in callback contexts or memory allocation functions when
    knowing that the GIL is locked can allow the caller to perform sensitive
@@ -991,8 +991,8 @@ pointer and a void pointer argument.
    .. index:: single: Py_AddPendingCall()
 
    Schedule a function to be called from the main interpreter thread.  On
-   success, 0 is returned and *func* is queued for being called in the
-   main thread.  On failure, -1 is returned without setting any exception.
+   success, ``0`` is returned and *func* is queued for being called in the
+   main thread.  On failure, ``-1`` is returned without setting any exception.
 
    When successfully queued, *func* will be *eventually* called from the
    main interpreter thread with the argument *arg*.  It will be called
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ pointer and a void pointer argument.
    * with the main thread holding the :term:`global interpreter lock`
      (*func* can therefore use the full C API).
 
-   *func* must return 0 on success, or -1 on failure with an exception
+   *func* must return ``0`` on success, or ``-1`` on failure with an exception
    set.  *func* won't be interrupted to perform another asynchronous
    notification recursively, but it can still be interrupted to switch
    threads if the global interpreter lock is released.

Doc/c-api/long.rst

@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary size.
    method (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
 
    If the value of *obj* is out of range for an :c:type:`unsigned long`,
-   return the reduction of that value modulo :const:`ULONG_MAX + 1`.
+   return the reduction of that value modulo ``ULONG_MAX + 1``.
 
 
 .. c:function:: unsigned PY_LONG_LONG PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *obj)
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ All integers are implemented as "long" integer objects of arbitrary size.
    method (if present) to convert it to a :c:type:`PyLongObject`.
 
    If the value of *obj* is out of range for an :c:type:`unsigned long long`,
-   return the reduction of that value modulo :const:`PY_ULLONG_MAX + 1`.
+   return the reduction of that value modulo ``PY_ULLONG_MAX + 1``.
 
 
 .. c:function:: double PyLong_AsDouble(PyObject *pylong)

Doc/c-api/number.rst

@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ Number Protocol
 .. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyNumber_AsSsize_t(PyObject *o, PyObject *exc)
 
    Returns *o* converted to a Py_ssize_t value if *o* can be interpreted as an
-   integer.  If the call fails, an exception is raised and -1 is returned.
+   integer.  If the call fails, an exception is raised and ``-1`` is returned.
 
    If *o* can be converted to a Python int but the attempt to
    convert to a Py_ssize_t value would raise an :exc:`OverflowError`, then the

Doc/c-api/set.rst

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ or :class:`frozenset` or instances of their subtypes.
 
 .. c:function:: int PySet_Contains(PyObject *anyset, PyObject *key)
 
-   Return 1 if found, 0 if not found, and -1 if an error is encountered.  Unlike
+   Return ``1`` if found, ``0`` if not found, and ``-1`` if an error is encountered.  Unlike
    the Python :meth:`__contains__` method, this function does not automatically
    convert unhashable sets into temporary frozensets.  Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if
    the *key* is unhashable. Raise :exc:`PyExc_SystemError` if *anyset* is not a
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ or :class:`frozenset` or instances of their subtypes.
 
    Add *key* to a :class:`set` instance.  Also works with :class:`frozenset`
    instances (like :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem` it can be used to fill-in the values
-   of brand new frozensets before they are exposed to other code).  Return 0 on
-   success or -1 on failure. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is
+   of brand new frozensets before they are exposed to other code).  Return ``0`` on
+   success or ``-1`` on failure. Raise a :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is
    unhashable. Raise a :exc:`MemoryError` if there is no room to grow.  Raise a
    :exc:`SystemError` if *set* is not an instance of :class:`set` or its
    subtype.
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ subtypes but not for instances of :class:`frozenset` or its subtypes.
 
 .. c:function:: int PySet_Discard(PyObject *set, PyObject *key)
 
-   Return 1 if found and removed, 0 if not found (no action taken), and -1 if an
+   Return ``1`` if found and removed, ``0`` if not found (no action taken), and ``-1`` if an
    error is encountered.  Does not raise :exc:`KeyError` for missing keys.  Raise a
    :exc:`TypeError` if the *key* is unhashable.  Unlike the Python :meth:`~set.discard`
    method, this function does not automatically convert unhashable sets into

Doc/c-api/slice.rst

@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ Slice Objects
    assuming a sequence of length *length*. Treats indices greater than
    *length* as errors.
 
-   Returns 0 on success and -1 on error with no exception set (unless one of
+   Returns ``0`` on success and ``-1`` on error with no exception set (unless one of
    the indices was not :const:`None` and failed to be converted to an integer,
-   in which case -1 is returned with an exception set).
+   in which case ``-1`` is returned with an exception set).
 
    You probably do not want to use this function.
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ Slice Objects
    of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the handling of
    normal slices.
 
-   Returns 0 on success and -1 on error with exception set.
+   Returns ``0`` on success and ``-1`` on error with exception set.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.2
       The parameter type for the *slice* parameter was ``PySliceObject*``

Doc/c-api/structures.rst

@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ definition with the same method name.
    handles use of the :keyword:`del` statement on that attribute more correctly
    than :c:macro:`T_OBJECT`.
 
-   :attr:`flags` can be 0 for write and read access or :c:macro:`READONLY` for
+   :attr:`flags` can be ``0`` for write and read access or :c:macro:`READONLY` for
    read-only access.  Using :c:macro:`T_STRING` for :attr:`type` implies
    :c:macro:`READONLY`.  Only :c:macro:`T_OBJECT` and :c:macro:`T_OBJECT_EX`
    members can be deleted.  (They are set to *NULL*).

Doc/c-api/typeobj.rst

@@ -1278,7 +1278,7 @@ Buffer Object Structures
    steps:
 
    (1) Check if the request can be met. If not, raise :c:data:`PyExc_BufferError`,
-       set :c:data:`view->obj` to *NULL* and return -1.
+       set :c:data:`view->obj` to *NULL* and return ``-1``.
 
    (2) Fill in the requested fields.
 
@@ -1286,7 +1286,7 @@ Buffer Object Structures
 
    (4) Set :c:data:`view->obj` to *exporter* and increment :c:data:`view->obj`.
 
-   (5) Return 0.
+   (5) Return ``0``.
 
    If *exporter* is part of a chain or tree of buffer providers, two main
    schemes can be used:
@@ -1329,7 +1329,7 @@ Buffer Object Structures
 
    (1) Decrement an internal counter for the number of exports.
 
-   (2) If the counter is 0, free all memory associated with *view*.
+   (2) If the counter is ``0``, free all memory associated with *view*.
 
    The exporter MUST use the :c:member:`~Py_buffer.internal` field to keep
    track of buffer-specific resources. This field is guaranteed to remain

Doc/c-api/unicode.rst

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ access internal read-only data of Unicode objects:
 
    .. XXX expand on when it is not required
 
-   Returns 0 on success and -1 with an exception set on failure, which in
+   Returns ``0`` on success and ``-1`` with an exception set on failure, which in
    particular happens if memory allocation fails.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.3
@@ -255,57 +255,57 @@ the Python configuration.
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISSPACE(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a whitespace character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLOWER(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a lowercase character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISUPPER(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is an uppercase character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISTITLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a titlecase character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISLINEBREAK(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a linebreak character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDECIMAL(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a decimal character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISDIGIT(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a digit character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISNUMERIC(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a numeric character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALPHA(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is an alphabetic character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISALNUM(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is an alphanumeric character.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int Py_UNICODE_ISPRINTABLE(Py_UNICODE ch)
 
-   Return 1 or 0 depending on whether *ch* is a printable character.
+   Return ``1`` or ``0`` depending on whether *ch* is a printable character.
    Nonprintable characters are those characters defined in the Unicode character
    database as "Other" or "Separator", excepting the ASCII space (0x20) which is
    considered printable.  (Note that printable characters in this context are
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ wchar_t Support
 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_FromWideChar(const wchar_t *w, Py_ssize_t size)
 
    Create a Unicode object from the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w* of the given *size*.
-   Passing -1 as the *size* indicates that the function must itself compute the length,
+   Passing ``-1`` as the *size* indicates that the function must itself compute the length,
    using wcslen.
    Return *NULL* on failure.
 
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ wchar_t Support
    Copy the Unicode object contents into the :c:type:`wchar_t` buffer *w*.  At most
    *size* :c:type:`wchar_t` characters are copied (excluding a possibly trailing
    null termination character).  Return the number of :c:type:`wchar_t` characters
-   copied or -1 in case of an error.  Note that the resulting :c:type:`wchar_t*`
+   copied or ``-1`` in case of an error.  Note that the resulting :c:type:`wchar_t*`
    string may or may not be null-terminated.  It is the responsibility of the caller
    to make sure that the :c:type:`wchar_t*` string is null-terminated in case this is
    required by the application. Also, note that the :c:type:`wchar_t*` string
@@ -1561,7 +1561,7 @@ They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.
 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyUnicode_Splitlines(PyObject *s, int keepend)
 
    Split a Unicode string at line breaks, returning a list of Unicode strings.
-   CRLF is considered to be one line break.  If *keepend* is 0, the Line break
+   CRLF is considered to be one line break.  If *keepend* is ``0``, the Line break
    characters are not included in the resulting strings.
 
 
@@ -1591,16 +1591,16 @@ They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.
 .. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Tailmatch(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, \
                         Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
 
-   Return 1 if *substr* matches ``str[start:end]`` at the given tail end
-   (*direction* == -1 means to do a prefix match, *direction* == 1 a suffix match),
-   0 otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
+   Return ``1`` if *substr* matches ``str[start:end]`` at the given tail end
+   (*direction* == ``-1`` means to do a prefix match, *direction* == ``1`` a suffix match),
+   ``0`` otherwise. Return ``-1`` if an error occurred.
 
 
 .. c:function:: Py_ssize_t PyUnicode_Find(PyObject *str, PyObject *substr, \
                                Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
 
    Return the first position of *substr* in ``str[start:end]`` using the given
-   *direction* (*direction* == 1 means to do a forward search, *direction* == -1 a
+   *direction* (*direction* == ``1`` means to do a forward search, *direction* == ``-1`` a
    backward search).  The return value is the index of the first match; a value of
    ``-1`` indicates that no match was found, and ``-2`` indicates that an error
    occurred and an exception has been set.
@@ -1610,8 +1610,8 @@ They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.
                                Py_ssize_t start, Py_ssize_t end, int direction)
 
    Return the first position of the character *ch* in ``str[start:end]`` using
-   the given *direction* (*direction* == 1 means to do a forward search,
-   *direction* == -1 a backward search).  The return value is the index of the
+   the given *direction* (*direction* == ``1`` means to do a forward search,
+   *direction* == ``-1`` a backward search).  The return value is the index of the
    first match; a value of ``-1`` indicates that no match was found, and ``-2``
    indicates that an error occurred and an exception has been set.
 
@@ -1629,19 +1629,19 @@ They all return *NULL* or ``-1`` if an exception occurs.
                               PyObject *replstr, Py_ssize_t maxcount)
 
    Replace at most *maxcount* occurrences of *substr* in *str* with *replstr* and
-   return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == -1 means replace all
+   return the resulting Unicode object. *maxcount* == ``-1`` means replace all
    occurrences.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int PyUnicode_Compare(PyObject *left, PyObject *right)
 
-   Compare two strings and return -1, 0, 1 for less than, equal, and greater than,
+   Compare two strings and return ``-1``, ``0``, ``1`` for less than, equal, and greater than,
    respectively.
 
 
 .. c:function:: int PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(PyObject *uni, const char *string)
 
-   Compare a unicode object, *uni*, with *string* and return -1, 0, 1 for less
+   Compare a unicode object, *uni*, with *string* and return ``-1``, ``0``, ``1`` for less
    than, equal, and greater than, respectively. It is best to pass only
    ASCII-encoded strings, but the function interprets the input string as
    ISO-8859-1 if it contains non-ASCII characters.