Branch merge

Doc/c-api/init.rst

@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
    program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the prefix is ``'/usr/local'``. The
    returned string points into static storage; the caller should not modify its
    value.  This corresponds to the :makevar:`prefix` variable in the top-level
-   :file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--prefix` argument to the :program:`configure`
+   :file:`Makefile` and the ``--prefix`` argument to the :program:`configure`
    script at build time.  The value is available to Python code as ``sys.prefix``.
    It is only useful on Unix.  See also the next function.
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
    program name is ``'/usr/local/bin/python'``, the exec-prefix is
    ``'/usr/local'``.  The returned string points into static storage; the caller
    should not modify its value.  This corresponds to the :makevar:`exec_prefix`
-   variable in the top-level :file:`Makefile` and the :option:`--exec-prefix`
+   variable in the top-level :file:`Makefile` and the ``--exec-prefix``
    argument to the :program:`configure` script at build  time.  The value is
    available to Python code as ``sys.exec_prefix``.  It is only useful on Unix.
 

Doc/documenting/markup.rst

@@ -513,7 +513,10 @@ in a different style:
 
 .. describe:: keyword
 
-   The name of a keyword in Python.
+   The name of a Python keyword.  Using this role will generate a link to the
+   documentation of the keyword.  ``True``, ``False`` and ``None`` do not use
+   this role, but simple code markup (````True````), given that they're
+   fundamental to the language and should be known to any programmer.
 
 .. describe:: mailheader
 

Doc/faq/design.rst

@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ construction of large programs.
 Python 2.6 adds an :mod:`abc` module that lets you define Abstract Base Classes
 (ABCs).  You can then use :func:`isinstance` and :func:`issubclass` to check
 whether an instance or a class implements a particular ABC.  The
-:mod:`collections` modules defines a set of useful ABCs such as
+:mod:`collections` module defines a set of useful ABCs such as
 :class:`Iterable`, :class:`Container`, and :class:`MutableMapping`.
 
 For Python, many of the advantages of interface specifications can be obtained

Doc/faq/programming.rst

@@ -473,15 +473,6 @@ calling another function by using ``*`` and ``**``::
        ...
        g(x, *args, **kwargs)
 
-In the unlikely case that you care about Python versions older than 2.0, use
-:func:`apply`::
-
-   def f(x, *args, **kwargs):
-       ...
-       kwargs['width'] = '14.3c'
-       ...
-       apply(g, (x,)+args, kwargs)
-
 
 How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)?
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------

Doc/faq/windows.rst

@@ -543,10 +543,10 @@ with multithreading-DLL options (``/MD``).
 
 If you can't change compilers or flags, try using :c:func:`Py_RunSimpleString`.
 A trick to get it to run an arbitrary file is to construct a call to
-:func:`execfile` with the name of your file as argument.
+:func:`exec` and :func:`open` with the name of your file as argument.
 
 Also note that you can not mix-and-match Debug and Release versions.  If you
-wish to use the Debug Multithreaded DLL, then your module *must* have an "_d"
+wish to use the Debug Multithreaded DLL, then your module *must* have ``_d``
 appended to the base name.
 
 

Doc/glossary.rst

@@ -492,7 +492,7 @@ Glossary
       :func:`builtins.open` and :func:`os.open` are distinguished by their
       namespaces.  Namespaces also aid readability and maintainability by making
       it clear which module implements a function.  For instance, writing
-      :func:`random.seed` or :func:`itertools.izip` makes it clear that those
+      :func:`random.seed` or :func:`itertools.islice` makes it clear that those
       functions are implemented by the :mod:`random` and :mod:`itertools`
       modules, respectively.
 

Doc/howto/logging.rst

@@ -412,10 +412,10 @@ With the logger object configured, the following methods create log messages:
   :meth:`Logger.error`, and :meth:`Logger.critical` all create log records with
   a message and a level that corresponds to their respective method names. The
   message is actually a format string, which may contain the standard string
-  substitution syntax of :const:`%s`, :const:`%d`, :const:`%f`, and so on.  The
+  substitution syntax of ``%s``, ``%d``, ``%f``, and so on.  The
   rest of their arguments is a list of objects that correspond with the
-  substitution fields in the message.  With regard to :const:`**kwargs`, the
-  logging methods care only about a keyword of :const:`exc_info` and use it to
+  substitution fields in the message.  With regard to ``**kwargs``, the
+  logging methods care only about a keyword of ``exc_info`` and use it to
   determine whether to log exception information.
 
 * :meth:`Logger.exception` creates a log message similar to

Doc/library/argparse.rst

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ ArgumentParser objects
      conflicting optionals.
 
    * prog_ - The name of the program (default:
-     :data:`sys.argv[0]`)
+     ``sys.argv[0]``)
 
    * usage_ - The string describing the program usage (default: generated)
 

Doc/library/base64.rst

@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@ The modern interface provides:
    at least length 2 (additional characters are ignored) which specifies the
    alternative alphabet used instead of the ``+`` and ``/`` characters.
 
-   The decoded string is returned.  A `binascii.Error` is raised if *s* is
-   incorrectly padded.
+   The decoded string is returned.  A :exc:`binascii.Error` exception is raised
+   if *s* is incorrectly padded.
 
    If *validate* is ``False`` (the default), non-base64-alphabet characters are
    discarded prior to the padding check.  If *validate* is ``True``,

Doc/library/configparser.rst

@@ -806,17 +806,17 @@ To get interpolation, use :class:`ConfigParser`::
    cfg = configparser.ConfigParser()
    cfg.read('example.cfg')
 
-   # Set the optional `raw` argument of get() to True if you wish to disable
+   # Set the optional *raw* argument of get() to True if you wish to disable
    # interpolation in a single get operation.
    print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=False)) # -> "Python is fun!"
    print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=True))  # -> "%(bar)s is %(baz)s!"
 
-   # The optional `vars` argument is a dict with members that will take
+   # The optional *vars* argument is a dict with members that will take
    # precedence in interpolation.
    print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', vars={'bar': 'Documentation',
                                              'baz': 'evil'}))
 
-   # The optional `fallback` argument can be used to provide a fallback value
+   # The optional *fallback* argument can be used to provide a fallback value
    print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo'))
          # -> "Python is fun!"
 

Doc/library/email.header.rst

@@ -141,11 +141,11 @@ Here is the :class:`Header` class description:
       Returns an approximation of the :class:`Header` as a string, using an
       unlimited line length.  All pieces are converted to unicode using the
       specified encoding and joined together appropriately.  Any pieces with a
-      charset of `unknown-8bit` are decoded as `ASCII` using the `replace`
+      charset of ``'unknown-8bit'`` are decoded as ASCII using the ``'replace'``
       error handler.
 
       .. versionchanged:: 3.2
-         Added handling for the `unknown-8bit` charset.
+         Added handling for the ``'unknown-8bit'`` charset.
 
 
    .. method:: __eq__(other)

Doc/library/functions.rst

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 ===================  =================  ==================  ================  ====================
 ..                   ..                 Built-in Functions  ..                ..
 ===================  =================  ==================  ================  ====================
-:func:`abs`          :func:`dict`       :func:`help`        :func:`min`       :func:`setattr`
+:func:`abs`          |func-dict|_       :func:`help`        :func:`min`       :func:`setattr`
 :func:`all`          :func:`dir`        :func:`hex`         :func:`next`      :func:`slice`
 :func:`any`          :func:`divmod`     :func:`id`          :func:`object`    :func:`sorted`
 :func:`ascii`        :func:`enumerate`  :func:`input`       :func:`oct`       :func:`staticmethod`
@@ -19,13 +19,22 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 :func:`bytearray`    :func:`filter`     :func:`issubclass`  :func:`pow`       :func:`super`
 :func:`bytes`        :func:`float`      :func:`iter`        :func:`print`     :func:`tuple`
 :func:`callable`     :func:`format`     :func:`len`         :func:`property`  :func:`type`
-:func:`chr`          :func:`frozenset`  :func:`list`        :func:`range`     :func:`vars`
+:func:`chr`          |func-frozenset|_  :func:`list`        :func:`range`     :func:`vars`
 :func:`classmethod`  :func:`getattr`    :func:`locals`      :func:`repr`      :func:`zip`
 :func:`compile`      :func:`globals`    :func:`map`         :func:`reversed`  :func:`__import__`
 :func:`complex`      :func:`hasattr`    :func:`max`         :func:`round`
-:func:`delattr`      :func:`hash`       :func:`memoryview`  :func:`set`
+:func:`delattr`      :func:`hash`       |func-memoryview|_  |func-set|_
 ===================  =================  ==================  ================  ====================
 
+.. using :func:`dict` would create a link to another page, so local targets are
+   used, with replacement texts to make the output in the table consistent
+
+.. |func-dict| replace:: ``dict()``
+.. |func-frozenset| replace:: ``frozenset()``
+.. |func-memoryview| replace:: ``memoryview()``
+.. |func-set| replace:: ``set()``
+
+
 .. function:: abs(x)
 
    Return the absolute value of a number.  The argument may be an
@@ -74,11 +83,12 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
 .. function:: bool([x])
 
-   Convert a value to a Boolean, using the standard truth testing procedure.  If
-   *x* is false or omitted, this returns :const:`False`; otherwise it returns
-   :const:`True`. :class:`bool` is also a class, which is a subclass of
-   :class:`int`. Class :class:`bool` cannot be subclassed further.  Its only
-   instances are :const:`False` and :const:`True`.
+   Convert a value to a Boolean, using the standard :ref:`truth testing
+   procedure <truth>`.  If *x* is false or omitted, this returns ``False``;
+   otherwise it returns ``True``. :class:`bool` is also a class, which is a
+   subclass of :class:`int` (see :ref:`typesnumeric`).  Class :class:`bool`
+   cannot be subclassed further.  Its only instances are ``False`` and
+   ``True`` (see :ref:`bltin-boolean-values`).
 
    .. index:: pair: Boolean; type
 
@@ -248,6 +258,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
    example, ``delattr(x, 'foobar')`` is equivalent to ``del x.foobar``.
 
 
+.. _func-dict:
 .. function:: dict([arg])
    :noindex:
 
@@ -491,6 +502,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    The float type is described in :ref:`typesnumeric`.
 
+
 .. function:: format(value[, format_spec])
 
    .. index::
@@ -511,6 +523,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
    :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised if the method is not found or if either
    the *format_spec* or the return value are not strings.
 
+
+.. _func-frozenset:
 .. function:: frozenset([iterable])
    :noindex:
 
@@ -717,6 +731,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
    such as ``sorted(iterable, key=keyfunc, reverse=True)[0]`` and
    ``heapq.nlargest(1, iterable, key=keyfunc)``.
 
+
+.. _func-memoryview:
 .. function:: memoryview(obj)
    :noindex:
 
@@ -1040,7 +1056,7 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
 
    Range objects implement the :class:`collections.Sequence` ABC, and provide
    features such as containment tests, element index lookup, slicing and
-   support for negative indices:
+   support for negative indices (see :ref:`typesseq`):
 
       >>> r = range(0, 20, 2)
       >>> r
@@ -1108,6 +1124,8 @@ are always available.  They are listed here in alphabetical order.
       can't be represented exactly as a float.  See :ref:`tut-fp-issues` for
       more information.
 
+
+.. _func-set:
 .. function:: set([iterable])
    :noindex:
 

Doc/library/inspect.rst

@@ -575,13 +575,13 @@ properties, will be invoked and :meth:`__getattr__` and :meth:`__getattribute__`
 may be called.
 
 For cases where you want passive introspection, like documentation tools, this
-can be inconvenient. `getattr_static` has the same signature as :func:`getattr`
+can be inconvenient. :func:`getattr_static` has the same signature as :func:`getattr`
 but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.
 
 .. function:: getattr_static(obj, attr, default=None)
 
    Retrieve attributes without triggering dynamic lookup via the
-   descriptor protocol, `__getattr__` or `__getattribute__`.
+   descriptor protocol, :meth:`__getattr__` or :meth:`__getattribute__`.
 
    Note: this function may not be able to retrieve all attributes
    that getattr can fetch (like dynamically created attributes)
@@ -589,12 +589,12 @@ but avoids executing code when it fetches attributes.
    that raise AttributeError). It can also return descriptors objects
    instead of instance members.
 
-   If the instance `__dict__` is shadowed by another member (for example a
+   If the instance :attr:`__dict__` is shadowed by another member (for example a
    property) then this function will be unable to find instance members.
 
    .. versionadded:: 3.2
 
-`getattr_static` does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or
+:func:`getattr_static` does not resolve descriptors, for example slot descriptors or
 getset descriptors on objects implemented in C. The descriptor object
 is returned instead of the underlying attribute.
 

Doc/library/stdtypes.rst

@@ -2712,6 +2712,8 @@ special operations.  There is exactly one ellipsis object, named
 It is written as ``Ellipsis`` or ``...``.
 
 
+.. _bltin-notimplemented-object:
+
 The NotImplemented Object
 -------------------------
 
@@ -2722,6 +2724,8 @@ information.
 It is written as ``NotImplemented``.
 
 
+.. _bltin-boolean-values:
+
 Boolean Values
 --------------
 

Doc/library/string.rst

@@ -216,6 +216,8 @@ keyword.  If it's a number, it refers to a positional argument, and if it's a ke
 it refers to a named keyword argument.  If the numerical arg_names in a format string
 are 0, 1, 2, ... in sequence, they can all be omitted (not just some)
 and the numbers 0, 1, 2, ... will be automatically inserted in that order.
+Because *arg_name* is not quote-delimited, it is not possible to specify arbitrary
+dictionary keys (e.g., the strings ``'10'`` or ``':-]'``) within a format string.
 The *arg_name* can be followed by any number of index or
 attribute expressions. An expression of the form ``'.name'`` selects the named
 attribute using :func:`getattr`, while an expression of the form ``'[index]'``

Doc/library/unittest.rst

@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ used from the command line. The basic command-line usage is::
 
    As a shortcut, ``python -m unittest`` is the equivalent of
    ``python -m unittest discover``. If you want to pass arguments to test
-   discovery the `discover` sub-command must be used explicitly.
+   discovery the ``discover`` sub-command must be used explicitly.
 
 The ``discover`` sub-command has the following options:
 
@@ -305,11 +305,11 @@ The ``discover`` sub-command has the following options:
 
 .. cmdoption:: -s directory
 
-   Directory to start discovery ('.' default)
+   Directory to start discovery (``.`` default)
 
 .. cmdoption:: -p pattern
 
-   Pattern to match test files ('test*.py' default)
+   Pattern to match test files (``test*.py`` default)
 
 .. cmdoption:: -t directory
 
@@ -723,9 +723,9 @@ Test cases
    Here, we create two instances of :class:`WidgetTestCase`, each of which runs a
    single test.
 
-   .. versionchanged::
-      `TestCase` can be instantiated successfully without providing a method
-      name. This makes it easier to experiment with `TestCase` from the
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.2
+      :class:`TestCase` can be instantiated successfully without providing a method
+      name. This makes it easier to experiment with :class:`TestCase` from the
       interactive interpreter.
 
    *methodName* defaults to :meth:`runTest`.
@@ -940,17 +940,17 @@ Test cases
    +---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
    | Method                                                  | Checks that                          | New in     |
    +=========================================================+======================================+============+
-   | :meth:`assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds)            | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `exc`  |            |
+   | :meth:`assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds)            | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *exc*  |            |
    | <TestCase.assertRaises>`                                |                                      |            |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
-   | :meth:`assertRaisesRegex(exc, re, fun, *args, **kwds)   | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `exc`  | 3.1        |
-   | <TestCase.assertRaisesRegex>`                           | and the message matches `re`         |            |
+   | :meth:`assertRaisesRegex(exc, re, fun, *args, **kwds)   | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *exc*  | 3.1        |
+   | <TestCase.assertRaisesRegex>`                           | and the message matches *re*         |            |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
-   | :meth:`assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds)            | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `warn` | 3.2        |
+   | :meth:`assertWarns(warn, fun, *args, **kwds)            | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *warn* | 3.2        |
    | <TestCase.assertWarns>`                                 |                                      |            |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
-   | :meth:`assertWarnsRegex(warn, re, fun, *args, **kwds)   | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises `warn` | 3.2        |
-   | <TestCase.assertWarnsRegex>`                            | and the message matches `re`         |            |
+   | :meth:`assertWarnsRegex(warn, re, fun, *args, **kwds)   | ``fun(*args, **kwds)`` raises *warn* | 3.2        |
+   | <TestCase.assertWarnsRegex>`                            | and the message matches *re*         |            |
    +---------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+------------+
 
    .. method:: assertRaises(exception, callable, *args, **kwds)
@@ -1092,7 +1092,7 @@ Test cases
    | :meth:`assertNotRegex(s, re)          | ``not regex.search(s)``        | 3.2          |
    | <TestCase.assertNotRegex>`            |                                |              |
    +---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
-   | :meth:`assertCountEqual(a, b)         | `a` and `b` have the same      | 3.2          |
+   | :meth:`assertCountEqual(a, b)         | *a* and *b* have the same      | 3.2          |
    | <TestCase.assertCountEqual>`          | elements in the same number,   |              |
    |                                       | regardless of their order      |              |
    +---------------------------------------+--------------------------------+--------------+
@@ -1887,7 +1887,7 @@ Loading and running tests
 .. class:: TextTestRunner(stream=None, descriptions=True, verbosity=1, runnerclass=None, warnings=None)
 
    A basic test runner implementation that outputs results to a stream. If *stream*
-   is `None`, the default, `sys.stderr` is used as the output stream. This class
+   is ``None``, the default, :data:`sys.stderr` is used as the output stream. This class
    has a few configurable parameters, but is essentially very simple.  Graphical
    applications which run test suites should provide alternate implementations.
 
@@ -1904,7 +1904,7 @@ Loading and running tests
       Added the ``warnings`` argument.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.2
-      The default stream is set to `sys.stderr` at instantiation time rather
+      The default stream is set to :data:`sys.stderr` at instantiation time rather
       than import time.
 
    .. method:: _makeResult()

Lib/compileall.py

@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def compile_path(skip_curdir=1, maxlevels=0, force=False, quiet=False,
 
     Arguments (all optional):
 
-    skip_curdir: if true, skip current directory (default true)
+    skip_curdir: if true, skip current directory (default True)
     maxlevels:   max recursion level (default 0)
     force: as for compile_dir() (default False)
     quiet: as for compile_dir() (default False)
@@ -177,17 +177,17 @@ def main():
                         help='use legacy (pre-PEP3147) compiled file locations')
     parser.add_argument('-d', metavar='DESTDIR',  dest='ddir', default=None,
                         help=('directory to prepend to file paths for use in '
-                              'compile time tracebacks and in runtime '
+                              'compile-time tracebacks and in runtime '
                               'tracebacks in cases where the source file is '
                               'unavailable'))
     parser.add_argument('-x', metavar='REGEXP', dest='rx', default=None,
-                        help=('skip files matching the regular expression. '
-                              'The regexp is searched for in the full path '
-                              'to each file considered for compilation.'))
+                        help=('skip files matching the regular expression; '
+                              'the regexp is searched for in the full path '
+                              'of each file considered for compilation'))
     parser.add_argument('-i', metavar='FILE', dest='flist',
                         help=('add all the files and directories listed in '
-                              'FILE to the list considered for compilation. '
-                              'If "-", names are read from stdin.'))
+                              'FILE to the list considered for compilation; '
+                              'if "-", names are read from stdin'))
     parser.add_argument('compile_dest', metavar='FILE|DIR', nargs='*',
                         help=('zero or more file and directory names '
                               'to compile; if no arguments given, defaults '

Lib/distutils/tests/support.py

@@ -175,10 +175,9 @@ def _get_xxmodule_path():
 def fixup_build_ext(cmd):
     """Function needed to make build_ext tests pass.
 
-    When Python was build with --enable-shared on Unix, -L. is not good
-    enough to find the libpython<blah>.so.  This is because regrtest runs
-    it under a tempdir, not in the top level where the .so lives.  By the
-    time we've gotten here, Python's already been chdir'd to the tempdir.
+    When Python was built with --enable-shared on Unix, -L. is not enough to
+    find libpython<blah>.so, because regrtest runs in a tempdir, not in the
+    source directory where the .so lives.
 
     When Python was built with in debug mode on Windows, build_ext commands
     need their debug attribute set, and it is not done automatically for

Lib/pipes.py

@@ -54,8 +54,6 @@ for the built-in function open() or for os.popen().
 
 To create a new template object initialized to a given one:
    t2 = t.clone()
-
-For an example, see the function test() at the end of the file.
 """                                     # '