In ArgumentClinic, value "NULL" should now be used only for unrepresentable default values
(like in the optional third parameter of getattr). "None" should be used if None is accepted
as argument and passing None has the same effect as not passing the argument at all.

self.assertEquals() is deprecated.

```
./python -We -m test test_typing
Run tests sequentially
0:00:00 load avg: 0.23 [1/1] test_typing
test test_typing failed -- Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/lubuntu2/cpython/Lib/test/test_typing.py", line 2382, in test_forward_equality_gth
    self.assertEquals(Union[c1, c1_gth], Union[c1])
  File "/home/lubuntu2/cpython/Lib/unittest/case.py", line 1390, in deprecated_func
    warnings.warn(
DeprecationWarning: Please use assertEqual instead.

test_typing failed

== Tests result: FAILURE ==

1 test failed:
    test_typing

Total duration: 140 ms
Tests result: FAILURE
```



https://bugs.python.org/issue37953

Attempt to make isolated mode easier to discover via additional inline documentation.
Co-Authored-By: Julien Palard <julien@palard.fr>

* Fix a crash in comparing with float (and maybe other crashes).
* They are now never equal to strings and non-integer numbers.
* Comparison with a large number no longer raises OverflowError.
* Arbitrary exceptions no longer silenced in constructors and comparisons.
* TypeError raised in the constructor contains now the name of the type.
* Accept only ChannelID and int-like objects in channel functions.
* Accept only InterpreterId, int-like objects and str in the InterpreterId constructor.
* Accept int-like objects, not just int in interpreter related functions.

Ideally if we stick a ForwardRef in a dictionary we would like to reliably be able to get it out again.

https://bugs.python.org/issue37953

The PyLong created in the finalizer was not being cleaned up


https://bugs.python.org/issue38150



Automerge-Triggered-By: @matrixise

https://bugs.python.org/issue38092

https://bugs.python.org/issue34706

Specifically in the case of a class that does not override its
constructor signature inherited from object.

These are Buck Evan @bukzor's changes cherrypicked from GH-9344.

Move ensurepip off of pkgutil and to importlib.resources.


https://bugs.python.org/issue37449

* Flip equality to use mock calls' __eq__

* bpo-37555: Regression test demonstrating assert_has_calls not working with ANY and spec_set
Co-authored-by: Neal Finne <neal@nealfinne.com>

* Revert "Flip equality to use mock calls' __eq__"

This reverts commit 94ddf54c5a8aab7d00d9ab93e1cc5695c28d73e7.

* bpo-37555: Add regression tests for mock ANY ordering issues

Add regression tests for whether __eq__ is order agnostic on _Call and _CallList, which is useful for comparisons involving ANY, especially if the ANY comparison is to a class not defaulting __eq__ to NotImplemented.
Co-authored-by: Neal Finne <neal@nealfinne.com>

* bpo-37555: Fix _CallList and _Call order sensitivity

_Call and _CallList depend on ordering to correctly process that an object being compared to ANY with __eq__ should return True. This fix updates the comparison to check both a == b and b == a and return True if either condition is met, fixing situations from the tests in the previous two commits where assertEqual would not be commutative if checking _Call or _CallList objects. This seems like a reasonable fix considering that the Python data model specifies that if an object doesn't know how to compare itself to another object it should return NotImplemented, and that on getting NotImplemented from a == b, it should try b == a, implying that good behavior for __eq__ is commutative. This also flips the order of comparison in _CallList's __contains__ method, guaranteeing ANY will be on the left and have it's __eq__ called for equality checking, fixing the interaction between assert_has_calls and ANY.

Co-author: Neal Finne <neal@neal.finne.com>

* bpo-37555: Ensure _call_matcher returns _Call object

* Adding ACK and news entry

* bpo-37555: Replacing __eq__ with == to sidestep NotImplemented

bool(NotImplemented) returns True, so it's necessary to use ==
instead of __eq__ in this comparison.

* bpo-37555: cleaning up changes unnecessary to the final product

* bpo-37555: Fixed call on bound arguments to respect args and kwargs

* Revert "bpo-37555: Add regression tests for mock ANY ordering issues"

This reverts commit 49c5310ad493c4356dd3bc58c03653cd9466c4fa.

* Revert "bpo-37555: cleaning up changes unnecessary to the final product"

This reverts commit 18e964ba0126d8964d89842cb95534b63c2d326e.

* Revert "bpo-37555: Replacing __eq__ with == to sidestep NotImplemented"

This reverts commit f295eaca5bceac6636c0e2b10e6c7d9a8ee8296a.

* Revert "bpo-37555: Fix _CallList and _Call order sensitivity"

This reverts commit 874fb697b8376fcea130116e56189061f944fde6.

* Updated NEWS.d

* bpo-37555: Add tests checking every function using _call_matcher both with and without spec

* bpo-37555: Ensure all assert methods using _call_matcher are actually passing calls

* Remove AnyCompare and use call objects everywhere.

* Revert "Remove AnyCompare and use call objects everywhere."

This reverts commit 24973c0b32ce7d796a7f4eeaf259832222aae0f5.

* Check for exception in assert_any_await

Varying user/group/permission check needs on platforms.

Signed-off-by: Christian Heimes <christian@python.org>

* bpo-38148: Add slots to asyncio transports

* Update Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2019-09-13-08-55-43.bpo-38148.Lnww6D.rst
Co-Authored-By: Kyle Stanley <aeros167@gmail.com>

bpo-12707: deprecate info(), geturl(), getcode() methods in favor of headers, url, and status properties for HTTPResponse and addinfourl (GH-11447)
Co-Authored-By: epicfaace <aramaswamis@gmail.com>

Handle time comparison for cookies with `expires` attribute when `CookieJar.make_cookies` is called.
Co-authored-by: Demian Brecht <demianbrecht@gmail.com>


https://bugs.python.org/issue12144



Automerge-Triggered-By: @asvetlov

* This just copies the docs from `StreamWriter` and `StreamReader`.
* Add docstring for asyncio functions.


https://bugs.python.org/issue36889



Automerge-Triggered-By: @asvetlov

Co-Authored-By: remilapeyre <remi.lapeyre@henki.fr>

- Migrate `Random_Type` to `PyType_FromSpec`
- To simulate an old use of `PyLong_Type.tp_as_number->nb_absolute`, I added
  code to the module init function to stash `int.__abs__` for later
  use. Ideally we'd use `PyType_GetSlot()` instead, but it doesn't currently
  work for static types in CPython, and implementing it just for this case
  doesn't seem worth it.
- Do exact check for long and dispatch to PyNumber_Absolute, use vector call when not exact.

The usedforsecurity keyword only argument added to the hash constructors is useful for FIPS builds and similar restrictive environment with non-technical requirements that legacy algorithms be forbidden by their implementations without being explicitly annotated as not being used for any security related purposes.  Linux distros with FIPS support benefit from this being standard rather than making up their own way(s) to do it.

Contributed and Signed-off-by: Christian Heimes christian@python.org

All call sites pass NULL for `recode_encoding`, so this path is
completely untested.  That's been true since before Python 3.0.
It adds significant complexity to this logic, so it's best to
take it out.

All call sites now have a literal NULL, and that's been true since
commit 768921cf eliminated a conditional (`foo ? bar : NULL`) at
the call site in Python/ast.c where we're parsing a bytes literal.
But even before then, that condition `foo` had been a constant
since unadorned string literals started meaning Unicode, in commit
572dbf8f aka v3.0a1~1035 .

The `unicode` parameter is already unused, so mark it as unused too.
The code that acted on it was also taken out before Python 3.0, in
commit 8d30cc01 aka v3.0a1~1031 .

The function (PyBytes_DecodeEscape) is exposed in the API, but it's
never been documented.

* subprocess: Add user, group and extra_groups paremeters to subprocess.Popen

This adds a `user` parameter to the Popen constructor that will call
setreuid() in the child before calling exec(). This allows processes
running as root to safely drop privileges before running the subprocess
without having to use a preexec_fn.

This also adds a `group` parameter that will call setregid() in
the child process before calling exec().

Finally an `extra_groups` parameter was added that will call
setgroups() to set the supplimental groups.