Add a paragraph in "Help and preferences", "Help sources" subsection.

The list() constructor isn't taking full advantage of known input
lengths or length hints. This commit makes the constructor
pre-size and not over-allocate when the input size is known (the
input collection implements __len__). One on the main advantages is
that this provides 12% difference in memory savings due to the difference
between overallocating and allocating exactly the input size.

For efficiency purposes and to avoid a performance regression for small
generators and collections, the size of the input object is calculated using
__len__ and not __length_hint__, as the later is considerably slower.

* Fix potential division by zero in BZ2_Malloc()
* Avoid division by zero in PyLzma_Malloc()
* Avoid division by zero and integer overflow in PyZlib_Malloc()

Reported by Svace static analyzer.

https://bugs.python.org/issue35089

Configuring python with ./configure --with-pydebug CFLAGS="-D COUNT_ALLOCS -O0"
makes "make smelly" fail as some symbols were being exported without the "Py_" or
"_Py" prefixes.

Some projects (e.g. Chameleon) create ast.Str containing an instance
of the str subclass.

Fix a bug I introduced in #9864 by which coroutines are treated as synonymous of function coroutines.

Also, fix the same mistake (coroutines == function coroutines) already present in other parts of the reference.

I'm very sorry for the hassle.

We now use git and backporting instead of hg and forward merging.

There is only one trivial change to idle.rst. Nearly all the changes to help.html are the elimination of chapter and section numbers on headers due to changes in the build system. help.py no longer requires header numbering.

Referring to ``pytest`` as ``py.test`` is deprecated.

They return encoded bytes and are Python 2 artifacts.

Specify that blocks are non-overlapping. Change '!=' to '<'.

Since `SourceFileLoader.set_data()` catches exceptions raised by `_write_atomic()` and logs an informative message consequently, always logging successful outcome in 'SourceLoader.get_code()' seems redundant.  



https://bugs.python.org/issue35024

"threadsafe"

Use _PyObject_ASSERT() in:

* _PyDict_CheckConsistency()
* _PyType_CheckConsistency()
* _PyUnicode_CheckConsistency()

_PyObject_ASSERT() dumps the faulty object if the assertion fails
to help debugging.

Replace assert() with _PyObject_ASSERT() in Objects/typeobject.c
to dump the faulty object on assertion failure to ease debugging.

Replace assert() with _PyObject_ASSERT() in Modules/gcmodule.c
to dump the faulty object on assertion failure to ease debugging.

Fix also indentation of a large comment.

Initial patch written by David Malcolm.
Co-Authored-By: David Malcolm <dmalcolm@redhat.com>

Replace assert() with _PyObject_ASSERT() in Objects/object.c to dump
the faulty object on assertion failure to ease debugging.

Declare functions with EXTINLINE:

* mpd_del()
* mpd_uint_zero()
* mpd_qresize()
* mpd_qresize_zero()
* mpd_minalloc()

These functions are implemented with "inline" or "ALWAYS_INLINE", but
declared without inline which cause linker error on Visual Studio in
Debug mode when using /Ob1.

Prior to this revision, after the shutdown of a `BaseServer`,
the server accepted a last single request
if it was sent between the server socket polling
and the polling timeout.

This can be problematic for instance for a server restart
for which you do not want to interrupt the service,
by not closing the listening socket during the restart.
One request failed because of this behavior.

Note that only one request failed,
following requests were not accepted, as expected.

Visual Studio solution: Set InlineFunctionExpansion to
OnlyExplicitInline ("/Ob1" option) on all projects (in
pyproject.props) in Debug mode on Win32 and x64 platforms to expand
functions marked as inline.

This change should make Python compiled in Debug mode a little bit
faster on Windows. On Unix, GCC uses -Og optimization level for
./configure --with-pydebug.

* Convert PyObject_INIT() and PyObject_INIT_VAR() macros to static
  inline functions.
* Fix usage of these functions: cast to PyObject* or PyVarObject*.

bpo-34890: Make iscoroutinefunction, isgeneratorfunction and isasyncgenfunction work with functools.partial (GH-9903)

inspect.isfunction() processes both inspect.isfunction(func) and
inspect.isfunction(partial(func, arg)) correctly but some other functions in the
inspect module (iscoroutinefunction, isgeneratorfunction and isasyncgenfunction)
lack this functionality. This commits adds a new check in the mentioned functions
in the inspect module so they can work correctly with arbitrarily nested partial
functions. 

_Py_NegativeRefcount() now uses _PyObject_AssertFailed() to dump the
object to help debugging.

_PyTraceMalloc_NewReference() is now called by _Py_NewReference(), so
move its definition to object.h. Moreover, define it even if
Py_LIMITED_API is defined, since _Py_NewReference() is also exposed
even if Py_LIMITED_API is defined.

The MagicMock class supports many magic methods, but not __fspath__. To ease
testing with modules such as os.path, this function is now supported by default.