* Add %T format to PyUnicode_FromFormatV(), and so to
  PyUnicode_FromFormat() and PyErr_Format(), to format an object type
  name: equivalent to "%s" with Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name.
* Replace Py_TYPE(obj)->tp_name with %T format in unicodeobject.c.
* Add unit test on %T format.
* Rename unicode_fromformat_write_cstr() to
  unicode_fromformat_write_utf8(), to make the intent more explicit.

Implement the "attributes objects" parameter of `os.posix_spawn` to complete the implementation and fully cover the underlying API.

* Replace "master process" with "parent process"
* Replace "master option mappings" with "main option mappings"
* Replace "master pattern object" with "main pattern object"
* ssl: replace "master" with "server"
* And some other similar changes

Rename also run_tests_slave() to run_tests_worker().

Release GIL on grp.getgrnam(), grp.getgrgid(), pwd.getpwnam() and
pwd.getpwuid() if reentrant variants of these functions are available.

Patch by William Grzybowski.

When calling tp_descr_get(self, obj, type), make sure that
we own a strong reference to "self".

Co-Authored-By: Wouter Bolsterlee.

Fix for invalid assert on big output of multiprocessing.Process.

distutils.spawn.find_executable() now falls back on os.defpath if the
PATH environment variable is not set.

Fail `test_semaphore_tracker_sigint` if no warnings are expected and one is received.

Fix race condition when the child receives SIGINT before it can register signal handlers for it.

The race condition occurs when the parent calls
`_semaphore_tracker.ensure_running()` (which in turn spawns the
semaphore_tracker using `_posixsubprocess.fork_exec`), the child
registers the signal handlers and the parent tries to kill the child.
What seem to happen is that in some slow systems, the parent sends the
signal to kill the child before the child protects against the signal.

math.factorial() was accepting non-integral Decimal instances. This is inconsistent with the actual behaviour for floats, which are not accepted.

* Fix Tools/clinic/clinic_test.py: add missing
  FakeClinic.destination_buffers attribute and pass a file argument
  to Clinic().
* Rename Tools/clinic/clinic_test.py to Lib/test/test_clinic.py:
  add temporary Tools/clinic/ to sys.path to import the clinic
  module.
Co-Authored-By: Pablo Galindo <pablogsal@gmail.com>

bpo-34485, bpo-34544: Again, pymain_read_conf() leaves LC_ALL locale
unchanged: only modify LC_CTYPE.

* Add _testcapi.get_coreconfig() to get the _PyCoreConfig of the
  interpreter
* test.pythoninfo now gets the core configuration using
  _testcapi.get_coreconfig()

bpo-34544: If _Py_CoerceLegacyLocale() fails to coerce the C locale,
restore the LC_CTYPE locale to the its previous value.

bpo-34485, bpo-34544: On some FreeBSD, nl_langinfo(CODESET) fails if
LC_ALL or LC_CTYPE is set to an invalid locale name. Replace
_Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_CTYPE) with _Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_ALL) to
initialize properly locales.

Partially revert commit 177d921c.

Make it clear that the n==0 case is included. Otherwise, you have to know that max==0.0 whenever n==0.

... by removing a superfluous "either".

Reported by Никита Люшненко on docs@.

"explicitelly" → "explicitly"

p.wait()

Sometimes some versions of the shared libraries that are part of the
traceback are compiled in optimised mode and the Program Counter (PC)
is not present, not allowing gdb to walk the frames back. When this
happens, the Python bindings of gdb raise an exception, making the
test impossible to succeed.

bpo-34408: Prevent a null pointer dereference and resource leakage in `PyInterpreterState_New()` (GH-8767)

* A pointer in `PyInterpreterState_New()` could have been `NULL` when being dereferenced.

* Memory was leaked in `PyInterpreterState_New()` when taking some error-handling code path.

The *max* value is no longer treated as a special case in the main loop.  Besides making the main loop simpler and branchless, this also lets us relax the input restriction of *vec* to contain only non-negative values.

bpo-34062: Add missing launcher argument and make behavior consistent between short and long arguments (GH-8827)

Added previously missing "--list" argument.
Made "--list" and "--list-paths" behavior consistent with the corresponding "-0" and "-0p" arguments.

Move strict_timestamps to constructor.

Update all test certs and keys to use future proof crypto settings:

* 3072 bit RSA keys
* SHA-256 signature
Signed-off-by: Christian Heimes <christian@python.org>

Modify TestPosixSpawn to run Python using -I and -S options.

Disable site module to avoid side effects. For example, on Fedora 28,
if the HOME environment variable is not set, site._getuserbase()
calls pwd.getpwuid() which opens /var/lib/sss/mc/passwd, but then
leaves the file open which makes test_close_file() to fail.

Use the core configuration of the interpreter, rather
than using global configuration variables. For example, replace
Py_QuietFlag with core_config->quiet.

* Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding and Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors
  default value is now NULL: initfsencoding() set them
  during Python initialization.
* Document how Python chooses the filesystem encoding and error
  handler.
* Add an assertion to _PyCoreConfig_Read().