The chief effects are to make dir() do something useful and supply
them with an __class__.

Allow staticbase != type, as long as their tp_new slots are the same.

NotImplemented when the lookup fails, and use this for binary
operators.  Also lookup_maybe() which doesn't raise an exception when
the lookup fails (still returning NULL).

- Don't turn a non-tuple argument into a one-tuple.  Rather, the
  caller must pass a format that causes Py_VaBuildValue() to return a
  tuple.

- Speed things up by calling PyObject_Call (which is fairly low-level
  and straightforward) rather than PyObject_CallObject (which calls
  PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords which calls PyObject_Call, and nothing
  is really done in the mean time except some tests for NULL args and
  valid types, which are already guaranteed).

- Cosmetics.

Other places:

- Make sure that the format argument to call_method() is surrounded by
  parentheses, so it will cause a tuple to be created.

- Replace a few calls to PyEval_CallObject() with a surefire tuple for
  args to calls to PyObject_Call().  (A few calls to
  PyEval_CallObject() remain that have NULL for args.)

directly, as the only thing done here (replace NULL args with an empty
tuple) is also done there.

XXX Maybe we should take one step further and equate the two at the
macro level?  That's harder though because PyEval_Call* is declared in
a header that's not included standard.  But it is silly that
PyObject_CallObject calls PyEval_CallObject which calls back to
PyObject_Call.  Maybe PyEval_CallObject should be moved into this file
instead?  All I know is that there are too many call APIs!  The
differences between PyObject_Call and PyEval_CallObjectWithKeywords is
that the latter allows args to be NULL, and does explicit type checks
for args and kwds.

   This patch adds the features from RFC 2487 (Secure SMTP
   over TLS) to the smtplib module:

   - A starttls() function
   - Wrapper classes that simulate enough of sockets and
     files for smtplib, but really wrap a SSLObject
   - reset the list of known SMTP extensions at each call
     of ehlo(). This should have been the case anyway.

most frequently interesting information IMO.  Also tidy up the output.

A surprising number of changes to split tp_new into tp_new and tp_init.
Turned out the older PyFile_FromFile() didn't initialize the memory it
allocated in all (error) cases, which caused new sanity asserts
elsewhere to fail left & right (and could have, e.g., caused file_dealloc
to try decrefing random addresses).

keys are true strings -- no subclasses need apply.  This may be debatable.

The problem is that a str subclass may very well want to override __eq__
and/or __hash__ (see the new example of case-insensitive strings in
test_descr), but go-fast shortcuts for strings are ubiquitous in our dicts
(and subclass overrides aren't even looked for then).  Another go-fast
reason for the change is that PyCheck_StringExact() is a quicker test
than PyCheck_String(), and we make such a test on virtually every access
to every dict.

OTOH, a str subclass may also be perfectly happy using the base str eq
and hash, and this change slows them a lot.  But those cases are still
hypothetical, while Python's own reliance on true-string dicts is not.

builtin function); Guido pointed out that it could be just another
name in the __builtin__ dict for the file constructor now.

just by doing type(f) where f is any file object.  This left a hole in
restricted execution mode that rexec.py can't plug by itself (although it
can plug part of it; the rest is plugged in fileobject.c now).

on to the tp_new slot (if non-NULL), as well as to the tp_init slot (if
any).  A sane type implementing both tp_new and tp_init should probably
pay attention to the arguments in only one of them.

OverflowError message seems reasonable.

and trace functions; this now declares that None will be passed for the
"call" event.
This closes SF bug/suggestion #460315.

Preliminary support.  What's here works, but needs fine-tuning.

Andrew quite correctly notices that the next() method isn't quite what
we need, since it returns None upon end instead of raising
StopIteration.  His fix is easy enough, using iter(self.next, None)
instead.

because they don't work yet.

backwards compatibility.  When using the class of the first base as
the metaclass, use its __class__ attribute in preference over its
ob_type slot.  This ensures that we can still use classic classes as
metaclasse, as shown in the original "Metaclasses" essay.  This also
makes all the examples in Demo/metaclasses/ work again (maybe these
should be turned into a test suite?).

Inhibited complex unary plus optimization when applied to a complex subtype.
Added PyComplex_CheckExact macro.  Some comments and minor code fiddling.

its normally chatty nature.

(This completes a side project to make "make -s" truly silent unless
errors occur.)

with the same value instead.  This ensures that a string (or string
subclass) object's ob_sinterned pointer is always a str (or NULL), and
that the dict of interned strings only has strs as keys.

+ These were leaving the hash fields at 0, which all string and unicode
  routines believe is a legitimate hash code.  As a result, hash() applied
  to str and unicode subclass instances always returned 0, which in turn
  confused dict operations, etc.
+ Changed local names "new"; no point to antagonizing C++ compilers.

subclasses, all "the usual" ones (slicing etc), plus replace, translate,
ljust, rjust, center and strip.  I don't know how to be sure they've all
been caught.

Question:  Should we complain if someone tries to intern an instance of
a string subclass?  I hate to slow any code on those paths.

optimization (+F(whatever)).

I(0) << whatever, I(0) >> whatever, I(whatever) << 0 and I(whatever) >> 0
optimizations.

Added a few new toolbox modules.
Noted machine dependencies for some modules.
Moved waste to undoc.tex.

Moved icopen to its alphabetical place.
Moved waste here (from toolbox).