bpo-36443, bpo-36202: Since Python 3.7.0, calling Py_DecodeLocale()
before Py_Initialize() produces mojibake if the LC_CTYPE locale is
coerced and/or if the UTF-8 Mode is enabled by the user
configuration. This change fix the issue by disabling LC_CTYPE
coercion and UTF-8 Mode by default. They must now be enabled
explicitly (opt-in) using the new _Py_PreInitialize() API with
_PyPreConfig.

When embedding Python, set coerce_c_locale and utf8_mode attributes
of _PyPreConfig to -1 to enable automatically these parameters
depending on the LC_CTYPE locale, environment variables and command
line arguments

Alternative: Setting Py_UTF8Mode to 1 always explicitly enables the
UTF-8 Mode.

Changes:

* _PyPreConfig_INIT now sets coerce_c_locale and utf8_mode to 0 by
  default.
* _Py_InitializeFromArgs() and _Py_InitializeFromWideArgs() can now
  be called with config=NULL.

 Python always use UTF-8 on VxWorks.

Fix refleak in sysmodule.c when calling SET_SYS_FROM_STRING_BORROW.

* Incref heap-allocated types in PyObject_Init
* Add documentation and porting notes to What's New

Change "star-operator" to "* operator".

* Add _PyCoreConfig._init_main: if equals to zero,
  _Py_InitializeFromConfig() doesn't call
  _Py_InitializeMainInterpreter().
* Add interp_p parameter to _Py_InitializeFromConfig().
* pymain_init() now calls _Py_InitializeFromConfig().
* Make _Py_InitializeCore() private.

Add idlelib.pyshell alias at top; remove pyshell alias at bottom.
Remove obsolete __name__=='__main__' command.

Add test_preinit_isolated1() and test_preinit_isolated2() test_embed.

Examples of the `multiprocessing.shared_memory` module try to import `SharedMemoryManager` from `multiprocessing.shared_memory` whereas this class is defined in `multiprocessing.managers`.

* _PyCoreConfig_Write() now updates _PyRuntime.preconfig
* Remove _PyPreCmdline_Copy()
* _PyPreCmdline_Read() now accepts _PyPreConfig and _PyCoreConfig
  optional configurations.
* Rename _PyPreConfig_ReadFromArgv() to _PyPreConfig_Read(). Simplify
  the code.
* Calling _PyCoreConfig_Read() no longer adds the warning options
  twice: don't add a warning option if it's already in the list.
* Rename _PyCoreConfig_ReadFromArgv() to _PyCoreConfig_Read().
* Rename config_from_cmdline() to _PyCoreConfig_ReadFromArgv().
* Add more assertions on _PyCoreConfig in _PyCoreConfig_Read().
* Move some functions.
* Make some config functions private.

Handle memory allocation failure.

https://bugs.python.org/issue36433

Python 3.8.0a3

* Replace _PyCoreConfig.preconfig with 3 new fields in _PyCoreConfig:
  isolated, use_environment, dev_mode.
* Add _PyPreCmdline.dev_mode.
* Add _Py_PreInitializeFromPreConfigInPlace().

* Make _PyPreConfig_GetEnv(), _PyCoreConfig_GetEnv() and
  _PyCoreConfig_GetEnvDup() private
* _Py_get_env_flag() first parameter becomes "int use_environment"

* bpo-34085: Improve wording on classmethod/staticmethod

* Address comments from Éric

* Address comments from Éric

* Add _Py_GetConfigsAsDict() function to get all configurations as a
  dict.
* dump_config() of _testembed.c now dumps preconfig as a separated
  key: call _Py_GetConfigsAsDict().
* Make _PyMainInterpreterConfig_AsDict() private.

Now that the parser generator is written in Python (Parser/pgen) we can make use of it to regenerate the Lib/keyword file that contains the language keywords instead of parsing the autogenerated grammar files. This also allows checking in the CI that the autogenerated files are up to date.

* Initialize _PyPreConfig.dev_mode to -1.
* _PyPreConfig_Read(): coreconfig has the priority over preconfig.
* _PyCoreConfig_Read() now calls _PyPreCmdline_Read() internally.
* config_from_cmdline() now pass _PyPreCmdline to config_read().
* Add _PyPreCmdline_Copy().

Prepare code to move some _PyPreConfig parameters into _PyPreCmdline.
Changes:

* _PyCoreConfig_ReadFromArgv(): remove preconfig parameter,
  use _PyRuntime.preconfig.
* Add _PyPreCmdline_GetPreConfig() (called by _PyPreConfig_Read()).
* Rename _PyPreCmdline_Init() to _PyPreCmdline_SetArgv()
* Factorize _Py_PreInitializeFromPreConfig() code: add
  pyinit_preinit().
* _PyPreConfig_Read() now sets coerce_c_locale to 2 if it must be
  coerced.
* Remove _PyCoreConfig_ReadPreConfig().
* _PyCoreConfig_Write() now copies updated preconfig into _PyRuntime.

bpo-35884: Add string-keys-only microbenchmark for dict access to var_access_benchmark.py (GH-11905)

Set type_attr to NULL after the assignment to stgdict->proto (like
what is done with stgdict after the Py_SETREF() call) so that it is
not decrefed twice on error.