Various rewrites

Will backport to 2.2.

it's a convenience only and give hints on what to do for more
flexibility.

it's a convenience only.  Give an example of what to do for more
flexibility.

fails only in UCS-2 mode, since it tests a non-BMP character.

On cygwin, the setup.py script uses unixccompiler.py for compiling and linking
C extensions. The unixccompiler.py script assumes that executables do not get
special extensions, which makes sense for Unix.  However, on Cygwin,
executables get an .exe extension.

This causes a problem during the configuration step (python setup.py config),
in which some temporary executables may be generated. As unixccompiler.py does
not know about the .exe extension, distutils fails to clean up after itself: it
does not remove _configtest.exe but tries to remove _configtest instead.

The attached patch to unixccompiler.py sets the correct exe_extension for
cygwin by checking if sys.platform is 'cygwin'. With this patch, distutils
cleans up after itself correctly.

Michiel de Hoon
University of Tokyo, Human Genome Center.

  class; closes SF patch #697941
- use em-dashes intead of en-dashes
- section references: use a "tie" between the word "section" and the
  section number, use quotation marks around section titles
- other minor markup corrections/cleanups

internal read() as being a generator but hadn't yet changed it into one.

I'm finding some pretty baffling output, like reprs consisting entirely
of three left parens.  At least this will let us know what type the object
is (it's not str -- there's no quote character in the repr).

New tool combinerefs.py, to combine the two output blocks produced via
PYTHONDUMPREFS.

can't test it.  It's unchanged so why would we test it anyway...

changes stay.

Use isinstance(somestring, basestring) instead of type() as per PEP 8

Closes SF bug #659188, patch #662464.

krb5.h is in it's own directory

instructions.

- some very minor cleanups

mailing list, and in patch #722686.

not 'K'.

Untested, but at least it still compiles.

new line.

New pvt API function _Py_PrintReferenceAddresses():  Prints only the
addresses and refcnts of the live objects.  This is always safe to call,
because it has no dependence on Python's C API.

Py_Finalize():  If envar PYTHONDUMPREFS is set, call (the new)
_Py_PrintReferenceAddresses() right before dumping final pymalloc stats.
We can't print the reprs of the objects here because too much of the
interpreter has been shut down.  You need to correlate the addresses
displayed here with the object reprs printed by the earlier
PYTHONDUMPREFS call to _Py_PrintReferences().

New functions:
  unsigned long PyInt_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *);
  unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) PyInt_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *);
  unsigned long PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *);
  unsigned PY_LONG_LONG) PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *);

New and changed format codes:

b unsigned char 0..UCHAR_MAX
B unsigned char none **
h unsigned short 0..USHRT_MAX
H unsigned short none **
i int INT_MIN..INT_MAX
I * unsigned int 0..UINT_MAX
l long LONG_MIN..LONG_MAX
k * unsigned long none
L long long LLONG_MIN..LLONG_MAX
K * unsigned long long none

Notes:

* New format codes.

** Changed from previous "range-and-a-half" to "none"; the
range-and-a-half checking wasn't particularly useful.

New test test_getargs2.py, to verify all this.

- Call this in Py_Finalize().
- Expand the Misc/NEWS text on PY_LONG_LONG.