Add flags and missing exception declaration for PyOS_*() string conversion functions in cpython/conversion.pxd.

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/pull/3902

Disable the embedding test on MacOS-X to get the builds green again. Too many PRs depend on the travis tests to give a green light.

Also turn off the clang warning about deprecated declarations to try to reduce the size of the OSX logs.

The comments are taken from the C API documentation
(https://docs.python.org/3.9/c-api/cell.html).

Ensure that Cython exposes `PyBUF_MAX_NDIM` from Python as part of
`cpython.buffer` to allow access to developers.

Simplify the output stream capturing for the C compiler runs by using a temp file instead of threads.

I think this approach is more satisfactory than the old way it used to "work", where "fused_to_specific" was permanently added to the module scope containing the fused type (in this case the Cython scope), was applied in "Scope.lookup_type", but continued to have an effect on the scope forever.

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3881

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/1355

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3242

The comments are taken from the C API documentation: https://docs.python.org/3.9/c-api/codec.html

Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/2251

Make type identifier escaping deterministic: hash() hashing lead to unpredictable random prefixes for long names across multiple Python runs.

Split a combined assert in two to avoid an unused C temp variable when assertions are disabled. (GH-3870)

`xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.getiterator()` was deprecated in Python
2.7 & 3.2 and removed in Python 3.9.

Add "check_size ignore" to all NumPy.pxd class declarations to silence the useless size warnings about them.
See https://github.com/numpy/numpy/pull/432#issuecomment-689846159
Also remove the useless "extern" modifiers from cdef classes declared in "extern" sections.

Fixes GH-2749.

Rename "GCC_DIAGNOSTIC" macro to make it Cython specific and make it available to other utility code sections.

Prevent compile error when the result of repr() is assigned to a "unicode" LHS with language_level=3.
Closes https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3736

Using Py_UNICODE to store lone surrogates makes Py3 join surrogate pairs on 16-bit Unicode platforms (Windows) when reading them back in, although we correctly processed them before.
Instead, we now use the "unicode_escape" codec to store byte strings, because it can return surrogate characters (which the other codecs cannot).