When a task is doing some modification to the chunk btree and it is not in
the context of a chunk allocation or a chunk removal, it can deadlock with
another task that is currently allocating a new data or metadata chunk.

These contexts are the following:

* When relocating a system chunk, when we need to COW the extent buffers
  that belong to the chunk btree;

* When adding a new device (ioctl), where we need to add a new device item
  to the chunk btree;

* When removing a device (ioctl), where we need to remove a device item
  from the chunk btree;

* When resizing a device (ioctl), where we need to update a device item in
  the chunk btree and may need to relocate a system chunk that lies beyond
  the new device size when shrinking a device.

The problem happens due to a sequence of steps like the following:

1) Task A starts a data or metadata chunk allocation and it locks the
   chunk mutex;

2) Task B is relocating a system chunk, and when it needs to COW an extent
   buffer of the chunk btree, it has locked both that extent buffer as
   well as its parent extent buffer;

3) Since there is not enough available system space, either because none
   of the existing system block groups have enough free space or because
   the only one with enough free space is in RO mode due to the relocation,
   task B triggers a new system chunk allocation. It blocks when trying to
   acquire the chunk mutex, currently held by task A;

4) Task A enters btrfs_chunk_alloc_add_chunk_item(), in order to insert
   the new chunk item into the chunk btree and update the existing device
   items there. But in order to do that, it has to lock the extent buffer
   that task B locked at step 2, or its parent extent buffer, but task B
   is waiting on the chunk mutex, which is currently locked by task A,
   therefore resulting in a deadlock.

One example report when the deadlock happens with system chunk relocation:

  INFO: task kworker/u9:5:546 blocked for more than 143 seconds.
        Not tainted 5.15.0-rc3+ #1
  "echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
  task:kworker/u9:5    state:D stack:25936 pid:  546 ppid:     2 flags:0x00004000
  Workqueue: events_unbound btrfs_async_reclaim_metadata_space
  Call Trace:
   context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:4940 [inline]
   __schedule+0xcd9/0x2530 kernel/sched/core.c:6287
   schedule+0xd3/0x270 kernel/sched/core.c:6366
   rwsem_down_read_slowpath+0x4ee/0x9d0 kernel/locking/rwsem.c:993
   __down_read_common kernel/locking/rwsem.c:1214 [inline]
   __down_read kernel/locking/rwsem.c:1223 [inline]
   down_read_nested+0xe6/0x440 kernel/locking/rwsem.c:1590
   __btrfs_tree_read_lock+0x31/0x350 fs/btrfs/locking.c:47
   btrfs_tree_read_lock fs/btrfs/locking.c:54 [inline]
   btrfs_read_lock_root_node+0x8a/0x320 fs/btrfs/locking.c:191
   btrfs_search_slot_get_root fs/btrfs/ctree.c:1623 [inline]
   btrfs_search_slot+0x13b4/0x2140 fs/btrfs/ctree.c:1728
   btrfs_update_device+0x11f/0x500 fs/btrfs/volumes.c:2794
   btrfs_chunk_alloc_add_chunk_item+0x34d/0xea0 fs/btrfs/volumes.c:5504
   do_chunk_alloc fs/btrfs/block-group.c:3408 [inline]
   btrfs_chunk_alloc+0x84d/0xf50 fs/btrfs/block-group.c:3653
   flush_space+0x54e/0xd80 fs/btrfs/space-info.c:670
   btrfs_async_reclaim_metadata_space+0x396/0xa90 fs/btrfs/space-info.c:953
   process_one_work+0x9df/0x16d0 kernel/workqueue.c:2297
   worker_thread+0x90/0xed0 kernel/workqueue.c:2444
   kthread+0x3e5/0x4d0 kernel/kthread.c:319
   ret_from_fork+0x1f/0x30 arch/x86/entry/entry_64.S:295
  INFO: task syz-executor:9107 blocked for more than 143 seconds.
        Not tainted 5.15.0-rc3+ #1
  "echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
  task:syz-executor    state:D stack:23200 pid: 9107 ppid:  7792 flags:0x00004004
  Call Trace:
   context_switch kernel/sched/core.c:4940 [inline]
   __schedule+0xcd9/0x2530 kernel/sched/core.c:6287
   schedule+0xd3/0x270 kernel/sched/core.c:6366
   schedule_preempt_disabled+0xf/0x20 kernel/sched/core.c:6425
   __mutex_lock_common kernel/locking/mutex.c:669 [inline]
   __mutex_lock+0xc96/0x1680 kernel/locking/mutex.c:729
   btrfs_chunk_alloc+0x31a/0xf50 fs/btrfs/block-group.c:3631
   find_free_extent_update_loop fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c:3986 [inline]
   find_free_extent+0x25cb/0x3a30 fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c:4335
   btrfs_reserve_extent+0x1f1/0x500 fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c:4415
   btrfs_alloc_tree_block+0x203/0x1120 fs/btrfs/extent-tree.c:4813
   __btrfs_cow_block+0x412/0x1620 fs/btrfs/ctree.c:415
   btrfs_cow_block+0x2f6/0x8c0 fs/btrfs/ctree.c:570
   btrfs_search_slot+0x1094/0x2140 fs/btrfs/ctree.c:1768
   relocate_tree_block fs/btrfs/relocation.c:2694 [inline]
   relocate_tree_blocks+0xf73/0x1770 fs/btrfs/relocation.c:2757
   relocate_block_group+0x47e/0xc70 fs/btrfs/relocation.c:3673
   btrfs_relocate_block_group+0x48a/0xc60 fs/btrfs/relocation.c:4070
   btrfs_relocate_chunk+0x96/0x280 fs/btrfs/volumes.c:3181
   __btrfs_balance fs/btrfs/volumes.c:3911 [inline]
   btrfs_balance+0x1f03/0x3cd0 fs/btrfs/volumes.c:4301
   btrfs_ioctl_balance+0x61e/0x800 fs/btrfs/ioctl.c:4137
   btrfs_ioctl+0x39ea/0x7b70 fs/btrfs/ioctl.c:4949
   vfs_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:51 [inline]
   __do_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:874 [inline]
   __se_sys_ioctl fs/ioctl.c:860 [inline]
   __x64_sys_ioctl+0x193/0x200 fs/ioctl.c:860
   do_syscall_x64 arch/x86/entry/common.c:50 [inline]
   do_syscall_64+0x35/0xb0 arch/x86/entry/common.c:80
   entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x44/0xae

So fix this by making sure that whenever we try to modify the chunk btree
and we are neither in a chunk allocation context nor in a chunk remove
context, we reserve system space before modifying the chunk btree.
Reported-by: Hao Sun <sunhao.th@gmail.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-btrfs/CACkBjsax51i4mu6C0C3vJqQN3NR_iVuucoeG3U1HXjrgzn5FFQ@mail.gmail.com/
Fixes: 79bd3712 ("btrfs: rework chunk allocation to avoid exhaustion of the system chunk array")
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org # 5.14+
Reviewed-by: Josef Bacik <josef@toxicpanda.com>
Signed-off-by: Filipe Manana <fdmanana@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: David Sterba <dsterba@suse.com>