There's a number of problems with how arch/x86/include/asm/bitops.h
is currently using assembly constraints for the memory region
bitops are modifying:

1) Use memory clobber in bitops that touch arbitrary memory

Certain bit operations that read/write bits take a base pointer and an
arbitrarily large offset to address the bit relative to that base.
Inline assembly constraints aren't expressive enough to tell the
compiler that the assembly directive is going to touch a specific memory
location of unknown size, therefore we have to use the "memory" clobber
to indicate that the assembly is going to access memory locations other
than those listed in the inputs/outputs.

To indicate that BTR/BTS instructions don't necessarily touch the first
sizeof(long) bytes of the argument, we also move the address to assembly
inputs.

This particular change leads to size increase of 124 kernel functions in
a defconfig build. For some of them the diff is in NOP operations, other
end up re-reading values from memory and may potentially slow down the
execution. But without these clobbers the compiler is free to cache
the contents of the bitmaps and use them as if they weren't changed by
the inline assembly.

2) Use byte-sized arguments for operations touching single bytes.

Passing a long value to ANDB/ORB/XORB instructions makes the compiler
treat sizeof(long) bytes as being clobbered, which isn't the case. This
may theoretically lead to worse code in the case of heavy optimization.

Practical impact:

I've built a defconfig kernel and looked through some of the functions
generated by GCC 7.3.0 with and without this clobber, and didn't spot
any miscompilations.

However there is a (trivial) theoretical case where this code leads to
miscompilation:

  https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/3/28/393

using just GCC 8.3.0 with -O2.  It isn't hard to imagine someone writes
such a function in the kernel someday.

So the primary motivation is to fix an existing misuse of the asm
directive, which happens to work in certain configurations now, but
isn't guaranteed to work under different circumstances.

[ --mingo: Added -stable tag because defconfig only builds a fraction
  of the kernel and the trivial testcase looks normal enough to
  be used in existing or in-development code. ]
Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>
Cc: Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>
Cc: Brian Gerst <brgerst@gmail.com>
Cc: Denys Vlasenko <dvlasenk@redhat.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: James Y Knight <jyknight@google.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190402112813.193378-1-glider@google.com
[ Edited the changelog, tidied up one of the defines. ]
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>