• Dave Hansen's avatar
    x86, mpx: On-demand kernel allocation of bounds tables · fe3d197f
    Dave Hansen authored
    This is really the meat of the MPX patch set.  If there is one patch to
    review in the entire series, this is the one.  There is a new ABI here
    and this kernel code also interacts with userspace memory in a
    relatively unusual manner.  (small FAQ below).
    
    Long Description:
    
    This patch adds two prctl() commands to provide enable or disable the
    management of bounds tables in kernel, including on-demand kernel
    allocation (See the patch "on-demand kernel allocation of bounds tables")
    and cleanup (See the patch "cleanup unused bound tables"). Applications
    do not strictly need the kernel to manage bounds tables and we expect
    some applications to use MPX without taking advantage of this kernel
    support. This means the kernel can not simply infer whether an application
    needs bounds table management from the MPX registers.  The prctl() is an
    explicit signal from userspace.
    
    PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT is meant to be a signal from userspace to
    require kernel's help in managing bounds tables.
    
    PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT is the opposite, meaning that userspace don't
    want kernel's help any more. With PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT, the kernel
    won't allocate and free bounds tables even if the CPU supports MPX.
    
    PR_MPX_ENABLE_MANAGEMENT will fetch the base address of the bounds
    directory out of a userspace register (bndcfgu) and then cache it into
    a new field (->bd_addr) in  the 'mm_struct'.  PR_MPX_DISABLE_MANAGEMENT
    will set "bd_addr" to an invalid address.  Using this scheme, we can
    use "bd_addr" to determine whether the management of bounds tables in
    kernel is enabled.
    
    Also, the only way to access that bndcfgu register is via an xsaves,
    which can be expensive.  Caching "bd_addr" like this also helps reduce
    the cost of those xsaves when doing table cleanup at munmap() time.
    Unfortunately, we can not apply this optimization to #BR fault time
    because we need an xsave to get the value of BNDSTATUS.
    
    ==== Why does the hardware even have these Bounds Tables? ====
    
    MPX only has 4 hardware registers for storing bounds information.
    If MPX-enabled code needs more than these 4 registers, it needs to
    spill them somewhere. It has two special instructions for this
    which allow the bounds to be moved between the bounds registers
    and some new "bounds tables".
    
    They are similar conceptually to a page fault and will be raised by
    the MPX hardware during both bounds violations or when the tables
    are not present. This patch handles those #BR exceptions for
    not-present tables by carving the space out of the normal processes
    address space (essentially calling the new mmap() interface indroduced
    earlier in this patch set.) and then pointing the bounds-directory
    over to it.
    
    The tables *need* to be accessed and controlled by userspace because
    the instructions for moving bounds in and out of them are extremely
    frequent. They potentially happen every time a register pointing to
    memory is dereferenced. Any direct kernel involvement (like a syscall)
    to access the tables would obviously destroy performance.
    
    ==== Why not do this in userspace? ====
    
    This patch is obviously doing this allocation in the kernel.
    However, MPX does not strictly *require* anything in the kernel.
    It can theoretically be done completely from userspace. Here are
    a few ways this *could* be done. I don't think any of them are
    practical in the real-world, but here they are.
    
    Q: Can virtual space simply be reserved for the bounds tables so
       that we never have to allocate them?
    A: As noted earlier, these tables are *HUGE*. An X-GB virtual
       area needs 4*X GB of virtual space, plus 2GB for the bounds
       directory. If we were to preallocate them for the 128TB of
       user virtual address space, we would need to reserve 512TB+2GB,
       which is larger than the entire virtual address space today.
       This means they can not be reserved ahead of time. Also, a
       single process's pre-popualated bounds directory consumes 2GB
       of virtual *AND* physical memory. IOW, it's completely
       infeasible to prepopulate bounds directories.
    
    Q: Can we preallocate bounds table space at the same time memory
       is allocated which might contain pointers that might eventually
       need bounds tables?
    A: This would work if we could hook the site of each and every
       memory allocation syscall. This can be done for small,
       constrained applications. But, it isn't practical at a larger
       scale since a given app has no way of controlling how all the
       parts of the app might allocate memory (think libraries). The
       kernel is really the only place to intercept these calls.
    
    Q: Could a bounds fault be handed to userspace and the tables
       allocated there in a signal handler instead of in the kernel?
    A: (thanks to tglx) mmap() is not on the list of safe async
       handler functions and even if mmap() would work it still
       requires locking or nasty tricks to keep track of the
       allocation state there.
    
    Having ruled out all of the userspace-only approaches for managing
    bounds tables that we could think of, we create them on demand in
    the kernel.
    Based-on-patch-by: default avatarQiaowei Ren <qiaowei.ren@intel.com>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarDave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
    Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
    Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
    Cc: Dave Hansen <dave@sr71.net>
    Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20141114151829.AD4310DE@viggo.jf.intel.comSigned-off-by: default avatarThomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
    fe3d197f
mpx.c 13.8 KB