NUMA Balancing: add page promotion counter

Patch series "NUMA balancing: optimize memory placement for memory tiering system", v13

With the advent of various new memory types, some machines will have
multiple types of memory, e.g.  DRAM and PMEM (persistent memory).  The
memory subsystem of these machines can be called memory tiering system,
because the performance of the different types of memory are different.

After commit c221c0b0 ("device-dax: "Hotplug" persistent memory for
use like normal RAM"), the PMEM could be used as the cost-effective
volatile memory in separate NUMA nodes.  In a typical memory tiering
system, there are CPUs, DRAM and PMEM in each physical NUMA node.  The
CPUs and the DRAM will be put in one logical node, while the PMEM will
be put in another (faked) logical node.

To optimize the system overall performance, the hot pages should be
placed in DRAM node.  To do that, we need to identify the hot pages in
the PMEM node and migrate them to DRAM node via NUMA migration.

In the original NUMA balancing, there are already a set of existing
mechanisms to identify the pages recently accessed by the CPUs in a node
and migrate the pages to the node.  So we can reuse these mechanisms to
build the mechanisms to optimize the page placement in the memory
tiering system.  This is implemented in this patchset.

At the other hand, the cold pages should be placed in PMEM node.  So, we
also need to identify the cold pages in the DRAM node and migrate them
to PMEM node.

In commit 26aa2d19 ("mm/migrate: demote pages during reclaim"), a
mechanism to demote the cold DRAM pages to PMEM node under memory
pressure is implemented.  Based on that, the cold DRAM pages can be
demoted to PMEM node proactively to free some memory space on DRAM node
to accommodate the promoted hot PMEM pages.  This is implemented in this
patchset too.

We have tested the solution with the pmbench memory accessing benchmark
with the 80:20 read/write ratio and the Gauss access address
distribution on a 2 socket Intel server with Optane DC Persistent Memory
Model.  The test results shows that the pmbench score can improve up to
95.9%.

This patch (of 3):

In a system with multiple memory types, e.g.  DRAM and PMEM, the CPU
and DRAM in one socket will be put in one NUMA node as before, while
the PMEM will be put in another NUMA node as described in the
description of the commit c221c0b0 ("device-dax: "Hotplug"
persistent memory for use like normal RAM").  So, the NUMA balancing
mechanism will identify all PMEM accesses as remote access and try to
promote the PMEM pages to DRAM.

To distinguish the number of the inter-type promoted pages from that of
the inter-socket migrated pages.  A new vmstat count is added.  The
counter is per-node (count in the target node).  So this can be used to
identify promotion imbalance among the NUMA nodes.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220301085329.3210428-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220221084529.1052339-1-ying.huang@intel.com
Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220221084529.1052339-2-ying.huang@intel.comSigned-off-by: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Reviewed-by: Baolin Wang <baolin.wang@linux.alibaba.com>
Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org>
Reviewed-by: Oscar Salvador <osalvador@suse.de>
Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com>
Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@surriel.com>
Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Zi Yan <ziy@nvidia.com>
Cc: Wei Xu <weixugc@google.com>
Cc: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com>
Cc: zhongjiang-ali <zhongjiang-ali@linux.alibaba.com>
Cc: Feng Tang <feng.tang@intel.com>
Cc: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

include/linux/mmzone.h

@@ -221,6 +221,9 @@ enum node_stat_item {
 	NR_PAGETABLE,		/* used for pagetables */
 #ifdef CONFIG_SWAP
 	NR_SWAPCACHE,
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
+	PGPROMOTE_SUCCESS,	/* promote successfully */
 #endif
 	NR_VM_NODE_STAT_ITEMS
 };

include/linux/node.h

@@ -181,4 +181,9 @@ static inline void register_hugetlbfs_with_node(node_registration_func_t reg,
 
 #define to_node(device) container_of(device, struct node, dev)
 
+static inline bool node_is_toptier(int node)
+{
+	return node_state(node, N_CPU);
+}
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_NODE_H_ */

mm/migrate.c

@@ -2069,6 +2069,7 @@ int migrate_misplaced_page(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 	pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(node);
 	int isolated;
 	int nr_remaining;
+	unsigned int nr_succeeded;
 	LIST_HEAD(migratepages);
 	new_page_t *new;
 	bool compound;
@@ -2107,7 +2108,8 @@ int migrate_misplaced_page(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 
 	list_add(&page->lru, &migratepages);
 	nr_remaining = migrate_pages(&migratepages, *new, NULL, node,
-				     MIGRATE_ASYNC, MR_NUMA_MISPLACED, NULL);
+				     MIGRATE_ASYNC, MR_NUMA_MISPLACED,
+				     &nr_succeeded);
 	if (nr_remaining) {
 		if (!list_empty(&migratepages)) {
 			list_del(&page->lru);
@@ -2116,8 +2118,13 @@ int migrate_misplaced_page(struct page *page, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
 			putback_lru_page(page);
 		}
 		isolated = 0;
-	} else
-		count_vm_numa_events(NUMA_PAGE_MIGRATE, nr_pages);
+	}
+	if (nr_succeeded) {
+		count_vm_numa_events(NUMA_PAGE_MIGRATE, nr_succeeded);
+		if (!node_is_toptier(page_to_nid(page)) && node_is_toptier(node))
+			mod_node_page_state(pgdat, PGPROMOTE_SUCCESS,
+					    nr_succeeded);
+	}
 	BUG_ON(!list_empty(&migratepages));
 	return isolated;
 

mm/vmstat.c

@@ -1242,6 +1242,9 @@ const char * const vmstat_text[] = {
 #ifdef CONFIG_SWAP
 	"nr_swapcached",
 #endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
+	"pgpromote_success",
+#endif
 
 	/* enum writeback_stat_item counters */
 	"nr_dirty_threshold",