Pull hwspinlock updates from Bjorn Andersson:
 "This introduces a new DT binding format to describe the Qualcomm
  hardware mutex block and deprecates the old, invalid, one.

  It also cleans up the Kconfig slightly"

* tag 'hwlock-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/andersson/remoteproc:
  dt-bindings: hwlock: qcom: Remove invalid binding
  hwspinlock: qcom: Allow mmio usage in addition to syscon
  dt-bindings: hwlock: qcom: Allow device on mmio bus
  dt-bindings: hwlock: qcom: Migrate binding to YAML
  hwspinlock: Simplify Kconfig

Pull remoteproc updates from Bjorn Andersson:
 "This introduces a new "detached" state for remote processors that are
  deemed to be running at the time Linux boots and the infrastructure
  for "attaching" to these. It then introduces the support for
  performing this operation for the STM32 platform.

  The coredump functionality is moved out from the core file and gains
  support for an optional mode where the recovery phase awaits the
  notification from devcoredump that the dump should be released. This
  allows userspace to grab the coredump in scenarios where vmalloc space
  is too low for creating a complete copy of the coredump before handing
  this to devcoredump.

  A new character device based interface is introduced to allow tying
  the stoppage of a remote processor to the termination of a user space
  process. This is useful in situations when such process provides
  crucial resources/operations for the firmware running on the remote
  processor.

  The Texas Instrument K3 driver gains support for the C66x and C71x
  DSPs.

  Qualcomm remoteprocs gains support for stashing relocation information
  in IMEM, to aid post mortem debugging and the crash notification
  mechanism is generalized to be reusable in cases where loosely coupled
  drivers needs to know about the status of a remote processor. One such
  example is the IPA hardware block, which is jointly owned with the
  modem and migrated to this improved interface.

  It also introduces a number of bug fixes and debug improvements for
  the Qualcomm modem remoteproc driver.

  And it cleans up the inconsistent interface for remoteproc drivers to
  implement power management"

* tag 'rproc-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/andersson/remoteproc: (56 commits)
  remoteproc: core: Register the character device interface
  remoteproc: Add remoteproc character device interface
  remoteproc: kill IPA notify code
  net: ipa: new notification infrastructure
  remoteproc: k3-dsp: Add support for C71x DSPs
  dt-bindings: remoteproc: k3-dsp: Update bindings for C71x DSPs
  remoteproc: k3-dsp: Add support for L2RAM loading on C66x DSPs
  remoteproc: k3-dsp: Add a remoteproc driver of K3 C66x DSPs
  dt-bindings: remoteproc: Add bindings for C66x DSPs on TI K3 SoCs
  remoteproc: k3: Add TI-SCI processor control helper functions
  remoteproc: Introduce rproc_of_parse_firmware() helper
  dt-bindings: arm: keystone: Add common TI SCI bindings
  remoteproc: qcom_q6v5_mss: Remove redundant running state
  remoteproc: qcom: q6v5: Update running state before requesting stop
  remoteproc: qcom_q6v5_mss: Add modem debug policy support
  remoteproc: qcom_q6v5_mss: Validate modem blob firmware size before load
  remoteproc: qcom_q6v5_mss: Validate MBA firmware size before load
  rpmsg: update documentation
  remoteproc: qcom_q6v5_mss: Add MBA log extraction support
  remoteproc: Add coredump debugfs entry
  ...

Pull rpmsg update from Bjorn Andersson:
 "This ensures that rpmsg uses little-endian, per the VirtIO 1.0
  specification"

* tag 'rpmsg-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/andersson/remoteproc:
  rpmsg: virtio: add endianness conversions

Pull libnvdimm updayes from Vishal Verma:
 "You'd normally receive this pull request from Dan Williams, but he's
  busy watching a newborn (Congrats Dan!), so I'm watching libnvdimm
  this cycle.

  This adds a new feature in libnvdimm - 'Runtime Firmware Activation',
  and a few small cleanups and fixes in libnvdimm and DAX. I'd
  originally intended to make separate topic-based pull requests - one
  for libnvdimm, and one for DAX, but some of the DAX material fell out
  since it wasn't quite ready.

  Summary:

   - add 'Runtime Firmware Activation' support for NVDIMMs that
     advertise the relevant capability

   - misc libnvdimm and DAX cleanups"

* tag 'libnvdimm-for-5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nvdimm/nvdimm:
  libnvdimm/security: ensure sysfs poll thread woke up and fetch updated attr
  libnvdimm/security: the 'security' attr never show 'overwrite' state
  libnvdimm/security: fix a typo
  ACPI: NFIT: Fix ARS zero-sized allocation
  dax: Fix incorrect argument passed to xas_set_err()
  ACPI: NFIT: Add runtime firmware activate support
  PM, libnvdimm: Add runtime firmware activation support
  libnvdimm: Convert to DEVICE_ATTR_ADMIN_RO()
  drivers/dax: Expand lock scope to cover the use of addresses
  fs/dax: Remove unused size parameter
  dax: print error message by pr_info() in __generic_fsdax_supported()
  driver-core: Introduce DEVICE_ATTR_ADMIN_{RO,RW}
  tools/testing/nvdimm: Emulate firmware activation commands
  tools/testing/nvdimm: Prepare nfit_ctl_test() for ND_CMD_CALL emulation
  tools/testing/nvdimm: Add command debug messages
  tools/testing/nvdimm: Cleanup dimm index passing
  ACPI: NFIT: Define runtime firmware activation commands
  ACPI: NFIT: Move bus_dsm_mask out of generic nvdimm_bus_descriptor
  libnvdimm: Validate command family indices

Pull perf tools updates from Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo:
 "New features:

   - Introduce controlling how 'perf stat' and 'perf record' works via a
     control file descriptor, allowing starting with events configured
     but disabled until commands are received via the control file
     descriptor. This allows, for instance for tools such as Intel VTune
     to make further use of perf as its Linux platform driver.

   - Improve 'perf record' to to register in a perf.data file header the
     clockid used to help later correlate things like syslog files and
     perf events recorded.

   - Add basic syscall and find_next_bit benchmarks to 'perf bench'.

   - Allow using computed metrics in calculating other metrics. For
     instance:

	  {
	    .metric_expr    = "l2_rqsts.demand_data_rd_hit + l2_rqsts.pf_hit + l2_rqsts.rfo_hit",
	    .metric_name    = "DCache_L2_All_Hits",
	  },
	  {
	    .metric_expr    = "max(l2_rqsts.all_demand_data_rd - l2_rqsts.demand_data_rd_hit, 0) + l2_rqsts.pf_miss + l2_rqsts.rfo_miss",
	    .metric_name    = "DCache_L2_All_Miss",
	  },
	  {
	     .metric_expr    = "dcache_l2_all_hits + dcache_l2_all_miss",
	     .metric_name    = "DCache_L2_All",
	  }

   - Add suport for 'd_ratio', '>' and '<' operators to the expression
     resolver used in calculating metrics in 'perf stat'.

  Support for new kernel features:

   - Support TEXT_POKE and KSYMBOL_TYPE_OOL perf metadata events to cope
     with things like ftrace, trampolines, i.e. changes in the kernel
     text that gets in the way of properly decoding Intel PT hardware
     traces, for instance.

  Intel PT:

   - Add various knobs to reduce the volume of Intel PT traces by
     reducing the level of details such as decoding just some types of
     packets (e.g., FUP/TIP, PSB+), also filtering by time range.

   - Add new itrace options (log flags to the 'd' option, error flags to
     the 'e' one, etc), controlling how Intel PT is transformed into
     perf events, document some missing options (e.g., how to synthesize
     callchains).

  BPF:

   - Properly report BPF errors when parsing events.

   - Do not setup side-band events if LIBBPF is not linked, fixing a
     segfault.

  Libraries:

   - Improvements to the libtraceevent plugin mechanism.

   - Improve libtracevent support for KVM trace events SVM exit reasons.

   - Add a libtracevent plugins for decoding syscalls/sys_enter_futex
     and for tlb_flush.

   - Ensure sample_period is set libpfm4 events in 'perf test'.

   - Fixup libperf namespacing, to make sure what is in libperf has the
     perf_ namespace while what is now only in tools/perf/ doesn't use
     that prefix.

  Arch specific:

   - Improve the testing of vendor events and metrics in 'perf test'.

   - Allow no ARM CoreSight hardware tracer sink to be specified on
     command line.

   - Fix arm_spe_x recording when mixed with other perf events.

   - Add s390 idle functions 'psw_idle' and 'psw_idle_exit' to list of
     idle symbols.

   - List kernel supplied event aliases for arm64 in 'perf list'.

   - Add support for extended register capability in PowerPC 9 and 10.

   - Added nest IMC power9 metric events.

  Miscellaneous:

   - No need to setup sample_regs_intr/sample_regs_user for dummy
     events.

   - Update various copies of kernel headers, some causing perf to
     handle new syscalls, MSRs, etc.

   - Improve usage of flex and yacc, enabling warnings and addressing
     the fallout.

   - Add missing '--output' option to 'perf kmem' so that it can pass it
     along to 'perf record'.

   - 'perf probe' fixes related to adding multiple probes on the same
     address for the same event.

   - Make 'perf probe' warn if the target function is a GNU indirect
     function.

   - Remove //anon mmap events from 'perf inject jit' to fix supporting
     both using ELF files for generated functions and the perf-PID.map
     approaches"

* tag 'perf-tools-2020-08-10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/acme/linux: (144 commits)
  perf record: Skip side-band event setup if HAVE_LIBBPF_SUPPORT is not set
  perf tools powerpc: Add support for extended regs in power10
  perf tools powerpc: Add support for extended register capability
  tools headers UAPI: Sync drm/i915_drm.h with the kernel sources
  tools arch x86: Sync asm/cpufeatures.h with the kernel sources
  tools arch x86: Sync the msr-index.h copy with the kernel sources
  tools headers UAPI: update linux/in.h copy
  tools headers API: Update close_range affected files
  perf script: Add 'tod' field to display time of day
  perf script: Change the 'enum perf_output_field' enumerators to be 64 bits
  perf data: Add support to store time of day in CTF data conversion
  perf tools: Move clockid_res_ns under clock struct
  perf header: Store clock references for -k/--clockid option
  perf tools: Add clockid_name function
  perf clockid: Move parse_clockid() to new clockid object
  tools lib traceevent: Handle possible strdup() error in tep_add_plugin_path() API
  libtraceevent: Fixed description of tep_add_plugin_path() API
  libtraceevent: Fixed type in PRINT_FMT_STING
  libtraceevent: Fixed broken indentation in parse_ip4_print_args()
  libtraceevent: Improve error handling of tep_plugin_add_option() API
  ...

Pull ktest updates from Steven Rostedt:

 - Have config-bisect save the good/bad configs at each step.

 - Show log file location even on success

 - Add PRE_TEST_DIE to kill test if the PRE_TEST fails

 - Add a NOT operator for conditionals in config file

 - Add the log output of the last test when emailing on failure.

 - Other minor clean ups and small fixes.

* tag 'ktest-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rostedt/linux-ktest:
  ktest.pl: Fix spelling mistake "Cant" -> "Can't"
  ktest.pl: Change the logic to control the size of the log file emailed
  ktest.pl: Add MAIL_MAX_SIZE to limit the amount of log emailed
  ktest.pl: Add the log of last test in email on failure
  ktest.pl: Turn off buffering to the log file
  ktest.pl: Just open up the log file once
  ktest.pl: Add a NOT operator
  ktest.pl: Define PRE_TEST_DIE to kill the test if the PRE_TEST fails
  ktest.pl: Always show log file location if defined even on success
  ktest.pl: Have config-bisect save each config used in the bisect

Pull locking updates from Thomas Gleixner:
 "A set of locking fixes and updates:

   - Untangle the header spaghetti which causes build failures in
     various situations caused by the lockdep additions to seqcount to
     validate that the write side critical sections are non-preemptible.

   - The seqcount associated lock debug addons which were blocked by the
     above fallout.

     seqcount writers contrary to seqlock writers must be externally
     serialized, which usually happens via locking - except for strict
     per CPU seqcounts. As the lock is not part of the seqcount, lockdep
     cannot validate that the lock is held.

     This new debug mechanism adds the concept of associated locks.
     sequence count has now lock type variants and corresponding
     initializers which take a pointer to the associated lock used for
     writer serialization. If lockdep is enabled the pointer is stored
     and write_seqcount_begin() has a lockdep assertion to validate that
     the lock is held.

     Aside of the type and the initializer no other code changes are
     required at the seqcount usage sites. The rest of the seqcount API
     is unchanged and determines the type at compile time with the help
     of _Generic which is possible now that the minimal GCC version has
     been moved up.

     Adding this lockdep coverage unearthed a handful of seqcount bugs
     which have been addressed already independent of this.

     While generally useful this comes with a Trojan Horse twist: On RT
     kernels the write side critical section can become preemtible if
     the writers are serialized by an associated lock, which leads to
     the well known reader preempts writer livelock. RT prevents this by
     storing the associated lock pointer independent of lockdep in the
     seqcount and changing the reader side to block on the lock when a
     reader detects that a writer is in the write side critical section.

   - Conversion of seqcount usage sites to associated types and
     initializers"

* tag 'locking-urgent-2020-08-10' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip: (25 commits)
  locking/seqlock, headers: Untangle the spaghetti monster
  locking, arch/ia64: Reduce <asm/smp.h> header dependencies by moving XTP bits into the new <asm/xtp.h> header
  x86/headers: Remove APIC headers from <asm/smp.h>
  seqcount: More consistent seqprop names
  seqcount: Compress SEQCNT_LOCKNAME_ZERO()
  seqlock: Fold seqcount_LOCKNAME_init() definition
  seqlock: Fold seqcount_LOCKNAME_t definition
  seqlock: s/__SEQ_LOCKDEP/__SEQ_LOCK/g
  hrtimer: Use sequence counter with associated raw spinlock
  kvm/eventfd: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  userfaultfd: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  NFSv4: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  iocost: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  raid5: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  vfs: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  timekeeping: Use sequence counter with associated raw spinlock
  xfrm: policy: Use sequence counters with associated lock
  netfilter: nft_set_rbtree: Use sequence counter with associated rwlock
  netfilter: conntrack: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  sched: tasks: Use sequence counter with associated spinlock
  ...

Pull f2fs updates from Jaegeuk Kim:
 "In this round, we've added two small interfaces: (a) GC_URGENT_LOW
  mode for performance and (b) F2FS_IOC_SEC_TRIM_FILE ioctl for
  security.

  The new GC mode allows Android to run some lower priority GCs in
  background, while new ioctl discards user information without race
  condition when the account is removed.

  In addition, some patches were merged to address latency-related
  issues. We've fixed some compression-related bug fixes as well as edge
  race conditions.

  Enhancements:
   - add GC_URGENT_LOW mode in gc_urgent
   - introduce F2FS_IOC_SEC_TRIM_FILE ioctl
   - bypass racy readahead to improve read latencies
   - shrink node_write lock coverage to avoid long latency

  Bug fixes:
   - fix missing compression flag control, i_size, and mount option
   - fix deadlock between quota writes and checkpoint
   - remove inode eviction path in synchronous path to avoid deadlock
   - fix to wait GCed compressed page writeback
   - fix a kernel panic in f2fs_is_compressed_page
   - check page dirty status before writeback
   - wait page writeback before update in node page write flow
   - fix a race condition between f2fs_write_end_io and f2fs_del_fsync_node_entry

  We've added some minor sanity checks and refactored trivial code
  blocks for better readability and debugging information"

* tag 'f2fs-for-5.9-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jaegeuk/f2fs: (52 commits)
  f2fs: prepare a waiter before entering io_schedule
  f2fs: update_sit_entry: Make the judgment condition of f2fs_bug_on more intuitive
  f2fs: replace test_and_set/clear_bit() with set/clear_bit()
  f2fs: make file immutable even if releasing zero compression block
  f2fs: compress: disable compression mount option if compression is off
  f2fs: compress: add sanity check during compressed cluster read
  f2fs: use macro instead of f2fs verity version
  f2fs: fix deadlock between quota writes and checkpoint
  f2fs: correct comment of f2fs_exist_written_data
  f2fs: compress: delay temp page allocation
  f2fs: compress: fix to update isize when overwriting compressed file
  f2fs: space related cleanup
  f2fs: fix use-after-free issue
  f2fs: Change the type of f2fs_flush_inline_data() to void
  f2fs: add F2FS_IOC_SEC_TRIM_FILE ioctl
  f2fs: should avoid inode eviction in synchronous path
  f2fs: segment.h: delete a duplicated word
  f2fs: compress: fix to avoid memory leak on cc->cpages
  f2fs: use generic names for generic ioctls
  f2fs: don't keep meta inode pages used for compressed block migration
  ...

Pull gfs2 updates from Andreas Gruenbacher:

 - Make sure transactions won't be started recursively in
   gfs2_block_zero_range (bug introduced in 5.4 when switching to
   iomap_zero_range)

 - Fix a glock holder refcount leak introduced in the iopen glock
   locking scheme rework merged in 5.8.

 - A few other small improvements (debugging, stack usage, comment
   fixes).

* tag 'gfs2-for-5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gfs2/linux-gfs2:
  gfs2: When gfs2_dirty_inode gets a glock error, dump the glock
  gfs2: Never call gfs2_block_zero_range with an open transaction
  gfs2: print details on transactions that aren't properly ended
  gfs2: Fix inaccurate comment
  fs: Fix typo in comment
  gfs2: Fix refcount leak in gfs2_glock_poke
  gfs2: Pass glock holder to gfs2_file_direct_{read,write}
  gfs2: Add some flags missing from glock output

Pull JFFS2, UBI and UBIFS updates from Richard Weinberger:
 "JFFS2:
   - Fix for a corner case while mounting
   - Fix for an use-after-free issue

  UBI:
   - Fix for a memory load while attaching
   - Don't produce an anchor PEB with fastmap being disabled

  UBIFS:
   - Fix for orphan inode logic
   - Spelling fixes
   - New mount option to specify filesystem version"

* tag 'for-linus-5.9-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rw/ubifs:
  jffs2: fix UAF problem
  jffs2: fix jffs2 mounting failure
  ubifs: Fix wrong orphan node deletion in ubifs_jnl_update|rename
  ubi: fastmap: Free fastmap next anchor peb during detach
  ubi: fastmap: Don't produce the initial next anchor PEB when fastmap is disabled
  ubifs: misc.h: delete a duplicated word
  ubifs: add option to specify version for new file systems

Pull input updates from Dmitry Torokhov:

 - an update to Elan touchpad controller driver supporting newer ICs
   with enhanced precision reports and a new firmware update process

 - an update to EXC3000 touch controller supporting additional parts

 - assorted driver fixups

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dtor/input: (27 commits)
  Input: exc3000 - add support to query model and fw_version
  Input: exc3000 - add reset gpio support
  Input: exc3000 - add EXC80H60 and EXC80H84 support
  dt-bindings: touchscreen: Convert EETI EXC3000 touchscreen to json-schema
  Input: sentelic - fix error return when fsp_reg_write fails
  Input: alps - remove redundant assignment to variable ret
  Input: ims-pcu - return error code rather than -ENOMEM
  Input: elan_i2c - add ic type 0x15
  Input: atmel_mxt_ts - only read messages in mxt_acquire_irq() when necessary
  Input: uinput - fix typo in function name documentation
  Input: ati_remote2 - add missing newlines when printing module parameters
  Input: psmouse - add a newline when printing 'proto' by sysfs
  Input: synaptics-rmi4 - drop a duplicated word
  Input: elan_i2c - add support for high resolution reports
  Input: elan_i2c - do not constantly re-query pattern ID
  Input: elan_i2c - add firmware update info for ICs 0x11, 0x13, 0x14
  Input: elan_i2c - handle firmware updated on newer ICs
  Input: elan_i2c - add support for different firmware page sizes
  Input: elan_i2c - fix detecting IAP version on older controllers
  Input: elan_i2c - handle devices with patterns above 1
  ...

Pull HID updates from Jiri Kosina:

 - fix for some modern devices that return multi-byte battery report,
   from Grant Likely

 - fix for devices with Resolution Multiplier, from Peter Hutterer

 - device probing speed increase, from Dmitry Torokhov

 - ThinkPad 10 Ultrabook Keyboard support, from Hans de Goede

 - other small assorted fixes and device ID additions

* 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/hid/hid:
  HID: quirks: add NOGET quirk for Logitech GROUP
  HID: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  HID: udraw-ps3: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  HID: mcp2221: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  HID: input: Fix devices that return multiple bytes in battery report
  HID: lenovo: Fix spurious F23 key press report during resume from suspend
  HID: lenovo: Add ThinkPad 10 Ultrabook Keyboard fn_lock support
  HID: lenovo: Add ThinkPad 10 Ultrabook Keyboard support
  HID: lenovo: Rename fn_lock sysfs attr handlers to make them generic
  HID: lenovo: Factor out generic parts of the LED code
  HID: lenovo: Merge tpkbd and cptkbd data structures
  HID: intel-ish-hid: Replace PCI_DEV_FLAGS_NO_D3 with pci_save_state
  HID: Wiimote: Treat the d-pad as an analogue stick
  HID: input: do not run GET_REPORT unless there's a Resolution Multiplier
  HID: usbhid: remove redundant assignment to variable retval
  HID: usbhid: do not sleep when opening device

There is a spelling mistake in an error message. Fix it.

Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20200810100750.61475-1-colin.king@canonical.comSigned-off-by: Colin Ian King <colin.king@canonical.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

If the log file for a given test is larger than the max size given then use
set the seek from the end of the log file instead of from the start of the
test.
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

- ThinkPad 10 Ultrabook Keyboard support, from Hans de Goede

- fix for some modern devices that return multi-byte battery report, from
  Grant Likely
- fix for devices with Resolution Multiplier, from Peter Hutterer
- device probing speed increase, from Dmitry Torokhov

Pull Kbuild updates from Masahiro Yamada:

 - run the checker (e.g. sparse) after the compiler

 - remove unneeded cc-option tests for old compiler flags

 - fix tar-pkg to install dtbs

 - introduce ccflags-remove-y and asflags-remove-y syntax

 - allow to trace functions in sub-directories of lib/

 - introduce hostprogs-always-y and userprogs-always-y syntax

 - various Makefile cleanups

* tag 'kbuild-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/masahiroy/linux-kbuild:
  kbuild: stop filtering out $(GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS) from cc-option base
  kbuild: include scripts/Makefile.* only when relevant CONFIG is enabled
  kbuild: introduce hostprogs-always-y and userprogs-always-y
  kbuild: sort hostprogs before passing it to ifneq
  kbuild: move host .so build rules to scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile
  kbuild: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  kbuild: trace functions in subdirectories of lib/
  kbuild: introduce ccflags-remove-y and asflags-remove-y
  kbuild: do not export LDFLAGS_vmlinux
  kbuild: always create directories of targets
  powerpc/boot: add DTB to 'targets'
  kbuild: buildtar: add dtbs support
  kbuild: remove cc-option test of -ffreestanding
  kbuild: remove cc-option test of -fno-stack-protector
  Revert "kbuild: Create directory for target DTB"
  kbuild: run the checker after the compiler

Pull NFS server updates from Chuck Lever:
 "Highlights:
   - Support for user extended attributes on NFS (RFC 8276)
   - Further reduce unnecessary NFSv4 delegation recalls

  Notable fixes:
   - Fix recent krb5p regression
   - Address a few resource leaks and a rare NULL dereference

  Other:
   - De-duplicate RPC/RDMA error handling and other utility functions
   - Replace storage and display of kernel memory addresses by tracepoints"

* tag 'nfsd-5.9' of git://git.linux-nfs.org/projects/cel/cel-2.6: (38 commits)
  svcrdma: CM event handler clean up
  svcrdma: Remove transport reference counting
  svcrdma: Fix another Receive buffer leak
  SUNRPC: Refresh the show_rqstp_flags() macro
  nfsd: netns.h: delete a duplicated word
  SUNRPC: Fix ("SUNRPC: Add "@len" parameter to gss_unwrap()")
  nfsd: avoid a NULL dereference in __cld_pipe_upcall()
  nfsd4: a client's own opens needn't prevent delegations
  nfsd: Use seq_putc() in two functions
  svcrdma: Display chunk completion ID when posting a rw_ctxt
  svcrdma: Record send_ctxt completion ID in trace_svcrdma_post_send()
  svcrdma: Introduce Send completion IDs
  svcrdma: Record Receive completion ID in svc_rdma_decode_rqst
  svcrdma: Introduce Receive completion IDs
  svcrdma: Introduce infrastructure to support completion IDs
  svcrdma: Add common XDR encoders for RDMA and Read segments
  svcrdma: Add common XDR decoders for RDMA and Read segments
  SUNRPC: Add helpers for decoding list discriminators symbolically
  svcrdma: Remove declarations for functions long removed
  svcrdma: Clean up trace_svcrdma_send_failed() tracepoint
  ...

Pull regset conversion fix from Al Viro:
 "Fix a regression from an unnoticed bisect hazard in the regset series.

  A bunch of old (aout, originally) primitives used by coredumps became
  dead code after fdpic conversion to regsets. Removal of that dead code
  had been the first commit in the followups to regset series;
  unfortunately, it happened to hide the bisect hazard on sh (extern for
  fpregs_get() had not been updated in the main series when it should
  have been; followup simply made fpregs_get() static). And without that
  followup commit this bisect hazard became breakage in the mainline"
Tested-by: John Paul Adrian Glaubitz <glaubitz@physik.fu-berlin.de>

* 'fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
  kill unused dump_fpu() instances

Pull pin control updates from Linus Walleij:
 "This is the bulk of the pin control changes for the v5.9 kernel
  series:

  Core changes:

   - The GPIO patch "gpiolib: Introduce for_each_requested_gpio_in_range()
     macro" was put in an immutable branch and merged into the pinctrl
     tree as well. We see these changes also here.

   - Improved debug output for pins used as GPIO.

  New drivers:

   - Ocelot Sparx5 SoC driver.

   - Intel Emmitsburg SoC subdriver.

   - Intel Tiger Lake-H SoC subdriver.

   - Qualcomm PM660 SoC subdriver.

   - Renesas SH-PFC R8A774E1 subdriver.

  Driver improvements:

   - Linear improvement and cleanups of the Intel drivers for
     Cherryview, Lynxpoint, Baytrail etc. Improved locking among other
     things.

   - Renesas SH-PFC has added support for RPC pins, groups, and
     functions to r8a77970 and r8a77980.

   - The newere Freescale (now NXP) i.MX8 pin controllers have been
     modularized. This is driven by the Google Android GKI initiative I
     think.

   - Open drain support for pins on the Qualcomm IPQ4019.

   - The Ingenic driver can handle both edges IRQ detection.

   - A big slew of documentation fixes all over the place.

   - A few irqchip template conversions by yours truly.

* tag 'pinctrl-v5.9-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/linusw/linux-pinctrl: (107 commits)
  dt-bindings: pinctrl: add bindings for MediaTek MT6779 SoC
  pinctrl: stmfx: Use irqchip template
  pinctrl: amd: Use irqchip template
  pinctrl: mediatek: fix build for tristate changes
  pinctrl: samsung: Use bank name as irqchip name
  pinctrl: core: print gpio in pins debugfs file
  pinctrl: mediatek: add mt6779 eint support
  pinctrl: mediatek: add pinctrl support for MT6779 SoC
  pinctrl: mediatek: avoid virtual gpio trying to set reg
  pinctrl: mediatek: update pinmux definitions for mt6779
  pinctrl: stm32: use the hwspin_lock_timeout_in_atomic() API
  pinctrl: mcp23s08: Use irqchip template
  pinctrl: sx150x: Use irqchip template
  dt-bindings: ingenic,pinctrl: Support pinmux/pinconf nodes
  pinctrl: intel: Add Intel Emmitsburg pin controller support
  pinctl: ti: iodelay: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  Revert "gpio: omap: handle pin config bias flags"
  pinctrl: single: Use fallthrough pseudo-keyword
  pinctrl: qcom: spmi-gpio: Use fallthrough pseudo-keyword
  pinctrl: baytrail: Use fallthrough pseudo-keyword
  ...

Pull mtd updates from Miquel Raynal:
 "MTD core changes:
   - Spelling
   - http to https updates

  NAND core changes:
   - Drop useless 'depends on' in Kconfig
   - Add an extra level in the Kconfig hierarchy
   - Trivial spellings
   - Dynamic allocation of the interface configurations
   - Dropping the default ONFI timing mode
   - Various cleanup (types, structures, naming, comments)
   - Hide the chip->data_interface indirection
   - Add the generic rb-gpios property
   - Add the ->choose_interface_config() hook
   - Introduce nand_choose_best_sdr_timings()
   - Use default values for tPROG_max and tBERS_max
   - Avoid redefining tR_max and tCCS_min
   - Add a helper to find the closest ONFI mode
   - bcm63xx MTD parsers: simplify CFE detection

  Raw NAND controller drivers changes:
   - fsl-upm: Deprecation of specific DT properties
   - fsl_upm: Driver rework and cleanup in favor of ->exec_op()
   - Ingenic: Cleanup ARRAY_SIZE() vs sizeof() use
   - brcmnand: ECC error handling on EDU transfers
   - brcmnand: Don't default to EDU transfers
   - qcom: Set BAM mode only if not set already
   - qcom: Avoid write to unavailable register
   - gpio: Driver rework in favor of ->exec_op()
   - tango: ->exec_op() conversion
   - mtk: ->exec_op() conversion

  Raw NAND chip drivers changes:
   - toshiba: Implement ->choose_interface_config() for TH58NVG2S3HBAI4,
     TC58NVG0S3E, and TC58TEG5DCLTA00
   - hynix: Implement ->choose_interface_config() for H27UCG8T2ATR-BC

  SPI NOR core changes:
   - Disable Quad Mode in spi_nor_restore().
   - Don't abort BFPT parsing when QER reserved value is used.
   - Add support/update capabilities for few flashes.
   - Drop s70fl01gs flash: it does not support RDSR(05h) which is
     critical for erase/write.
   - Merge the SPIMEM DTR bits in spi-nor/next to avoid conflicts during
     the release cycle.

  SPI NOR controller drivers changes:
   - Move the cadence-quadspi driver to spi-mem. The series was taken
     through the SPI tree. Merge it also in spi-nor/next to avoid
     conflicts during the release cycle.
   - intel-spi:
      - Add new PCI IDs.
      - Ignore the Write Disable command, the controller doesn't support
        it.
      - Fix performance regression"

* tag 'mtd/for-5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/mtd/linux: (79 commits)
  MTD: pfow.h: drop a duplicated word
  MTD: mtd-abi.h: drop a duplicated word
  mtd: rawnand: omap_elm: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  mtd: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  mtd: hyperbus: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  mtd: revert "spi-nor: intel: provide a range for poll_timout"
  mtd: spi-nor: update read capabilities for w25q64 and s25fl064k
  mtd: spi-nor: micron: Add SPI_NOR_DUAL_READ flag on mt25qu02g
  mtd: spi-nor: macronix: Add support for mx66u2g45g
  mtd: spi-nor: intel-spi: Simulate WRDI command
  mtd: spi-nor: Disable the flash quad mode in spi_nor_restore()
  mtd: spi-nor: Add capability to disable flash quad mode
  mtd: spi-nor: spansion: Remove s70fl01gs from flash_info
  mtd: spi-nor: sfdp: do not make invalid quad enable fatal
  dt-bindings: mtd: fsl-upm-nand: Deprecate chip-delay and fsl, upm-wait-flags
  mtd: rawnand: stm32_fmc2: get resources from parent node
  mtd: rawnand: stm32_fmc2: use regmap APIs
  memory: stm32-fmc2-ebi: add STM32 FMC2 EBI controller driver
  dt-bindings: memory-controller: add STM32 FMC2 EBI controller documentation
  dt-bindings: mtd: update STM32 FMC2 NAND controller documentation
  ...

Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>

Commit d26e9414 ("kbuild: no gcc-plugins during cc-option tests")
was neeeded because scripts/Makefile.gcc-plugins was too early.

This is unneeded by including scripts/Makefile.gcc-plugins last,
and being careful to not add cc-option tests after it.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>

Currently, the top Makefile includes all of scripts/Makefile.<feature>
even if the associated CONFIG option is disabled.

Do not include unneeded Makefiles in order to slightly optimize the
parse stage.

Include $(include-y), and ignore $(include-).
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>

To build host programs, you need to add the program names to 'hostprogs'
to use the necessary build rule, but it is not enough to build them
because there is no dependency.

There are two types of host programs: built as the prerequisite of
another (e.g. gen_crc32table in lib/Makefile), or always built when
Kbuild visits the Makefile (e.g. genksyms in scripts/genksyms/Makefile).

The latter is typical in Makefiles under scripts/, which contains host
programs globally used during the kernel build. To build them, you need
to add them to both 'hostprogs' and 'always-y'.

This commit adds hostprogs-always-y as a shorthand.

The same applies to user programs. net/bpfilter/Makefile builds
bpfilter_umh on demand, hence always-y is unneeded. In contrast,
programs under samples/ are added to both 'userprogs' and 'always-y'
so they are always built when Kbuild visits the Makefiles.

userprogs-always-y works as a shorthand.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Miguel Ojeda <miguel.ojeda.sandonis@gmail.com>

The conditional:

  ifneq ($(hostprogs),)

... is evaluated to true if $(hostprogs) does not contain any word but
whitespace characters.

  ifneq ($(strip $(hostprogs)),)

... is a safe way to avoid interpreting whitespace as a non-empty value,
but I'd rather want to use the side-effect of $(sort ...) to do the
equivalent.

$(sort ...) is used in scripts/Makefile.host in order to drop duplication
in $(hostprogs). It is also useful to strip excessive spaces.

Move $(sort ...) before evaluating the ifneq.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>

The host shared library rules are currently implemented in
scripts/Makefile.host, but actually GCC-plugin is the only user of
them. (The VDSO .so files are built for the target by different
build rules) Hence, they do not need to be treewide available.

Move all the relevant build rules to scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile.

I also optimized the build steps so *.so is directly built from .c
because every upstream plugin is compiled from a single source file.

I am still keeping the multi-file plugin support, which Kees Cook
mentioned might be needed by out-of-tree plugins.
(https://lkml.org/lkml/2019/1/11/1107)

If the plugin, foo.so, is compiled from two files foo.c and foo2.c,
then you can do like follows:

  foo-objs := foo.o foo2.o

Single-file plugins do not need the *-objs notation.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>

Rationale:
Reduces attack surface on kernel devs opening the links for MITM
as HTTPS traffic is much harder to manipulate.

Deterministic algorithm:
For each file:
  If not .svg:
    For each line:
      If doesn't contain `\bxmlns\b`:
        For each link, `\bhttp://[^# \t\r\n]*(?:\w|/)`:
	  If neither `\bgnu\.org/license`, nor `\bmozilla\.org/MPL\b`:
            If both the HTTP and HTTPS versions
            return 200 OK and serve the same content:
              Replace HTTP with HTTPS.
Signed-off-by: Alexander A. Klimov <grandmaster@al2klimov.de>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>

ccflags-remove-$(CONFIG_FUNCTION_TRACER) += $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)

exists here in sub-directories of lib/ to keep the behavior of
commit 2464a609 ("ftrace: do not trace library functions").

Since that commit, not only the objects in lib/ but also the ones in
the sub-directories are excluded from ftrace (although the commit
description did not explicitly mention this).

However, most of library functions in sub-directories are not so hot.
Re-add them to ftrace.

Going forward, only the objects right under lib/ will be excluded.

Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

CFLAGS_REMOVE_<file>.o filters out flags when compiling a particular
object, but there is no convenient way to do that for every object in
a directory.

Add ccflags-remove-y and asflags-remove-y to make it easily.

Use ccflags-remove-y to clean up some Makefiles.

The add/remove order works as follows:

 [1] KBUILD_CFLAGS specifies compiler flags used globally

 [2] ccflags-y adds compiler flags for all objects in the
     current Makefile

 [3] ccflags-remove-y removes compiler flags for all objects in the
     current Makefile (New feature)

 [4] CFLAGS_<file> adds compiler flags per file.

 [5] CFLAGS_REMOVE_<file> removes compiler flags per file.

Having [3] before [4] allows us to remove flags from most (but not all)
objects in the current Makefile.

For example, kernel/trace/Makefile removes $(CC_FLAGS_FTRACE)
from all objects in the directory, then adds it back to
trace_selftest_dynamic.o and CFLAGS_trace_kprobe_selftest.o

The same applies to lib/livepatch/Makefile.

Please note ccflags-remove-y has no effect to the sub-directories.
In contrast, the previous notation got rid of compiler flags also from
all the sub-directories.

The following are not affected because they have no sub-directories:

  arch/arm/boot/compressed/
  arch/powerpc/xmon/
  arch/sh/
  kernel/trace/

However, lib/ has several sub-directories.

To keep the behavior, I added ccflags-remove-y to all Makefiles
in subdirectories of lib/, except the following:

  lib/vdso/Makefile        - Kbuild does not descend into this Makefile
  lib/raid/test/Makefile   - This is not used for the kernel build

I think commit 2464a609 ("ftrace: do not trace library functions")
excluded too much. In the next commit, I will remove ccflags-remove-y
from the sub-directories of lib/.
Suggested-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Steven Rostedt (VMware) <rostedt@goodmis.org>
Acked-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> (powerpc)
Acked-by: Brendan Higgins <brendanhiggins@google.com> (KUnit)
Tested-by: Anders Roxell <anders.roxell@linaro.org>

When you clean the build tree for ARCH=arm, you may see the following
error message from 'nm' command:

$ make -j24 ARCH=arm clean
  CLEAN   arch/arm/crypto
  CLEAN   arch/arm/kernel
  CLEAN   arch/arm/mach-at91
  CLEAN   arch/arm/mach-omap2
  CLEAN   arch/arm/vdso
  CLEAN   certs
  CLEAN   lib
  CLEAN   usr
  CLEAN   net/wireless
  CLEAN   drivers/firmware/efi/libstub
nm: 'arch/arm/boot/compressed/../../../../vmlinux': No such file
/bin/sh: 1: arithmetic expression: expecting primary: " "
  CLEAN   arch/arm/boot/compressed
  CLEAN   drivers/scsi
  CLEAN   drivers/tty/vt
  CLEAN   arch/arm/boot
  CLEAN   vmlinux.symvers modules.builtin modules.builtin.modinfo

Even if you rerun the same command, the error message will not be
shown despite vmlinux is already gone.

To reproduce it, the parallel option -j is needed. Single thread
cleaning always executes 'archclean', 'vmlinuxclean' in this order,
so vmlinux still exists when arch/arm/boot/compressed/ is cleaned.

Looking at arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile does not help understand
the reason of the error message. Both KBSS_SZ and LDFLAGS_vmlinux are
assigned with '=' operator, hence, they are not expanded unless used.
Obviously, 'make clean' does not use them.

In fact, the root cause exists in the top Makefile:

  export LDFLAGS_vmlinux

Since LDFLAGS_vmlinux is an exported variable, LDFLAGS_vmlinux in
arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile is expanded when scripts/Makefile.clean
has a command to execute. This is why the error message shows up only
when there exist build artifacts in arch/arm/boot/compressed/.

Adding 'unexport LDFLAGS_vmlinux' to arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile
will fix it as far as ARCH=arm is concerned, but I think the proper fix
is to get rid of 'export LDFLAGS_vmlinux' from the top Makefile.

LDFLAGS_vmlinux in the top Makefile contains linker flags for the top
vmlinux. LDFLAGS_vmlinux in arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile is for
arch/arm/boot/compressed/vmlinux. They just happen to have the same
variable name, but are used for different purposes. Stop shadowing
LDFLAGS_vmlinux.

This commit passes LDFLAGS_vmlinux to scripts/link-vmlinux.sh via a
command line parameter instead of via an environment variable. LD and
KBUILD_LDFLAGS are exported, but I did the same for consistency. Anyway,
they must be included in cmd_link-vmlinux to allow if_changed to detect
the changes in LD or KBUILD_LDFLAGS.

The following Makefiles are not affected:

  arch/arm/boot/compressed/Makefile
  arch/h8300/boot/compressed/Makefile
  arch/nios2/boot/compressed/Makefile
  arch/parisc/boot/compressed/Makefile
  arch/s390/boot/compressed/Makefile
  arch/sh/boot/compressed/Makefile
  arch/sh/boot/romimage/Makefile
  arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile

They use ':=' or '=' to clear the LDFLAGS_vmlinux inherited from the
top Makefile.

We need to take a closer look at the impact to unicore32 and xtensa.

arch/unicore32/boot/compressed/Makefile only uses '+=' operator for
LDFLAGS_vmlinux. So, the decompressor previously inherited the linker
flags from the top Makefile.

However, commit 70fac51f ("unicore32 additional architecture files:
boot process") was merged before commit 1f2bfbd0 ("kbuild: link of
vmlinux moved to a script"). So, I rather consider this is a bug fix of
1f2bfbd0.

arch/xtensa/boot/boot-elf/Makefile is also affected, but this is also
considered a fix for the same reason. It did not inherit LDFLAGS_vmlinux
when commit 4bedea94 ("[PATCH] xtensa: Architecture support for
Tensilica Xtensa Part 2") was merged. I deleted $(LDFLAGS_vmlinux),
which is now empty.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>
Tested-by: Nick Desaulniers <ndesaulniers@google.com>

Currently, the directories of objects are automatically created
only for O= builds.

It should not hurt to cater to this for in-tree builds too.
Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <masahiroy@kernel.org>

Pull arm64 fixes from Catalin Marinas:

 - Fix tegra194-cpufreq module build failure caused by __cpu_logical_map
   not being exported.

 - Improve fixed_addresses comment regarding the fixmap buffer sizes.

* tag 'arm64-fixes' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux:
  arm64: Fix __cpu_logical_map undefined issue
  arm64/fixmap: make notes of fixed_addresses more precisely

The __cpu_logical_map undefined issue occued when the new
tegra194-cpufreq drvier building as a module.

ERROR: modpost: "__cpu_logical_map" [drivers/cpufreq/tegra194-cpufreq.ko] undefined!

The driver using cpu_logical_map() macro which will expand to
__cpu_logical_map, we can't access it in a drvier. Let's turn
cpu_logical_map() into a C wrapper and export it to fix the
build issue.

Also create a function set_cpu_logical_map(cpu, hwid) when assign
a value to cpu_logical_map(cpu).
Reported-by: Hulk Robot <hulkci@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Kefeng Wang <wangkefeng.wang@huawei.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>

These 'compile-time allocated' memory buffers can occupy more than one
page and each enum increment is page-sized. So improve the note about it.
Signed-off-by: Pingfan Liu <kernelfans@gmail.com>
Cc: Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/1596460720-19243-1-git-send-email-kernelfans@gmail.com
To: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>

Pull IPMI updates from Corey Minyard:
 "Minor cleanups to the IPMI driver for 5.9

  Nothing of any major consequence. Duplicate code, some missing \n's in
  sysfs files, some documentation and comment changes"

* tag 'for-linus-5.9-1' of git://github.com/cminyard/linux-ipmi:
  ipmi/watchdog: add missing newlines when printing parameters by sysfs
  ipmi: remve duplicate code in __ipmi_bmc_register()
  ipmi: ssif: Remove finished TODO comment about SMBus alert
  Doc: driver-api: ipmi: Add description of alerts_broken module param

Pull power supply and reset updates from Sebastian Reichel:
 "Power-supply core:
   - add COOL/WARM/HOT state from JEITA JISC8712:2015 specification
   - convert simple-battery DT binding to YAML
   - add long-life charging mode

 Battery/charger drivers:
   - bq25150: new charger driver
   - bq27xxx: add support for BQ27z561 and BQ28z610
   - max17040: support CAPACITY_ALERT_MIN
   - sbs-battery: add PEC support
   - wilco-ec: support long-life charging mode
   - bq25890: fix DT binding
   - misc. fixes and cleanups

 Reset drivers:
   - linkstation: new reset driver"

* tag 'for-v5.9' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/sre/linux-power-supply: (32 commits)
  power: supply: wilco_ec: Add long life charging mode
  power: supply: bq27xxx_battery: Add the BQ28z610 Battery monitor
  dt-bindings: power: Add BQ28z610 compatible
  power: supply: bq27xxx_battery: Add the BQ27Z561 Battery monitor
  dt-bindings: power: Add BQ27Z561 compatible
  power: supply: test_power: Fix battery_current initial value
  power: supply: Fix kerneldoc of power_supply_temp2resist_simple()
  power: supply: cpcap-battery: Fix kerneldoc of cpcap_battery_read_accumulated()
  dt-bindings: power: Convert battery.txt to battery.yaml
  power: supply: rt5033_battery: Fix error code in rt5033_battery_probe()
  power: supply: max17040: Add POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_CAPACITY_ALERT_MIN
  power: supply: check if calc_soc succeeded in pm860x_init_battery
  power: supply: bq2xxxx: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  power: reset: add driver for LinkStation power off
  power: supply: sc27xx: prevent adc * 1000 from overflow
  math64: New DIV_S64_ROUND_CLOSEST helper
  power: fix duplicated words in bq2415x_charger.h
  power: Convert to DEFINE_SHOW_ATTRIBUTE
  power: reset: keystone-reset: Replace HTTP links with HTTPS ones
  power: supply: bq25150 introduce the bq25150
  ...

Pull misc vfs updates from Al Viro:
 "No common topic whatsoever in those, sorry"

* 'work.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/viro/vfs:
  fs: define inode flags using bit numbers
  iov_iter: Move unnecessary inclusion of crypto/hash.h
  dlmfs: clean up dlmfs_file_{read,write}() a bit