- 27 Sep, 2022 40 commits
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Rework for_each_mte_vma() to use a VMA iterator instead of an explicit linked-list. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-32-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
Liam R. Howlett <Liam.Howlett@oracle.com> Acked-by:
Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220218023650.672072-1-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
Will Deacon <will@kernel.org> Reviewed-by:
Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net> Tested-by:
Yu Zhao <yuzhao@google.com> Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Cc: "Matthew Wilcox (Oracle)" <willy@infradead.org> Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org> Cc: Sven Schnelle <svens@linux.ibm.com> Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Signed-off-by:
Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
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Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) authored
Use the VMA iterator instead. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-31-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) <willy@infradead.org> Signed-off-by:
Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz> Reviewed-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
do_brk_munmap() has already aligned the address and has a maple tree state to be used. Use the new do_mas_align_munmap() to avoid unnecessary alignment and error checks. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-30-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Remove __do_munmap() in favour of do_munmap(), do_mas_munmap(), and do_mas_align_munmap(). do_munmap() is a wrapper to create a maple state for any callers that have not been converted to the maple tree. do_mas_munmap() takes a maple state to mumap a range. This is just a small function which checks for error conditions and aligns the end of the range. do_mas_align_munmap() uses the aligned range to mumap a range. do_mas_align_munmap() starts with the first VMA in the range, then finds the last VMA in the range. Both start and end are split if necessary. Then the VMAs are removed from the linked list and the mm mlock count is updated at the same time. Followed by a single tree operation of overwriting the area in with a NULL. Finally, the detached list is unmapped and freed. By reorganizing the munmap calls as outlined, it is now possible to avoid extra work of aligning pre-aligned callers which are known to be safe, avoid extra VMA lookups or tree walks for modifications. detach_vmas_to_be_unmapped() is no longer used, so drop this code. vm_brk_flags() can just call the do_mas_munmap() as it checks for intersecting VMAs directly. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-29-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Relocation of code for the next commit. There should be no changes here. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-28-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Unlike the rbtree, the Maple Tree will return a NULL if there's nothing at a particular address. Since the previous commit dropped the vmacache, it is now possible to consult the tree directly. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-27-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
By using the maple tree and the maple tree state, the vmacache is no longer beneficial and is complicating the VMA code. Remove the vmacache to reduce the work in keeping it up to date and code complexity. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-26-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Changing mmap_region() to use the maple tree state and the advanced maple tree interface allows for a lot less tree walking. This change removes the last caller of munmap_vma_range(), so drop this unused function. Add vma_expand() to expand a VMA if possible by doing the necessary hugepage check, uprobe_munmap of files, dcache flush, modifications then undoing the detaches, etc. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-25-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Move find_vma_intersection() to mmap.c and change implementation to maple tree. When searching for a vma within a range, it is easier to use the maple tree interface. Exported find_vma_intersection() for kvm module. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-24-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Avoid allocating a new VMA when it a vma modification can occur. When a brk() can expand or contract a VMA, then the single store operation will only modify one index of the maple tree instead of causing a node to split or coalesce. This avoids unnecessary allocations/frees of maple tree nodes and VMAs. Move some limit & flag verifications out of the do_brk_flags() function to use only relevant checks in the code path of bkr() and vm_brk_flags(). Set the vma to check if it can expand in vm_brk_flags() if extra criteria are met. Drop userfaultfd from do_brk_flags() path and only use it in vm_brk_flags() path since that is the only place a munmap will happen. Add a wraper for munmap for the brk case called do_brk_munmap(). Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-23-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
vma_lookup() will walk the vma tree once and not continue to look for the next vma. Since the exact vma is checked below, this is a more optimal way of searching. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-22-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Use vma_lookup() to walk the tree to the start value requested. If the vma at the start does not match, then the answer is NULL and there is no need to look at the next vma the way that find_vma() would. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-21-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
vma_lookup() walks the VMA tree for a specific value, find_vma() will search the tree after walking to a specific value. It is more efficient to only walk to the requested value since privcmd_ioctl_mmap() will exit the loop if vm_start != msg->va. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-20-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Only write to the maple tree if we are not inserting or the insert isn't going to overwrite the area to clear. This avoids spanning writes and node coealescing when unnecessary. The change requires a custom search for the linked list addition to find the correct VMA for the prev link. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-19-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Remove the RB tree and start using the maple tree for vm_area_struct tracking. Drop validate_mm() calls in expand_upwards() and expand_downwards() as the lock is not held. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-18-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) authored
These users of the rbtree should probably have been walks of the linked list, but convert them to use walks of the maple tree. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-17-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
This rather specialised walk can use the VMA iterator. If this proves to be too slow, we can write a custom routine to find the two largest gaps, but it will be somewhat complicated, so let's see if we need it first. Update the kunit test case to use the maple tree. This also fixes an issue with the kunit testcase not adding the last VMA to the list. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-16-Liam.Howlett@oracle.com Fixes: 17ccae8b (mm/damon: add kunit tests) Signed-off-by:
SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org> Reviewed-by:
David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com> Tested-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
The maple tree was already tracking VMAs in this function by an earlier commit, but the rbtree iterator was being used to iterate the list. Change the iterator to use a maple tree native iterator and switch to the maple tree advanced API to avoid multiple walks of the tree during insert operations. Unexport the now-unused vma_store() function. For performance reasons we bulk allocate the maple tree nodes. The node calculations are done internally to the tree and use the VMA count and assume the worst-case node requirements. The VM_DONT_COPY flag does not allow for the most efficient copy method of the tree and so a bulk loading algorithm is used. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-15-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
The maple tree code was added to find the unmapped area in a previous commit and was checked against what the rbtree returned, but the actual result was never used. Start using the maple tree implementation and remove the rbtree code. Add kernel documentation comment for these functions. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-14-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Use the maple tree's advanced API and a maple state to walk the tree for the entry at the address of the next vma, then use the maple state to walk back one entry to find the previous entry. Add kernel documentation comments for this API. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-13-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Using the maple tree interface mt_find() will handle the RCU locking and will start searching at the address up to the limit, ULONG_MAX in this case. Add kernel documentation to this API. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-12-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) authored
This simplifies the implementation and is faster than using the linked list. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-11-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Matthew Wilcox (Oracle) authored
This thin layer of abstraction over the maple tree state is for iterating over VMAs. You can go forwards, go backwards or ask where the iterator is. Rename the existing vma_next() to __vma_next() -- it will be removed by the end of this series. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-10-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Start tracking the VMAs with the new maple tree structure in parallel with the rb_tree. Add debug and trace events for maple tree operations and duplicate the rb_tree that is created on forks into the maple tree. The maple tree is added to the mm_struct including the mm_init struct, added support in required mm/mmap functions, added tracking in kernel/fork for process forking, and used to find the unmapped_area and checked against what the rbtree finds. This also moves the mmap_lock() in exit_mmap() since the oom reaper call does walk the VMAs. Otherwise lockdep will be unhappy if oom happens. When splitting a vma fails due to allocations of the maple tree nodes, the error path in __split_vma() calls new->vm_ops->close(new). The page accounting for hugetlb is actually in the close() operation, so it accounts for the removal of 1/2 of the VMA which was not adjusted. This results in a negative exit value. To avoid the negative charge, set vm_start = vm_end and vm_pgoff = 0. There is also a potential accounting issue in special mappings from insert_vm_struct() failing to allocate, so reverse the charge there in the failure scenario. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-9-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
This is a test suite that uses the radix test infrastructure. It has been split into its own commit to allow for easier review of the maple tree code. The testing includes: - Allocation of nodes - gfp flag allocation checks - Expansion & contraction of tree - preallocation checks - tree navigation by next/prev - tree navigation by iterators (mas_for_each, etc) - Number of nodes for a given number of entries - Generic tree construction tests - Addition and removal of entries in forward and reverse numerical indexes - gap searching both forward and reverse - Combining gaps by overwriting entries in different ways - splitting right-most node - splitting left-most node - overwriting multiple slots - overwriting across different levels of the tree - overwriting the middle of a tree - causing a 3-way split up to the root by overwriting the last slot and first slot of different nodes and spanning different levels - RCU stress testing of the tree with threads - Duplication of the tree by entry count - Tests which were generated by fuzzers have been added. - A large number of tests which come from recording crashing in a VM and reconstructing the tree (see check_erase2_set()) Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-8-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
maple tree uses lockdep_is_held, so define it as external in the header. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-7-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Add support for kmem_cache_free_bulk() and kmem_cache_alloc_bulk() to the radix tree test suite. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-6-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Add functions to get the number of allocations, and total allocations from a kmem_cache. Also add a function to get the allocated size and a way to zero the total allocations. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-5-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
kmem_cache_set_non_kernel() is a mechanism to allow a certain number of kmem_cache_alloc requests to succeed even when GFP_KERNEL is not set in the flags. This functionality allows for testing different paths though the code. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-4-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
define pr_err to printk Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-3-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
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Liam R. Howlett authored
Patch series "Introducing the Maple Tree" The maple tree is an RCU-safe range based B-tree designed to use modern processor cache efficiently. There are a number of places in the kernel that a non-overlapping range-based tree would be beneficial, especially one with a simple interface. If you use an rbtree with other data structures to improve performance or an interval tree to track non-overlapping ranges, then this is for you. The tree has a branching factor of 10 for non-leaf nodes and 16 for leaf nodes. With the increased branching factor, it is significantly shorter than the rbtree so it has fewer cache misses. The removal of the linked list between subsequent entries also reduces the cache misses and the need to pull in the previous and next VMA during many tree alterations. The first user that is covered in this patch set is the vm_area_struct, where three data structures are replaced by the maple tree: the augmented rbtree, the vma cache, and the linked list of VMAs in the mm_struct. The long term goal is to reduce or remove the mmap_lock contention. The plan is to get to the point where we use the maple tree in RCU mode. Readers will not block for writers. A single write operation will be allowed at a time. A reader re-walks if stale data is encountered. VMAs would be RCU enabled and this mode would be entered once multiple tasks are using the mm_struct. Davidlor said : Yes I like the maple tree, and at this stage I don't think we can ask for : more from this series wrt the MM - albeit there seems to still be some : folks reporting breakage. Fundamentally I see Liam's work to (re)move : complexity out of the MM (not to say that the actual maple tree is not : complex) by consolidating the three complimentary data structures very : much worth it considering performance does not take a hit. This was very : much a turn off with the range locking approach, which worst case scenario : incurred in prohibitive overhead. Also as Liam and Matthew have : mentioned, RCU opens up a lot of nice performance opportunities, and in : addition academia[1] has shown outstanding scalability of address spaces : with the foundation of replacing the locked rbtree with RCU aware trees. A similar work has been discovered in the academic press https://pdos.csail.mit.edu/papers/rcuvm:asplos12.pdf Sheer coincidence. We designed our tree with the intention of solving the hardest problem first. Upon settling on a b-tree variant and a rough outline, we researched ranged based b-trees and RCU b-trees and did find that article. So it was nice to find reassurances that we were on the right path, but our design choice of using ranges made that paper unusable for us. This patch (of 70): The maple tree is an RCU-safe range based B-tree designed to use modern processor cache efficiently. There are a number of places in the kernel that a non-overlapping range-based tree would be beneficial, especially one with a simple interface. If you use an rbtree with other data structures to improve performance or an interval tree to track non-overlapping ranges, then this is for you. The tree has a branching factor of 10 for non-leaf nodes and 16 for leaf nodes. With the increased branching factor, it is significantly shorter than the rbtree so it has fewer cache misses. The removal of the linked list between subsequent entries also reduces the cache misses and the need to pull in the previous and next VMA during many tree alterations. The first user that is covered in this patch set is the vm_area_struct, where three data structures are replaced by the maple tree: the augmented rbtree, the vma cache, and the linked list of VMAs in the mm_struct. The long term goal is to reduce or remove the mmap_lock contention. The plan is to get to the point where we use the maple tree in RCU mode. Readers will not block for writers. A single write operation will be allowed at a time. A reader re-walks if stale data is encountered. VMAs would be RCU enabled and this mode would be entered once multiple tasks are using the mm_struct. There is additional BUG_ON() calls added within the tree, most of which are in debug code. These will be replaced with a WARN_ON() call in the future. There is also additional BUG_ON() calls within the code which will also be reduced in number at a later date. These exist to catch things such as out-of-range accesses which would crash anyways. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-1-Liam.Howlett@oracle.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220906194824.2110408-2-Liam.Howlett@oracle.comSigned-off-by:
David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Tested-by:
Sven Schnelle <svens@linux.ibm.com> Tested-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
Add /sys/devices/virtual/memory_tiering/ where all memory tier related details can be found. All allocated memory tiers will be listed there as /sys/devices/virtual/memory_tiering/memory_tierN/ The nodes which are part of a specific memory tier can be listed via /sys/devices/virtual/memory_tiering/memory_tierN/nodes A directory hierarchy looks like :/sys/devices/virtual/memory_tiering$ tree memory_tier4/ memory_tier4/ ├── nodes ├── subsystem -> ../../../../bus/memory_tiering └── uevent :/sys/devices/virtual/memory_tiering$ cat memory_tier4/nodes 0,2 [aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com: drop toptier_nodes from sysfs] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220922102201.62168-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220830081736.119281-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com> Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com> Cc: Bharata B Rao <bharata@amd.com> Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net> Cc: Hesham Almatary <hesham.almatary@huawei.com> Cc: "Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com> Cc: Jagdish Gediya <jvgediya.oss@gmail.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org> Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com> Cc: Wei Xu <weixugc@google.com> Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com> Signed-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
The most common case for certain node_random usage (demotion nodemask) is with nodemask weight 1. We can avoid calling get_random_init() in that case and always return the only node set in the nodemask. A simple test as below before = rdtsc_ordered(); for (i= 0; i < 100; i++) { rand = node_random(&nmask); } after = rdtsc_ordered(); Without fix after - before : 16438 With fix after - before : 816 Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-11-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:"Huang, Ying" <ying.huang@intel.com> Acked-by:
Wei Xu <weixugc@google.com> Cc: Alistair Popple <apopple@nvidia.com> Cc: Bharata B Rao <bharata@amd.com> Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Cc: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@stgolabs.net> Cc: Hesham Almatary <hesham.almatary@huawei.com> Cc: Jagdish Gediya <jvgediya.oss@gmail.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Jonathan Cameron <Jonathan.Cameron@huawei.com> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@kernel.org> Cc: Tim Chen <tim.c.chen@intel.com> Cc: Yang Shi <shy828301@gmail.com> Cc: SeongJae Park <sj@kernel.org> Signed-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
With memory tier support we can have memory only NUMA nodes in the top tier from which we want to avoid promotion tracking NUMA faults. Update node_is_toptier to work with memory tiers. All NUMA nodes are by default top tier nodes. With lower(slower) memory tiers added we consider all memory tiers above a memory tier having CPU NUMA nodes as a top memory tier [sj@kernel.org: include missed header file, memory-tiers.h] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220820190720.248704-1-sj@kernel.org [akpm@linux-foundation.org: mm/memory.c needs linux/memory-tiers.h] [aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com: make toptier_distance inclusive upper bound of toptiers] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220830081457.118960-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-10-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
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Jagdish Gediya authored
Currently, a higher tier node can only be demoted to selected nodes on the next lower tier as defined by the demotion path. This strict demotion order does not work in all use cases (e.g. some use cases may want to allow cross-socket demotion to another node in the same demotion tier as a fallback when the preferred demotion node is out of space). This demotion order is also inconsistent with the page allocation fallback order when all the nodes in a higher tier are out of space: The page allocation can fall back to any node from any lower tier, whereas the demotion order doesn't allow that currently. This patch adds support to get all the allowed demotion targets for a memory tier. demote_page_list() function is now modified to utilize this allowed node mask as the fallback allocation mask. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-9-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
Jagdish Gediya <jvgediya.oss@gmail.com> Signed-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
Now that we track node-specific memtier in pg_data_t, we can drop memtier from memtype. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-8-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
Also update different helpes to use NODE_DATA()->memtier. Since node specific memtier can change based on the reassignment of NUMA node to a different memory tiers, accessing NODE_DATA()->memtier needs to happen under an rcu read lock or memory_tier_lock. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-7-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
This patch switch the demotion target building logic to use memory tiers instead of NUMA distance. All N_MEMORY NUMA nodes will be placed in the default memory tier and additional memory tiers will be added by drivers like dax kmem. This patch builds the demotion target for a NUMA node by looking at all memory tiers below the tier to which the NUMA node belongs. The closest node in the immediately following memory tier is used as a demotion target. Since we are now only building demotion target for N_MEMORY NUMA nodes the CPU hotplug calls are removed in this patch. Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-6-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
By default, all nodes are assigned to the default memory tier which is the memory tier designated for nodes with DRAM Set dax kmem device node's tier to slower memory tier by assigning abstract distance to MEMTIER_DEFAULT_DAX_ADISTANCE. Low-level drivers like papr_scm or ACPI NFIT can initialize memory device type to a more accurate value based on device tree details or HMAT. If the kernel doesn't find the memory type initialized, a default slower memory type is assigned by the kmem driver. [aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com: assign correct memory type for multiple dax devices with the same node affinity] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220826100224.542312-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-5-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
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Aneesh Kumar K.V authored
If the new NUMA node onlined doesn't have a abstract distance assigned, the kernel adds the NUMA node to default memory tier. [aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com: fix kernel error with memory hotplug] Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220825092019.379069-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20220818131042.113280-4-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.comSigned-off-by:
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