- 22 Sep, 2009 40 commits
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Vincent Li authored
Commit 084f71ae(kill page_queue_congested()) removed page_queue_congested(). Remove the page_queue_congested() comment in vmscan pageout() too. Signed-off-by:
Vincent Li <macli@brc.ubc.ca> Reviewed-by:
KOSAKI Motohiro <kosaki.motohiro@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by:
Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by:
Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Wu Fengguang authored
For mem_cgroup, shrink_zone() may call shrink_list() with nr_to_scan=1, in which case shrink_list() _still_ calls isolate_pages() with the much larger SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX. It effectively scales up the inactive list scan rate by up to 32 times. For example, with 16k inactive pages and DEF_PRIORITY=12, (16k >> 12)=4. So when shrink_zone() expects to scan 4 pages in the active/inactive list, the active list will be scanned 4 pages, while the inactive list will be (over) scanned SWAP_CLUSTER_MAX=32 pages in effect. And that could break the balance between the two lists. It can further impact the scan of anon active list, due to the anon active/inactive ratio rebalance logic in balance_pgdat()/shrink_zone(): inactive anon list over scanned => inactive_anon_is_low() == TRUE => shrink_active_list() => active anon list over scanned So the end result may be - anon inactive => over scanned - anon active => over scanned (maybe not as much) - file inactive => over scanned - file active => under scanned (relatively) The accesses to nr_saved_scan are not lock protected and so not 100% accurate, however we can tolerate small errors and the resulted small imbalanced scan rates between zones. Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Reviewed-by:Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Reviewed-by:
Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Signed-off-by:
KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki <kamezawa.hiroyu@jp.fujitsu.com> Signed-off-by:
Wu Fengguang <fengguang.wu@intel.com> Signed-off-by:
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Alexey Dobriyan authored
Signed-off-by:
Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Acked-by:
David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Reviewed-by:
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Vincent Li authored
The name `zone_nr_pages' can be mis-read as zone's (total) number pages, but it actually returns zone's LRU list number pages. Signed-off-by:
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Jan Beulich authored
This is being done by allowing boot time allocations to specify that they may want a sub-page sized amount of memory. Overall this seems more consistent with the other hash table allocations, and allows making two supposedly mm-only variables really mm-only (nr_{kernel,all}_pages). Signed-off-by:Jan Beulich <jbeulich@novell.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: "Eric W. Biederman" <ebiederm@xmission.com> Cc: Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Signed-off-by:
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Jan Beulich authored
Since alloc_bootmem() will never return inaccessible (via virtual addressing) memory anyway, using the ..._low() variant only makes sense when the physical address range of the allocated memory must fulfill further constraints, espacially since on 64-bits (or more generally in all cases where the pools the two variants allocate from are than the full available range. Probably the use in alloc_tce_table() could also be eliminated (based on code inspection of pci-calgary_64.c), but that seems too risky given I know nothing about that hardware and have no way to test it. Signed-off-by:
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Jan Beulich authored
Sizing of memory allocations shouldn't depend on the number of physical pages found in a system, as that generally includes (perhaps a huge amount of) non-RAM pages. The amount of what actually is usable as storage should instead be used as a basis here. Some of the calculations (i.e. those not intending to use high memory) should likely even use (totalram_pages - totalhigh_pages). Signed-off-by:
Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Acked-by:
Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu> Cc: Dave Airlie <airlied@linux.ie> Cc: Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca> Cc: Jeremy Fitzhardinge <jeremy@goop.org> Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@cs.helsinki.fi> Cc: Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk> Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net> Cc: Patrick McHardy <kaber@trash.net> Signed-off-by:
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Jan Beulich authored
Sizing of memory allocations shouldn't depend on the number of physical pages found in a system, as that generally includes (perhaps a huge amount of) non-RAM pages. The amount of what actually is usable as storage should instead be used as a basis here. In line with that, the memory hotplug code should update num_physpages in a way that it retains its original (post-boot) meaning; in particular, decreasing the value should at best be done with great care - this patch doesn't try to ever decrease this value at all as it doesn't really seem meaningful to do so. Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
After anti-fragmentation was merged, a bug was reported whereby devices that depended on high-order atomic allocations were failing. The solution was to preserve a property in the buddy allocator which tended to keep the minimum number of free pages in the zone at the lower physical addresses and contiguous. To preserve this property, MIGRATE_RESERVE was introduced and a number of pageblocks at the start of a zone would be marked "reserve", the number of which depended on min_free_kbytes. Anti-fragmentation works by avoiding the mixing of page migratetypes within the same pageblock. One way of helping this is to increase min_free_kbytes because it becomes less like that it will be necessary to place pages of of MIGRATE_RESERVE is unbounded, the free memory is kept there in large contiguous blocks instead of helping anti-fragmentation as much as it should. With the page-allocator tracepoint patches applied, it was found during anti-fragmentation tests that the number of fragmentation-related events were far higher than expected even with min_free_kbytes at higher values. This patch limits the number of MIGRATE_RESERVE blocks that exist per zone to two. For example, with a sufficient min_free_kbytes, 4MB of memory will be kept aside on an x86-64 and remain more or less free and contiguous for the systems uptime. This should be sufficient for devices depending on high-order atomic allocations while helping fragmentation control when min_free_kbytes is tuned appropriately. As side-effect of this patch is that the reserve variable is converted to int as unsigned long was the wrong type to use when ensuring that only the required number of reserve blocks are created. With the patches applied, fragmentation-related events as measured by the page allocator tracepoints were significantly reduced when running some fragmentation stress-tests on systems with min_free_kbytes tuned to a value appropriate for hugepage allocations at runtime. On x86, the events recorded were reduced by 99.8%, on x86-64 by 99.72% and on ppc64 by 99.83%. Signed-off-by:
Mel Gorman <mel@csn.ul.ie> Cc: <stable@kernel.org> Signed-off-by:
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Johannes Weiner authored
Enlighten the reader of this code about what reference count makes a page cache page freeable. Signed-off-by:
Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Reviewed-by:
Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org> Reviewed-by:
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Johannes Weiner authored
Make page_has_private() return a true boolean value and remove the double negations from the two callsites using it for arithmetic. Signed-off-by:
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Johannes Weiner authored
page_is_file_cache() has been used for both boolean checks and LRU arithmetic, which was always a bit weird. Now that page_lru_base_type() exists for LRU arithmetic, make page_is_file_cache() a real predicate function and adjust the boolean-using callsites to drop those pesky double negations. Signed-off-by:
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Johannes Weiner authored
Instead of abusing page_is_file_cache() for LRU list index arithmetic, add another helper with a more appropriate name and convert the non-boolean users of page_is_file_cache() accordingly. This new helper gives the LRU base type a page is supposed to live on, inactive anon or inactive file. [hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk: convert del_page_from_lru() also] Signed-off-by:
Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan.kim@gmail.com> Reviewed-by:
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Johannes Weiner authored
Remove double negations where the operand is already boolean. Signed-off-by:
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Sage Weil authored
The kzalloc mempool zeros items when they are initially allocated, but does not rezero used items that are returned to the pool. Consequently mempool_alloc()s may return non-zeroed memory. Since there are/were only two in-tree users for mempool_create_kzalloc_pool(), and 'fixing' this in a way that will re-zero used (but not new) items before first use is non-trivial, just remove it. Signed-off-by:
Sage Weil <sage@newdream.net> Signed-off-by:
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Sage Weil authored
The kzalloc mempool does not re-zero items that have been used and then returned to the pool. Manually zero the allocated multipath_bh instead. Acked-by:
Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de> Signed-off-by:
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Jaswinder Singh Rajput authored
Fix the following 'make includecheck' warning: mm/nommu.c: internal.h is included more than once. Signed-off-by:
Jaswinder Singh Rajput <jaswinderrajput@gmail.com> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by:
Greg Ungerer <gerg@snapgear.com> Signed-off-by:
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Jaswinder Singh Rajput authored
Fix the following 'make includecheck' warning: mm/shmem.c: linux/vfs.h is included more than once. Signed-off-by:
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Daisuke Nishimura authored
After commit 355cfa73 ("mm: modify swap_map and add SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag"), only the context which have set SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag by swapcache_prepare() or get_swap_page() would call add_to_swap_cache(). So add_to_swap_cache() doesn't return -EEXIST any more. Even though it doesn't return -EEXIST, it's not good behavior conceptually to call swapcache_prepare() in the -EEXIST case, because it means clearing SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag while the entry is on swap cache. This patch removes redundant codes and comments from callers of it, and adds VM_BUG_ON() in error path of add_to_swap_cache() and some comments. Signed-off-by:
Daisuke Nishimura <nishimura@mxp.nes.nec.co.jp> Reviewed-by:
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Daisuke Nishimura authored
After commit 355cfa73 ("mm: modify swap_map and add SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag"), read_swap_cache_async() will busy-wait while a entry doesn't exist in swap cache but it has SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag. Such entries can exist on add/delete path of swap cache. On add path, add_to_swap_cache() is called soon after SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag is set, and on delete path, swapcache_free() will be called (SWAP_HAS_CACHE flag is cleared) soon after __delete_from_swap_cache() is called. So, the busy-wait works well in most cases. But this mechanism can cause soft lockup if add_to_swap_cache() sleeps and read_swap_cache_async() tries to swap-in the same entry on the same cpu. This patch calls radix_tree_preload() before swapcache_prepare() and divides add_to_swap_cache() into two part: radix_tree_preload() part and radix_tree_insert() part(define it as __add_to_swap_cache()). Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
Knowing tracepoints exist is not quite the same as knowing what they should be used for. This patch adds a document giving a basic description of the kmem tracepoints and why they might be useful to a performance analyst. Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
tracing, documentation: add a document describing how to do some performance analysis with tracepoints The documentation for ftrace, events and tracepoints is pretty extensive. Similarly, the perf PCL tools help files --help are there and the code simple enough to figure out what much of the switches mean. However, pulling the discrete bits and pieces together and translating that into "how do I solve a problem" requires a fair amount of imagination. This patch adds a simple document intended to get someone started on the Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
This patch adds a simple post-processing script for the page-allocator-related trace events. It can be used to give an indication of who the most allocator-intensive processes are and how often the zone lock was taken during the tracing period. Example output looks like Process Pages Pages Pages Pages PCPU PCPU PCPU Fragment Fragment MigType Fragment Fragment Unknown details allocd allocd freed freed pages drains refills Fallback Causing Changed Severe Moderate under lock direct pagevec drain swapper-0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Xorg-3770 10603 5952 3685 6978 5996 194 192 0 0 0 0 0 0 modprobe-21397 51 0 0 86 31 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 xchat-5370 228 93 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 awesome-4317 32 32 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 thinkfan-3863 2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hald-addon-stor-3935 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 akregator-4506 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 xmms-14888 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 khelper-12 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Optionally, the output can include information on the parent or aggregate based on process name instead of aggregating based on each pid. Example output including parent information and stripped out the PID looks something like; Process Pages Pages Pages Pages PCPU PCPU PCPU Fragment Fragment MigType Fragment Fragment Unknown details allocd allocd freed freed pages drains refills Fallback Causing Changed Severe Moderate under lock direct pagevec drain gdm-3756 :: Xorg-3770 3796 2976 99 3813 3224 104 98 0 0 0 0 0 0 init-1 :: hald-3892 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 git-21447 :: editor-21448 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 This says that Xorg allocated 3796 pages and it's parent process is gdm with a PID of 3756; The postprocessor parses the text output of tracing. While there is a binary format, the expectation is that the binary output can be readily translated into text and post-processed offline. Obviously if the text format changes, the parser will break but the regular expression parser is fairly rudimentary so should be readily adjustable. Signed-off-by: -
Mel Gorman authored
The page allocation trace event reports that a page was successfully allocated but it does not specify where it came from. When analysing performance, it can be important to distinguish between pages coming from the per-cpu allocator and pages coming from the buddy lists as the latter requires the zone lock to the taken and more data structures to be examined. This patch adds a trace event for __rmqueue reporting when a page is being allocated from the buddy lists. It distinguishes between being called to refill the per-cpu lists or whether it is a high-order allocation. Similarly, this patch adds an event to catch when the PCP lists are being drained a little and pages are going back to the buddy lists. This is trickier to draw conclusions from but high activity on those events could explain why there were a large number of cache misses on a page-allocator-intensive workload. The coalescing and splitting of buddies involves a lot of writing of page metadata and cache line bounces not to mention the acquisition of an interrupt-safe lock necessary to enter this path. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix build] Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
Fragmentation avoidance depends on being able to use free pages from lists of the appropriate migrate type. In the event this is not possible, __rmqueue_fallback() selects a different list and in some circumstances change the migratetype of the pageblock. Simplistically, the more times this event occurs, the more likely that fragmentation will be a problem later for hugepage allocation at least but there are other considerations such as the order of page being split to satisfy the allocation. This patch adds a trace event for __rmqueue_fallback() that reports what page is being used for the fallback, the orders of relevant pages, the desired migratetype and the migratetype of the lists being used, whether the pageblock changed type and whether this event is important with respect to fragmentation avoidance or not. This information can be used to help analyse fragmentation avoidance and help decide whether min_free_kbytes should be increased or not. Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
This patch adds trace events for the allocation and freeing of pages, including the freeing of pagevecs. Using the events, it will be known what struct page and pfns are being allocated and freed and what the call site was in many cases. The page alloc tracepoints be used as an indicator as to whether the workload was heavily dependant on the page allocator or not. You can make a guess based on vmstat but you can't get a per-process breakdown. Depending on the call path, the call_site for page allocation may be __get_free_pages() instead of a useful callsite. Instead of passing down a return address similar to slab debugging, the user should enable the stacktrace and seg-addr options to get a proper stack trace. The pagevec free tracepoint has a different usecase. It can be used to get a idea of how many pages are being dumped off the LRU and whether it is kswapd doing the work or a process doing direct reclaim. Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
The function free_cold_page() has no callers so delete it. Signed-off-by:
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Geert Uytterhoeven authored
Commit 96177299 ("Drop free_pages()") modified nr_free_pages() to return 'unsigned long' instead of 'unsigned int'. This made the casts to 'unsigned long' in most callers superfluous, so remove them. [akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding-style fixes] Signed-off-by:
Geert Uytterhoeven <Geert.Uytterhoeven@sonycom.com> Reviewed-by:
Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk> Acked-by:
David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net> Acked-by:
Kyle McMartin <kyle@mcmartin.ca> Acked-by:
WANG Cong <xiyou.wangcong@gmail.com> Cc: Richard Henderson <rth@twiddle.net> Cc: Ivan Kokshaysky <ink@jurassic.park.msu.ru> Cc: Haavard Skinnemoen <hskinnemoen@atmel.com> Cc: Mikael Starvik <starvik@axis.com> Cc: "Luck, Tony" <tony.luck@intel.com> Cc: Hirokazu Takata <takata@linux-m32r.org> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> Acked-by:
Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org> Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com> Cc: Paul Mundt <lethal@linux-sh.org> Cc: Chris Zankel <zankel@tensilica.com> Cc: Michal Simek <monstr@monstr.eu> Signed-off-by:
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KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki authored
/proc/kcore has its own routine to access vmallc area. It can be replaced with vread(). And by this, /proc/kcore can do safe access to vmalloc area. Signed-off-by:
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KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki authored
vread/vwrite access vmalloc area without checking there is a page or not. In most case, this works well. In old ages, the caller of get_vm_ara() is only IOREMAP and there is no memory hole within vm_struct's [addr...addr + size - PAGE_SIZE] ( -PAGE_SIZE is for a guard page.) After per-cpu-alloc patch, it uses get_vm_area() for reserve continuous virtual address but remap _later_. There tend to be a hole in valid vmalloc area in vm_struct lists. Then, skip the hole (not mapped page) is necessary. This patch updates vread/vwrite() for avoiding memory hole. Routines which access vmalloc area without knowing for which addr is used are - /proc/kcore - /dev/kmem kcore checks IOREMAP, /dev/kmem doesn't. After this patch, IOREMAP is checked and /dev/kmem will avoid to read/write it. Fixes to /proc/kcore will be in the next patch in series. Signed-off-by:
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KAMEZAWA Hiroyuki authored
vmap area should be purged after vm_struct is removed from the list because vread/vwrite etc...believes the range is valid while it's on vm_struct list. Signed-off-by:
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Mel Gorman authored
page-allocator: change migratetype for all pageblocks within a high-order page during __rmqueue_fallback When there are no pages of a target migratetype free, the page allocator selects a high-order block of another migratetype to allocate from. When the order of the page taken is greater than pageblock_order, all pageblocks within that high-order page should change migratetype so that pages are later freed to the correct free-lists. The current behaviour is that pageblocks change migratetype if the order being split matches the pageblock_order. When pageblock_order < MAX_ORDER-1, ownership is not changing correct and pages are being later freed to the incorrect list and this impacts fragmentation avoidance. This patch changes all pageblocks within the high-order page being split to the correct migratetype. Without the patch, allocation success rates for hugepages under stress were about 59% of physical memory on x86-64. With the patch applied, this goes up to 65%. Signed-off-by:
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Benjamin Herrenschmidt authored
Right now, if you inadvertently pass NULL to kmem_cache_create() at boot time, it crashes much later after boot somewhere deep inside sysfs which makes it very non obvious to figure out what's going on. Signed-off-by:
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Moussa A. Ba authored
The patch makes the clear_refs more versatile in adding the option to select anonymous pages or file backed pages for clearing. This addition has a measurable impact on user space application performance as it decreases the number of pagewalks in scenarios where one is only interested in a specific type of page (anonymous or file mapped). The patch adds anonymous and file backed filters to the clear_refs interface. echo 1 > /proc/PID/clear_refs resets the bits on all pages echo 2 > /proc/PID/clear_refs resets the bits on anonymous pages only echo 3 > /proc/PID/clear_refs resets the bits on file backed pages only Any other value is ignored Signed-off-by:
Moussa A. Ba <moussa.a.ba@gmail.com> Signed-off-by:
Jared E. Hulbert <jaredeh@gmail.com> Acked-by:
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Hugh Dickins authored
mremap move's use of ksm_madvise() was assuming -ENOMEM on failure, because ksm_madvise used to say -EAGAIN for that; but ksm_madvise now says -ENOMEM (letting madvise convert that to -EAGAIN), and can also say -ERESTARTSYS when signalled: so pass the error from ksm_madvise. Signed-off-by:
Hugh Dickins <hugh.dickins@tiscali.co.uk> Acked-by:
Izik Eidus <ieidus@redhat.com> Cc: Andrea Arcangeli <aarcange@redhat.com> Signed-off-by:
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Hugh Dickins authored
Just as the swapoff system call allocates many pages of RAM to various processes, perhaps triggering OOM, so "echo 2 >/sys/kernel/mm/ksm/run" (unmerge) is liable to allocate many pages of RAM to various processes, perhaps triggering OOM; and each is normally run from a modest admin process (swapoff or shell), easily repeated until it succeeds. So treat unmerge_and_remove_all_rmap_items() in the same way that we treat try_to_unuse(): generalize PF_SWAPOFF to PF_OOM_ORIGIN, and bracket both with that, to ask the OOM killer to kill them first, to prevent them from spawning more and more OOM kills. Signed-off-by:
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Hugh Dickins authored
A few cleanups, given the munlock fix: the comment on ksm_test_exit() no longer applies, and it can be made private to ksm.c; there's no more reference to mmu_gather or tlb.h, and mmap.c doesn't need ksm.h. Signed-off-by:
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Hugh Dickins authored
KSM originally stood for Kernel Shared Memory: but the kernel has long supported shared memory, and VM_SHARED and VM_MAYSHARE vmas, and KSM is something else. So we switched to saying "merge" instead of "share". But Chris Wright points out that this is confusing where mmap.c merges adjacent vmas: most especially in the name VM_MERGEABLE_FLAGS, used by is_mergeable_vma() to let vmas be merged despite flags being different. Call it VMA_MERGE_DESPITE_FLAGS? Perhaps, but at present it consists only of VM_CAN_NONLINEAR: so for now it's clearer on all sides to use that directly, with a comment on it in is_mergeable_vma(). Signed-off-by:
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Hugh Dickins authored
Add Documentation/vm/ksm.txt: how to use the Kernel Samepage Merging feature Signed-off-by:
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Hugh Dickins authored
At present KSM is just a waste of space if you don't have CONFIG_SYSFS=y to provide the /sys/kernel/mm/ksm files to tune and activate it. Make KSM depend on SYSFS? Could do, but it might be better to provide some defaults so that KSM works out-of-the-box, ready for testers to madvise MADV_MERGEABLE, even without SYSFS. Though anyone serious is likely to want to retune the numbers to their taste once they have experience; and whether these settings ever reach 2.6.32 can be discussed along the way. Save 1kB from tiny kernels by #ifdef'ing the SYSFS side of it. Signed-off-by:
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