Problem was that partitioning cached the table flags.
These flags could change due to TRANSACTION LEVEL changes.
Solution was to remove the cache and always return the table flags
from the first partition (if the handler was initialized).

mysql-test/r/partition_innodb_stmt.result:
  Bug#39084: Getting intermittent errors with statement-based binary logging
  
  New test result file.
mysql-test/t/partition_innodb_stmt.test:
  Bug#39084: Getting intermittent errors with statement-based binary logging
  
  New test file.
sql/ha_partition.cc:
  Bug#39084: Getting intermittent errors with statement-based binary logging
  
  Removed m_table_flags, and added m_handler_status.
  Added checks that all partitions have the same
  table flags.
  Moved some variable initializations.
  Updated some comments.
  Fixed typo initialise -> initialize
  Changed HA_EXTTA_NO_READCHECK to do nothing, since it
  is only used in ha_open, which is called for every
  partition in ::open anyway.
sql/ha_partition.h:
  Bug#39084: Getting intermittent errors with statement-based binary logging
  
  Removed m_table_flags, and added m_handler_status.
  Always return the first partitions table flags, instead of using
  cached table flags.
  Added define of enabled/disabled partitioning table flags
  Fixed type initialise -> initialize
  Updated some comments.
sql/handler.cc:
  Bug#39084: Getting intermittent errors with statement-based binary logging
  
  Fixed type initialise -> initialize.
sql/handler.h:
  Bug#39084: Getting intermittent errors with statement-based binary logging
  
  Added comment to understand where the cached value is set.