Move the branch-hint generation from Nodes.py into Optimize.py to make it available to tree assertion tests (and add such a test).

Support the 'assert' statement in nogil sections, as long as it has a plain C condition and constant message (string) value.

Closes #3558.

Would be nice to allow this also for the print() function, but that's tricky because we have to insert the "GILStatNode" before analysing the declarations, which is when we learn if it's really the builtin print function or something else.

Acquire the GIL in nogil functions only when strictly needed on function exit, e.g. for cleaning up temp variables from with-gil blocks or adding tracebacks.

Closes GH-3554.

Allow C functions/variables with names starting with "__" to be found
from within classes, even though their names would normally be
inaccessible due to the Python "class private names" mechanism.
https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3544

Warn about unmangled Python names that are being found and used, since they do not adhere to Python lookup rules.

Removed `mangle_special_name` in favour of `mangle_class_private_name`,
which previously applied slightly different rules for creating vs looking up variables.

Closes #3548.

This reverts commit f09e61ab.

Fix reference to missing utility function, which is not more than an alias to CPython's "PyObject_GenericGetAttr" in the limited API case.

Clean up and repair the type spec generation for the limited API, leaving more of the work to the TypeSlots instead of special-casing all sorts of things.

Ideally, most of the code that is uninteresting for users should be out of the way and not reside before the translated user code.
Mark all code section name beginnings in the C code file to make them easier to follow and move around.

Fix C-code indentation of PyModuleDef struct by avoiding duplicate opening braces in conditional code.

* Changed always_allow_keywords_T295 for Py3.9

https://bugs.python.org/issue37645 appears to change some error
messages slightly (including the qualname and not just the
function name). This change just allows doctest to cope with
both the new and old messages

This reverts commit 5204d869.
See https://github.com/cython/cython/issues/3548

Work around error that "__reduce_cython__ cannot be found" when re-importing an extension module that was already initialised before.
Backport to 0.29.x.
Closes #3545.

* Work around error that "__reduce_cython__ cannot be found" when re-importing an extension module that was already initialised before.
* Exclude "reimport_failure" test in Py2 and PyPy since Py2 does not allow reimports and PyPy3 apparently does nothing for them.

Closes #3545.

* Updated URL for the "embedding Python" link in external_C_code.rst
  in the userguide.
* The freenet.org.nz domain has clearly expired at some point and now
  the original link goes spam links, but there are copies in the
  Wayback Machine.
* The updated (fixed) URL uses the most recent archive for the
  original page (author: June, 2004; web archive: Feb, 2012).

generate_type_definitions maintained a list of ctuples for which code
was already generated, but the logic did not match the logic used in
generate_type_header_code, which does not generate code if the entry is
marked as unused.

If the first ctuple of a certain type was marked unused, but later
instances were not, this could result in no code being generated for
the ctuple at all. Resolve by verifying whether the ctuple entry is used
before adding it to the list.
Co-authored-by: Kirk Meyer <kirk.meyer@ravenind.com>

generate_type_definitions maintained a list of ctuples for which code
was already generated, but the logic did not match the logic used in
generate_type_header_code, which does not generate code if the entry is
marked as unused.

If the first ctuple of a certain type was marked unused, but later
instances were not, this could result in no code being generated for
the ctuple at all. Resolve by verifying whether the ctuple entry is used
before adding it to the list.
Co-authored-by: Kirk Meyer <kirk.meyer@ravenind.com>