Merge branch 'database-guides' into 'master'

Guide about what requires downtime

## What does this MR do?

This MR adds a guide describing various SQL operations and whether they need downtime or not.

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

Spalling and styling of the text mostly.

## Why was this MR needed?

Developers aren't always aware of the impact of certain operations and the documentation of MySQL and PostgreSQL can be quite confusing at times.

## Screenshots (if relevant)

![screenshot](/uploads/d8afd4bd3755d26e4786dfafecfa9368/screenshot.png)

<img src="https://emoji.slack-edge.com/T02592416/trollface/8c0ac4ae98.png" width="60" />

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [x] ~~[CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added~~
- [x] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- Tests
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [ ] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [ ] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

See merge request !5672

doc/development/README.md

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 - [Rake tasks](rake_tasks.md) for development
 - [Shell commands](shell_commands.md) in the GitLab codebase
 - [Sidekiq debugging](sidekiq_debugging.md)
+- [What requires downtime?](what_requires_downtime.md)
 
 ## Compliance
 

doc/development/what_requires_downtime.md

+# What requires downtime?
+
+When working with a database certain operations can be performed without taking
+GitLab offline, others do require a downtime period. This guide describes
+various operations and their impact.
+
+## Adding Columns
+
+On PostgreSQL you can safely add a new column to an existing table as long as it
+does **not** have a default value. For example, this query would not require
+downtime:
+
+```sql
+ALTER TABLE projects ADD COLUMN random_value int;
+```
+
+Add a column _with_ a default however does require downtime. For example,
+consider this query:
+
+```sql
+ALTER TABLE projects ADD COLUMN random_value int DEFAULT 42;
+```
+
+This requires updating every single row in the `projects` table so that
+`random_value` is set to `42` by default. This requires updating all rows and
+indexes in a table. This in turn acquires enough locks on the table for it to
+effectively block any other queries.
+
+As of MySQL 5.6 adding a column to a table is still quite an expensive
+operation, even when using `ALGORITHM=INPLACE` and `LOCK=NONE`. This means
+downtime _may_ be required when modifying large tables as otherwise the
+operation could potentially take hours to complete.
+
+## Dropping Columns
+
+On PostgreSQL you can safely remove an existing column without the need for
+downtime. When you drop a column in PostgreSQL it's not immediately removed,
+instead it is simply disabled. The data is removed on the next vacuum run.
+
+On MySQL this operation requires downtime.
+
+While database wise dropping a column may be fine on PostgreSQL this operation
+still requires downtime because the application code may still be using the
+column that was removed. For example, consider the following migration:
+
+```ruby
+class MyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    remove_column :projects, :dummy
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now imagine that the GitLab instance is running and actively uses the `dummy`
+column. If we were to run the migration this would result in the GitLab instance
+producing errors whenever it tries to use the `dummy` column.
+
+As a result of the above downtime _is_ required when removing a column, even
+when using PostgreSQL.
+
+## Changing Column Constraints
+
+Generally changing column constraints requires checking all rows in the table to
+see if they meet the new constraint, unless a constraint is _removed_. For
+example, changing a column that previously allowed NULL values to not allow NULL
+values requires the database to verify all existing rows.
+
+The specific behaviour varies a bit between databases but in general the safest
+approach is to assume changing constraints requires downtime.
+
+## Changing Column Types
+
+This operation requires downtime.
+
+## Adding Indexes
+
+Adding indexes is an expensive process that blocks INSERT and UPDATE queries for
+the duration. When using PostgreSQL one can work arounds this by using the
+`CONCURRENTLY` option:
+
+```sql
+CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY index_name ON projects (column_name);
+```
+
+Migrations can take advantage of this by using the method
+`add_concurrent_index`. For example:
+
+```ruby
+class MyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def change
+    add_concurrent_index :projects, :column_name
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When running this on PostgreSQL the `CONCURRENTLY` option mentioned above is
+used. On MySQL this method produces a regular `CREATE INDEX` query.
+
+MySQL doesn't really have a workaround for this. Supposedly it _can_ create
+indexes without the need for downtime but only for variable width columns. The
+details on this are a bit sketchy. Since it's better to be safe than sorry one
+should assume that adding indexes requires downtime on MySQL.
+
+## Dropping Indexes
+
+Dropping an index does not require downtime on both PostgreSQL and MySQL.
+
+## Adding Tables
+
+This operation is safe as there's no code using the table just yet.
+
+## Dropping Tables
+
+This operation requires downtime as application code may still be using the
+table.
+
+## Adding Foreign Keys
+
+Adding foreign keys acquires an exclusive lock on both the source and target
+tables in PostgreSQL. This requires downtime as otherwise the entire application
+grinds to a halt for the duration of the operation.
+
+On MySQL this operation also requires downtime _unless_ foreign key checks are
+disabled. Because this means checks aren't enforced this is not ideal, as such
+one should assume MySQL also requires downtime.
+
+## Removing Foreign Keys
+
+This operation should not require downtime on both PostgreSQL and MySQL.
+
+## Updating Data
+
+Updating data should generally be safe. The exception to this is data that's
+being migrated from one version to another while the application still produces
+data in the old version.
+
+For example, imagine the application writes the string `'dog'` to a column but
+it really is meant to write `'cat'` instead. One might think that the following
+migration is all that is needed to solve this problem:
+
+```ruby
+class MyMigration < ActiveRecord::Migration
+  def up
+    execute("UPDATE some_table SET column = 'cat' WHERE column = 'dog';")
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Unfortunately this is not enough. Because the application is still running and
+using the old value this may result in the table still containing rows where
+`column` is set to `dog`, even after the migration finished.
+
+In these cases downtime _is_ required, even for rarely updated tables.