• Zhaoxiu Zeng's avatar
    lib/GCD.c: use binary GCD algorithm instead of Euclidean · fff7fb0b
    Zhaoxiu Zeng authored
    The binary GCD algorithm is based on the following facts:
    	1. If a and b are all evens, then gcd(a,b) = 2 * gcd(a/2, b/2)
    	2. If a is even and b is odd, then gcd(a,b) = gcd(a/2, b)
    	3. If a and b are all odds, then gcd(a,b) = gcd((a-b)/2, b) = gcd((a+b)/2, b)
    
    Even on x86 machines with reasonable division hardware, the binary
    algorithm runs about 25% faster (80% the execution time) than the
    division-based Euclidian algorithm.
    
    On platforms like Alpha and ARMv6 where division is a function call to
    emulation code, it's even more significant.
    
    There are two variants of the code here, depending on whether a fast
    __ffs (find least significant set bit) instruction is available.  This
    allows the unpredictable branches in the bit-at-a-time shifting loop to
    be eliminated.
    
    If fast __ffs is not available, the "even/odd" GCD variant is used.
    
    I use the following code to benchmark:
    
    	#include <stdio.h>
    	#include <stdlib.h>
    	#include <stdint.h>
    	#include <string.h>
    	#include <time.h>
    	#include <unistd.h>
    
    	#define swap(a, b) \
    		do { \
    			a ^= b; \
    			b ^= a; \
    			a ^= b; \
    		} while (0)
    
    	unsigned long gcd0(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
    	{
    		unsigned long r;
    
    		if (a < b) {
    			swap(a, b);
    		}
    
    		if (b == 0)
    			return a;
    
    		while ((r = a % b) != 0) {
    			a = b;
    			b = r;
    		}
    
    		return b;
    	}
    
    	unsigned long gcd1(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
    	{
    		unsigned long r = a | b;
    
    		if (!a || !b)
    			return r;
    
    		b >>= __builtin_ctzl(b);
    
    		for (;;) {
    			a >>= __builtin_ctzl(a);
    			if (a == b)
    				return a << __builtin_ctzl(r);
    
    			if (a < b)
    				swap(a, b);
    			a -= b;
    		}
    	}
    
    	unsigned long gcd2(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
    	{
    		unsigned long r = a | b;
    
    		if (!a || !b)
    			return r;
    
    		r &= -r;
    
    		while (!(b & r))
    			b >>= 1;
    
    		for (;;) {
    			while (!(a & r))
    				a >>= 1;
    			if (a == b)
    				return a;
    
    			if (a < b)
    				swap(a, b);
    			a -= b;
    			a >>= 1;
    			if (a & r)
    				a += b;
    			a >>= 1;
    		}
    	}
    
    	unsigned long gcd3(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
    	{
    		unsigned long r = a | b;
    
    		if (!a || !b)
    			return r;
    
    		b >>= __builtin_ctzl(b);
    		if (b == 1)
    			return r & -r;
    
    		for (;;) {
    			a >>= __builtin_ctzl(a);
    			if (a == 1)
    				return r & -r;
    			if (a == b)
    				return a << __builtin_ctzl(r);
    
    			if (a < b)
    				swap(a, b);
    			a -= b;
    		}
    	}
    
    	unsigned long gcd4(unsigned long a, unsigned long b)
    	{
    		unsigned long r = a | b;
    
    		if (!a || !b)
    			return r;
    
    		r &= -r;
    
    		while (!(b & r))
    			b >>= 1;
    		if (b == r)
    			return r;
    
    		for (;;) {
    			while (!(a & r))
    				a >>= 1;
    			if (a == r)
    				return r;
    			if (a == b)
    				return a;
    
    			if (a < b)
    				swap(a, b);
    			a -= b;
    			a >>= 1;
    			if (a & r)
    				a += b;
    			a >>= 1;
    		}
    	}
    
    	static unsigned long (*gcd_func[])(unsigned long a, unsigned long b) = {
    		gcd0, gcd1, gcd2, gcd3, gcd4,
    	};
    
    	#define TEST_ENTRIES (sizeof(gcd_func) / sizeof(gcd_func[0]))
    
    	#if defined(__x86_64__)
    
    	#define rdtscll(val) do { \
    		unsigned long __a,__d; \
    		__asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc" : "=a" (__a), "=d" (__d)); \
    		(val) = ((unsigned long long)__a) | (((unsigned long long)__d)<<32); \
    	} while(0)
    
    	static unsigned long long benchmark_gcd_func(unsigned long (*gcd)(unsigned long, unsigned long),
    								unsigned long a, unsigned long b, unsigned long *res)
    	{
    		unsigned long long start, end;
    		unsigned long long ret;
    		unsigned long gcd_res;
    
    		rdtscll(start);
    		gcd_res = gcd(a, b);
    		rdtscll(end);
    
    		if (end >= start)
    			ret = end - start;
    		else
    			ret = ~0ULL - start + 1 + end;
    
    		*res = gcd_res;
    		return ret;
    	}
    
    	#else
    
    	static inline struct timespec read_time(void)
    	{
    		struct timespec time;
    		clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &time);
    		return time;
    	}
    
    	static inline unsigned long long diff_time(struct timespec start, struct timespec end)
    	{
    		struct timespec temp;
    
    		if ((end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec) < 0) {
    			temp.tv_sec = end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec - 1;
    			temp.tv_nsec = 1000000000ULL + end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
    		} else {
    			temp.tv_sec = end.tv_sec - start.tv_sec;
    			temp.tv_nsec = end.tv_nsec - start.tv_nsec;
    		}
    
    		return temp.tv_sec * 1000000000ULL + temp.tv_nsec;
    	}
    
    	static unsigned long long benchmark_gcd_func(unsigned long (*gcd)(unsigned long, unsigned long),
    								unsigned long a, unsigned long b, unsigned long *res)
    	{
    		struct timespec start, end;
    		unsigned long gcd_res;
    
    		start = read_time();
    		gcd_res = gcd(a, b);
    		end = read_time();
    
    		*res = gcd_res;
    		return diff_time(start, end);
    	}
    
    	#endif
    
    	static inline unsigned long get_rand()
    	{
    		if (sizeof(long) == 8)
    			return (unsigned long)rand() << 32 | rand();
    		else
    			return rand();
    	}
    
    	int main(int argc, char **argv)
    	{
    		unsigned int seed = time(0);
    		int loops = 100;
    		int repeats = 1000;
    		unsigned long (*res)[TEST_ENTRIES];
    		unsigned long long elapsed[TEST_ENTRIES];
    		int i, j, k;
    
    		for (;;) {
    			int opt = getopt(argc, argv, "n:r:s:");
    			/* End condition always first */
    			if (opt == -1)
    				break;
    
    			switch (opt) {
    			case 'n':
    				loops = atoi(optarg);
    				break;
    			case 'r':
    				repeats = atoi(optarg);
    				break;
    			case 's':
    				seed = strtoul(optarg, NULL, 10);
    				break;
    			default:
    				/* You won't actually get here. */
    				break;
    			}
    		}
    
    		res = malloc(sizeof(unsigned long) * TEST_ENTRIES * loops);
    		memset(elapsed, 0, sizeof(elapsed));
    
    		srand(seed);
    		for (j = 0; j < loops; j++) {
    			unsigned long a = get_rand();
    			/* Do we have args? */
    			unsigned long b = argc > optind ? strtoul(argv[optind], NULL, 10) : get_rand();
    			unsigned long long min_elapsed[TEST_ENTRIES];
    			for (k = 0; k < repeats; k++) {
    				for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++) {
    					unsigned long long tmp = benchmark_gcd_func(gcd_func[i], a, b, &res[j][i]);
    					if (k == 0 || min_elapsed[i] > tmp)
    						min_elapsed[i] = tmp;
    				}
    			}
    			for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++)
    				elapsed[i] += min_elapsed[i];
    		}
    
    		for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++)
    			printf("gcd%d: elapsed %llu\n", i, elapsed[i]);
    
    		k = 0;
    		srand(seed);
    		for (j = 0; j < loops; j++) {
    			unsigned long a = get_rand();
    			unsigned long b = argc > optind ? strtoul(argv[optind], NULL, 10) : get_rand();
    			for (i = 1; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++) {
    				if (res[j][i] != res[j][0])
    					break;
    			}
    			if (i < TEST_ENTRIES) {
    				if (k == 0) {
    					k = 1;
    					fprintf(stderr, "Error:\n");
    				}
    				fprintf(stderr, "gcd(%lu, %lu): ", a, b);
    				for (i = 0; i < TEST_ENTRIES; i++)
    					fprintf(stderr, "%ld%s", res[j][i], i < TEST_ENTRIES - 1 ? ", " : "\n");
    			}
    		}
    
    		if (k == 0)
    			fprintf(stderr, "PASS\n");
    
    		free(res);
    
    		return 0;
    	}
    
    Compiled with "-O2", on "VirtualBox 4.4.0-22-generic #38-Ubuntu x86_64" got:
    
      zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
      gcd0: elapsed 10174
      gcd1: elapsed 2120
      gcd2: elapsed 2902
      gcd3: elapsed 2039
      gcd4: elapsed 2812
      PASS
      zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
      gcd0: elapsed 9309
      gcd1: elapsed 2280
      gcd2: elapsed 2822
      gcd3: elapsed 2217
      gcd4: elapsed 2710
      PASS
      zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
      gcd0: elapsed 9589
      gcd1: elapsed 2098
      gcd2: elapsed 2815
      gcd3: elapsed 2030
      gcd4: elapsed 2718
      PASS
      zhaoxiuzeng@zhaoxiuzeng-VirtualBox:~/develop$ ./gcd -r 500000 -n 10
      gcd0: elapsed 9914
      gcd1: elapsed 2309
      gcd2: elapsed 2779
      gcd3: elapsed 2228
      gcd4: elapsed 2709
      PASS
    
    [akpm@linux-foundation.org: avoid #defining a CONFIG_ variable]
    Signed-off-by: default avatarZhaoxiu Zeng <zhaoxiu.zeng@gmail.com>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarGeorge Spelvin <linux@horizon.com>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarAndrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
    Signed-off-by: default avatarLinus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
    fff7fb0b
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