When lambda captures stack-resided variable by reference, it actually
remembers address of that variable and inside lambda code dereferences
that address on variable use. The lifetime of all spawned goroutines in
libgolang_test is subset of test function driver lifetime, so capturing
by reference should be safe in that situation on the first glance.
However for that to work, it is required that stacks of both goroutines
- the main goroutine and spawned goroutine - must be live at the same
time, so that spawned goroutine could safely retrieve a
reference-captured variable located on the main goroutine stack.

This works for thread runtime, but is known not to work for gevent
runtime, where inactive goroutine stack is swapped onto heap and is
generally considered "dead" while that goroutine is parked (see
"Implementation note" in 3b241983 "Port/move channels to C/C++/Pyx" for
details about this).

-> Fix the test by capturing by value in lambdas. What we capture is
usually chan<T> object, which itself is a pointer, so it should not make
a big difference in efficiency. It is also more safe to capture channels
by value, since that automatically incref/decref them and adds extra
protection wrt lifetime management bugs.

NOTE sending/receiving via channels from/to stack-based variables is
always safe - for both thread and gevent runtimes, as channels
implementation explicitly cares for this to work. Once again
"Implementation note" in 3b241983 has the details.

Give what() to PanicError so that uncaught panics give proper message on
std::terminate_handler crash instead of printing just "std::exception",
for example

    terminate called after throwing an instance of 'golang::PanicError'
      what():  chan: decref: free: recvq not empty

instead of

    terminate called after throwing an instance of 'golang::PanicError'
      what():  std::exception

- ThreadSanitizer helps to detect races and some memory errors,
- AddressSanitizer helps to detect memory errors,
- Python debug builds help to detect e.g reference counting errors.

Adding all those tools to testing coverage discovers e.g. the following
bugs (not a full list):

---- 8< ----

py27-thread-tsan:
WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=7143)
  Write of size 8 at 0x7b1400000650 by main thread:
    #0 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:649 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
    #1 free ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:643 (libtsan.so.0+0x2b46a)
    #2 golang::_chan::decref() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:470 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x47f2)
    #3 _chanxdecref golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:452 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x484a)
    #4 _test_go_c golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:86 (_golang_test.so+0x13a2e)
    #5 __pyx_pf_6golang_12_golang_test_12test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3340 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
    #6 __pyx_pw_6golang_12_golang_test_13test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3305 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
    #7 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf68b4)

  Previous read of size 8 at 0x7b1400000650 by thread T8:
    #0 golang::Sema::acquire() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:164 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x410a)
    #1 golang::Mutex::lock() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:175 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4c82)
    #2 golang::_chan::close() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:754 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4c82)
    #3 _chanclose golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:732 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x4d1a)
    #4 _work golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:92 (_golang_test.so+0x136cc)
    #5 <null> <null> (python2.7+0x1929e3)

  Thread T8 (tid=7311, finished) created by main thread at:
    #0 pthread_create ../../../../src/libsanitizer/tsan/tsan_interceptors.cc:915 (libtsan.so.0+0x2be1b)
    #1 PyThread_start_new_thread <null> (python2.7+0x19299f)
    #2 _taskgo golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:119 (liblibgolang.so.0.1+0x3f68)
    #3 _test_go_c golang/runtime/libgolang_test_c.c:84 (_golang_test.so+0x13a1c)
    #4 __pyx_pf_6golang_12_golang_test_12test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3340 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
    #5 __pyx_pw_6golang_12_golang_test_13test_go_c golang/_golang_test.cpp:3305 (_golang_test.so+0xcbaa)
    #6 PyEval_EvalFrameEx <null> (python2.7+0xf68b4)

py37-thread-asan:
==22205==ERROR: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free on address 0x607000002cd0 at pc 0x7fd3732a7679 bp 0x7fd3723c8c50 sp 0x7fd3723c8c48
READ of size 8 at 0x607000002cd0 thread T7
    #0 0x7fd3732a7678 in golang::Sema::acquire() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:164
    #1 0x7fd3732a8644 in golang::Mutex::lock() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:175
    #2 0x7fd3732a8644 in golang::_chan::close() golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:754
    #3 0x7fd3724004b2 in golang::chan<golang::structZ>::close() const golang/libgolang.h:323
    #4 0x7fd3724004b2 in operator() golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:262
    #5 0x7fd3724004b2 in __invoke_impl<void, _test_chan_vs_stackdeadwhileparked()::<lambda()>&> /usr/include/c++/8/bits/invoke.h:60
    #6 0x7fd3724004b2 in __invoke<_test_chan_vs_stackdeadwhileparked()::<lambda()>&> /usr/include/c++/8/bits/invoke.h:95
    #7 0x7fd3724004b2 in __call<void> /usr/include/c++/8/functional:400
    #8 0x7fd3724004b2 in operator()<> /usr/include/c++/8/functional:484
    #9 0x7fd3724004b2 in _M_invoke /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:297
    #10 0x7fd3723fdc6e in std::function<void ()>::operator()() const /usr/include/c++/8/bits/std_function.h:687
    #11 0x7fd3723fdc6e in operator() golang/libgolang.h:273
    #12 0x7fd3723fdc6e in _FUN golang/libgolang.h:271
    #13 0x62ddf3  (/home/kirr/src/tools/go/pygolang-master/.tox/py37-thread-asan/bin/python3+0x62ddf3)
    #14 0x7fd377393fa2 in start_thread /build/glibc-vjB4T1/glibc-2.28/nptl/pthread_create.c:486
    #15 0x7fd376eda4ce in clone (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0xf94ce)

0x607000002cd0 is located 16 bytes inside of 72-byte region [0x607000002cc0,0x607000002d08)
freed by thread T0 here:
    #0 0x7fd377519fb0 in __interceptor_free (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0xe8fb0)
    #1 0x7fd372401335 in golang::chan<golang::structZ>::~chan() golang/libgolang.h:292
    #2 0x7fd372401335 in _test_chan_vs_stackdeadwhileparked() golang/runtime/libgolang_test.cpp:222

previously allocated by thread T0 here:
    #0 0x7fd37751a518 in calloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0xe9518)
    #1 0x7fd3732a7d0b in zalloc golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:1185
    #2 0x7fd3732a7d0b in _makechan golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:413

Thread T7 created by T0 here:
    #0 0x7fd377481db0 in __interceptor_pthread_create (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0x50db0)
    #1 0x62df39 in PyThread_start_new_thread (/home/kirr/src/tools/go/pygolang-master/.tox/py37-thread-asan/bin/python3+0x62df39)

SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: heap-use-after-free golang/runtime/libgolang.cpp:164 in golang::Sema::acquire()
Shadow bytes around the buggy address:
  0x0c0e7fff8540: fa fa fa fa fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa
  0x0c0e7fff8550: fa fa fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa
  0x0c0e7fff8560: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fd fd
  0x0c0e7fff8570: fd fd fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fd fd fd fd
  0x0c0e7fff8580: fd fd fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fd fd fd fd fd fd
=>0x0c0e7fff8590: fd fd fd fa fa fa fa fa fd fd[fd]fd fd fd fd fd
  0x0c0e7fff85a0: fd fa fa fa fa fa 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 fa
  0x0c0e7fff85b0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
  0x0c0e7fff85c0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
  0x0c0e7fff85d0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
  0x0c0e7fff85e0: fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa
Shadow byte legend (one shadow byte represents 8 application bytes):
  Addressable:           00
  Partially addressable: 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
  Heap left redzone:       fa
  Freed heap region:       fd
  Stack left redzone:      f1
  Stack mid redzone:       f2
  Stack right redzone:     f3
  Stack after return:      f5
  Stack use after scope:   f8
  Global redzone:          f9
  Global init order:       f6
  Poisoned by user:        f7
  Container overflow:      fc
  Array cookie:            ac
  Intra object redzone:    bb
  ASan internal:           fe
  Left alloca redzone:     ca
  Right alloca redzone:    cb

---- 8< ----

The bugs will be addressed in the followup patches.

Make it clear which scope is covered by with_lock(mu): instead of
implicitly having it from with_lock till end of current block

		with_lock(mu);
		...
	} // end of current block

make it to be the statement covered by with_lock, as if with_lock was
e.g. an `if`, for example:

	with_lock(mu)
		do_something();
	// mu released here

or

	with_lock(mu) {
		do_smth1();
		do_smth2();
	} // mu released here

This makes the intent in __chanselect2 more clear: it was

	ch->_mu.lock();
	with_lock(g->_mu);
		...
	ch->_mu.unlock();

and semantically human expects g->mu to be released _before_
ch->_mu.unlock(). However with current with_lock implementation, g->mu
will be released _after_ ch->_mu.unlock(), which goes against intuition.

-> By reworking with_lock implementation to cover only next statement or
block of code we make sure that g->_mu will be released _before_
ch->_mu - the same way as it was until 3b241983 (Port/move channels to
C/C++/Pyx):

	ch->_mu.lock();
	with_lock(g->_mu) {
		...
	}
	ch->_mu.unlock();

Be on safe side: both aspects - copy and move - are forbidden for all
those internal classes.

We already clear whole chan memory (struct _chan + channel buffer that
comes after it) on channel release. However, probably due to a thinko,
on creation path only struct _chan without buffer was cleared.

-> Be on the safe side and clear everything. Use zalloc helper to
automatically avoid bugs when size of allocation != size of clear.

I reported the bug (see 69db91bf "libgolang: Add internal
semaphores") to CPython and PyPy upstreams. PyPy people already fixed it
and the fix, if I understood correctly, should be available as part of
PyPy 7.2 . Let's hope that CPython 2.7 will be also fixed.

- https://bugs.python.org/issue38106
    -> https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/16047
- https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/issues/3072

Added Python-level test triggers the bug with high probability.
Dedicated C-level Semaphore-only test is pending.

With WAIT_LOCK flag and correct usage PyThread_acquire_lock should never
fail, but let's be cautious and verify that it indeed succeeds to acquire
the lock.

The rest of external functions called by thread runtime either have void
return, or their return is checked.

- pytest cache
- pip wheel metadata
- tags (from ctags)
- vim swap files

In Python, %-formatting needs % operator, not ",".

chan<T> is a pointer type and e.g. send does not change the pointer - it
only "modifies" channel buffer. Marking appropriate methods as const is
needed so that `const chan<T>` could be used to send/receive the same
way as `chan <T>` is used.

ch->_mu was initialized with Sema - not Mutex - constructor.
It was appearing to work because currently Mutex is a trivial wrapper
around Sema.

As suggested by https://github.com/jayvdb run manifest checker and oops,
it finds that we forgot to include pyproject.toml for testprog/golang_pyx_user:

    missing from sdist:
      golang/pyx/testprog/golang_pyx_user/pyproject.toml
    suggested MANIFEST.in rules:
      recursive-include golang *.toml

-> Fix MANIFEST.in in generic way to include golang/*/*.toml

The bug was not affecting pygolang usage - only golang.pyx.build tests were
failing for sdist installed pygolang.

- Move channels implementation to be done in C++ inside libgolang. The
  code and logic is based on previous Python-level channels
  implementation, but the new code is just C++ and does not depend on
  Python nor GIL at all, and so works without GIL if libgolang
  runtime works without GIL(*).

  (*) for example "thread" runtime works without GIL, while "gevent" runtime
      acquires GIL on every semaphore acquire.

  New channels implementation is located in δ(libgolang.cpp).

- Provide low-level C channels API to the implementation. The low-level
  C API was inspired by Libtask[1] and Plan9/Libthread[2].

  [1] Libtask: a Coroutine Library for C and Unix. https://swtch.com/libtask.
  [2] http://9p.io/magic/man2html/2/thread.

- Provide high-level C++ channels API that provides type-safety and
  automatic channel lifetime management.

  Overview of C and C++ APIs are in δ(libgolang.h).

- Expose C++ channels API at Pyx level as Cython/nogil API so that Cython
  programs could use channels with ease and without need to care about
  lifetime management and low-level details.

  Overview of Cython/nogil channels API is in δ(README.rst) and
  δ(_golang.pxd).

- Turn Python channels to be tiny wrapper around chan<PyObject>.

Implementation note:

- gevent case needs special care because greenlet, which gevent uses,
  swaps coroutine stack from C stack to heap on coroutine park, and
  replaces that space on C stack with stack of activated coroutine
  copied back from heap. This way if an object on g's stack is accessed
  while g is parked it would be memory of another g's stack.

  The channels implementation explicitly cares about this issue so that
  stack -> * channel send, or * -> stack channel receive work correctly.

  It should be noted that greenlet approach, which it inherits from
  stackless, is not only a bit tricky, but also comes with overhead
  (stack <-> heap copy), and prevents a coroutine to migrate from 1 OS
  thread to another OS thread as that would change addresses of on-stack
  things for that coroutine.

  As the latter property prevents to use multiple CPUs even if the
  program / runtime are prepared to work without GIL, it would be more
  logical to change gevent/greenlet to use separate stack for each
  coroutine. That would remove stack <-> heap copy and the need for
  special care in channels implementation for stack - stack sends.
  Such approach should be possible to implement with e.g. swapcontext or
  similar mechanism, and a proof of concept of such work wrapped into
  greenlet-compatible API exists[3]. It would be good if at some point
  there would be a chance to explore such approach in Pygolang context.

  [3] https://github.com/python-greenlet/greenlet/issues/113#issuecomment-264529838 and below

Just this patch brings in the following speedup at Python level:

 (on i7@2.6GHz)

thread runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               20.0µs ± 1%  15.6µs ± 1%  -21.84%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    chan             9.37µs ± 4%  2.89µs ± 6%  -69.12%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           20.2µs ± 4%   3.4µs ± 5%  -83.20%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
    def              58.0ns ± 0%  60.0ns ± 0%   +3.45%  (p=0.000 n=8+10)
    func_def         43.8µs ± 1%  43.9µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.796 n=10+10)
    call             62.4ns ± 1%  63.5ns ± 1%   +1.76%  (p=0.001 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.06µs ± 1%  1.05µs ± 1%   -0.63%  (p=0.002 n=10+10)
    try_finally       136ns ± 0%   137ns ± 0%   +0.74%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
    defer            2.28µs ± 1%  2.33µs ± 1%   +2.34%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  48.2µs ± 1%  34.1µs ± 2%  -29.18%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
    workgroup_raise  58.9µs ± 1%  45.5µs ± 1%  -22.74%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

gevent runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               24.7µs ± 1%  15.9µs ± 1%  -35.72%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
    chan             11.6µs ± 1%   7.3µs ± 1%  -36.74%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           22.5µs ± 1%  10.4µs ± 1%  -53.73%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    def              55.0ns ± 0%  55.0ns ± 0%     ~     (all equal)
    func_def         43.6µs ± 1%  43.6µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.684 n=10+10)
    call             63.0ns ± 0%  64.0ns ± 0%   +1.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.06µs ± 1%  1.07µs ± 1%   +0.45%  (p=0.045 n=10+9)
    try_finally       135ns ± 0%   137ns ± 0%   +1.48%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.31µs ± 1%  2.33µs ± 1%   +0.89%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  70.2µs ± 0%  55.8µs ± 0%  -20.63%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise  90.3µs ± 0%  70.9µs ± 1%  -21.51%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)

The whole Cython/nogil work - starting from 8fa3c15b (Start using Cython
and providing Cython/nogil API) to this patch - brings in the following
speedup at Python level:

 (on i7@2.6GHz)

thread runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               92.9µs ± 1%  15.6µs ± 1%  -83.16%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    chan             13.9µs ± 1%   2.9µs ± 6%  -79.14%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           29.7µs ± 6%   3.4µs ± 5%  -88.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    def              57.0ns ± 0%  60.0ns ± 0%   +5.26%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         44.0µs ± 1%  43.9µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.055 n=10+10)
    call             63.5ns ± 1%  63.5ns ± 1%     ~     (p=1.000 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.06µs ± 0%  1.05µs ± 1%   -1.31%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    try_finally       139ns ± 0%   137ns ± 0%   -1.44%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.36µs ± 1%  2.33µs ± 1%   -1.26%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  98.4µs ± 1%  34.1µs ± 2%  -65.32%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise   135µs ± 1%    46µs ± 1%  -66.35%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

gevent runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               68.8µs ± 1%  15.9µs ± 1%  -76.91%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    chan             14.8µs ± 1%   7.3µs ± 1%  -50.67%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           32.0µs ± 0%  10.4µs ± 1%  -67.57%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    def              58.0ns ± 0%  55.0ns ± 0%   -5.17%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         43.9µs ± 1%  43.6µs ± 1%   -0.53%  (p=0.035 n=10+10)
    call             63.5ns ± 1%  64.0ns ± 0%   +0.79%  (p=0.033 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.08µs ± 1%  1.07µs ± 1%   -1.74%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    try_finally       142ns ± 0%   137ns ± 0%   -3.52%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.32µs ± 1%  2.33µs ± 1%   +0.71%  (p=0.005 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  90.3µs ± 0%  55.8µs ± 0%  -38.26%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise   108µs ± 1%    71µs ± 1%  -34.64%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

This patch is the final patch in series to reach the goal of providing
channels that could be used in Cython/nogil code.

Cython/nogil channels work is dedicated to the memory of Вера Павловна Супрун[4].

[4] https://navytux.spb.ru/memory/%D0%A2%D1%91%D1%82%D1%8F%20%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.pdf#page=3

Copy linux/list.h from wendelin.core which copied it from
util-linux.git which took it from linux.git at LGPL license state.

Here are corresponding links for wendelin.core and util-linux:

    nexedi/wendelin.core@a0f940ad
    https://git.kernel.org/cgit/utils/util-linux/util-linux.git/tree/include/list.h?id=v2.25-165-g9138d6f

Linked lists will be used in channels implementation in the next patch.

- Add semaphore alloc/free/acquire/release functionality to libgolang runtime;
- Implement semaphores for thread and gevent runtimes.

  * Thread runtime uses PyThread_acquire_lock/PyThread_release_lock +
    PyThread_acquire_lock/PyThread_release_lock, which, if used
    carefully, do not depend on GIL and on e.g. POSIX are tiny wrappers
    around sem_init(process-private) + sem_post/sem_wait(*).

  * Gevent runtime uses geven't Semaphore in Pyx mode.

- Add Sema and Mutex classes that use semaphores provided by a runtime
  in a RAII style.
- Add with_lock(mu) that mimics `with mu` in Python.

Sema and Mutex will be used in channels implementation in the followup
patch.

(*) during late testing a bug was found in CPython2 and PyPy semaphore
implementations on Darwin (technically speaking on POSIX with
_POSIX_SEMAPHORES undefined). Quoting the patch:

    FIXME On Darwin, even though this is considered as POSIX, Python uses
    mutex+condition variable to implement its lock, and, as of 20190828, Py2.7
    implementation, even though similar issue was fixed for Py3 in 2012, contains
    synchronization bug: the condition is signalled after mutex unlock while the
    correct protocol is to signal condition from under mutex:

      https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v2.7.16-127-g0229b56d8c0/Python/thread_pthread.h#L486-L506
      https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/187aa545165d (py3 fix)

    PyPy has the same bug for both pypy2 and pypy3:

      https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/src/578667b3fef9/rpython/translator/c/src/thread_pthread.c#lines-443:465
      https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/src/5b42890d48c3/rpython/translator/c/src/thread_pthread.c#lines-443:465

    This way when Pygolang is used with buggy Python/darwin, the bug leads to
    frequently appearing deadlocks, while e.g. CPython3/darwin works ok.

    -> TODO maintain our own semaphore code.

So eventually we'll have push down and maintain our own semaphores,
at least for platforms we care, not to be beaten by CPython runtime bugs.

Move `ch = py{send,recv}.__self__` to right after case __class__ check.
For now both versions - old and new - can work, but when we'll move
channel implementations to C the new version will be required to access
pychan C-level attribute earlier than where ch is currently initialized.

For clarity to denote that things work at Python level:

    - casev	-> pycasev
    - case	-> pycase
    - recv	-> pyrecv
    - send	-> pysend

Channel object is still denoted as `ch` to reduce noise for when chan IO
code will be move into libgolang. `ch` will be renamed to `pych` after
that.

- put the logic to test-tweak what happens inside _blockforever into
  context manager pypanicWhenBlocked;
- place this manager in pyx code, where it can later be changed to tweak
  _blockforever at C level.

For clarity to distinguish where an object is Python-level channel, or
(later) a C-level channel.

Change `from golang import chan` to `from golang cimport pychan`; add
type annotations where pychan is used. Using pychan at C level will be
needed when test code will need to access C-level pychan attributes.

We will need to add C-level attributes to pychan and this requires it to
become cdef class. The class is exported because at least
_golang_test.pyx will also need to have access to those attributes.

If we just do `class pychan` -> `cdef class pychan` e.g. the following
starts to break:

    1.venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/py/_path/local.py:701: in pyimport
        __import__(modname)
    golang/__init__.py:174: in <module>
        from ._golang import    \
    golang/_golang.pyx:455: in init golang._golang
        _pychan_send  = _pychan_send.__func__
    E   AttributeError: 'method_descriptor' object has no attribute '__func__'

and

    golang/_golang.pyx:513: in golang._golang.pyselect
        if im_class(recv) is not pychan:
    _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

    f = <built-in method recv of golang._golang.pychan object at 0x7f7055e57cc8>

        def im_class(f):
    >       return f.im_class
    E       AttributeError: 'builtin_function_or_method' object has no attribute 'im_class'

    golang/_pycompat.py:28: AttributeError

This is probably because for `cdef class` methods Cython does not
emulate full method bindings the same way as Python does.  Anyway we can
check which method is passed to pyselect by chanop.__name__ or by
inspecting PyCFunction directly. And not having method binding wrapper
should only remove a bit of overhead.

So we are ok with reworking send/recv chanop detection, and since
this way im_class provided by golang._pycompat becomes unused, it is
also removed.

The timings are probably within noise:

 (on i7@2.6GHz)

thread runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               21.7µs ± 1%  20.0µs ± 1%  -7.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    chan             9.91µs ± 4%  9.37µs ± 4%  -5.39%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           19.2µs ± 4%  20.2µs ± 4%  +5.62%  (p=0.001 n=9+8)
    def              58.0ns ± 0%  58.0ns ± 0%    ~     (all equal)
    func_def         44.4µs ± 0%  43.8µs ± 1%  -1.22%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    call             63.0ns ± 0%  62.4ns ± 1%  -0.95%  (p=0.011 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.05µs ± 1%  1.06µs ± 1%    ~     (p=0.059 n=10+10)
    try_finally       135ns ± 0%   136ns ± 0%  +0.74%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    defer            2.36µs ± 1%  2.28µs ± 1%  -3.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  49.0µs ± 1%  48.2µs ± 1%  -1.63%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    workgroup_raise  62.6µs ± 1%  58.9µs ± 1%  -5.96%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

gevent runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               21.7µs ± 1%  20.5µs ± 1%  -5.33%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    chan             9.91µs ± 4%  9.72µs ± 5%    ~     (p=0.190 n=10+10)
    select           19.2µs ± 4%  19.5µs ±14%    ~     (p=0.968 n=9+10)
    def              58.0ns ± 0%  58.0ns ± 0%    ~     (all equal)
    func_def         44.4µs ± 0%  45.4µs ± 1%  +2.23%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    call             63.0ns ± 0%  64.0ns ± 0%  +1.59%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.05µs ± 1%  1.06µs ± 0%  +0.65%  (p=0.002 n=10+10)
    try_finally       135ns ± 0%   137ns ± 0%  +1.48%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.36µs ± 1%  2.38µs ± 1%  +0.72%  (p=0.006 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  49.0µs ± 1%  48.2µs ± 1%  -1.65%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise  62.6µs ± 1%  60.3µs ± 1%  -3.69%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

For consistency to denote that this functions work at Python level:

    - len_sendq    -> pylen_sendq
    - len_recvq    -> pylen_recvq
    - waitBlocked  -> pywaitBlocked

Plain test code movement with s/panic/pypanic/ as in golang.pyx panic is
already there and means semantically different thing. We need this code to
live in pyx world, because when channels implementation will be moved to
C, this utilities will need to be adjusted in a way that is not possible
to do from Python.

Denote what a method returns via `# -> ...` suffix.

Use `ch` instead of `self` for pychan methods. This aligns with how
(py)chan objects are currently denoted in (py)select and will reduce the
difference when chan code is moved into libgolang. We are sticking to Go
convention here.

After the code with channels implementation is moved into libgolang, the
rest bits in golang.pyx will be changed to refer to pychan objects as
pych for clarity.

To denote that this function/classes work at Python level:

    - chan    -> pychan
    - select  -> pyselect
    - default -> pydefault
    - nilchan -> pynilchan

Plain code movement with just s/panic/pypanic/ as in golang.pyx panic is
aleady there and means semantically different thing. Moved code, even
though it lives in golang.pyx, is still Python code and requires Python
runtime and GIL. We'll be splitting channels implementation into nogil
world in the following patches.

Just plain movement to Cython brings the following speedup:

 (on i7@2.6GHz)

thread runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               26.6µs ± 1%  21.7µs ± 1%  -18.54%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    chan             13.7µs ± 1%   9.9µs ± 4%  -27.80%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           29.3µs ± 2%  19.2µs ± 4%  -34.65%  (p=0.000 n=9+9)
    def              55.0ns ± 0%  58.0ns ± 0%   +5.45%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         44.0µs ± 1%  44.4µs ± 0%   +0.72%  (p=0.002 n=10+10)
    call             64.0ns ± 0%  63.0ns ± 0%   -1.56%  (p=0.002 n=8+10)
    func_call        1.09µs ± 1%  1.05µs ± 1%   -2.96%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    try_finally       139ns ± 2%   135ns ± 0%   -2.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    defer            2.36µs ± 1%  2.36µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.617 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  58.1µs ± 1%  49.0µs ± 1%  -15.61%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise  72.7µs ± 1%  62.6µs ± 1%  -13.88%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

gevent runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               28.6µs ± 0%  25.4µs ± 0%  -11.20%  (p=0.000 n=8+9)
    chan             15.8µs ± 1%  12.2µs ± 1%  -22.62%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           33.1µs ± 1%  23.3µs ± 2%  -29.60%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    def              55.0ns ± 0%  56.0ns ± 0%   +1.82%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         44.4µs ± 2%  43.0µs ± 1%   -3.06%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    call             64.0ns ± 2%  69.0ns ± 0%   +7.81%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.06µs ± 0%  1.06µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.913 n=8+9)
    try_finally       136ns ± 0%   139ns ± 0%   +2.21%  (p=0.000 n=9+10)
    defer            2.29µs ± 1%  2.38µs ± 2%   +3.58%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  73.8µs ± 1%  70.5µs ± 1%   -4.48%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise  94.1µs ± 0%  90.6µs ± 0%   -3.69%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

- Add go functionality to libgolang runtime;
- Implement go for thread and gevent runtimes.

  * Thread runtime uses PyThread_start_new_thread which, if used
    carefully, does not depend on Python GIL and on e.g. POSIX reduces to
    tiny wrapper around pthread_create.

  * Gevent runtime uses gevent's Greenlet in Pyx mode. This turns
    gevent to be a build-time dependency.

- Provide low-level _taskgo in C client API;
- Provide type-safe C++-level go wrapper over _taskgo;
- Switch golang.go from py implementation into Pyx wrapper over
  Pyx/nogil API.

This is the first patch that adds Pyx/C++/C-level unit tests and hooks
them into golang_test.py .

This patch brings the following speedup to Python-level interface:

 (on i7@2.6GHz)

thread runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               93.0µs ± 1%  26.6µs ± 1%  -71.41%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    chan             13.6µs ± 2%  13.7µs ± 1%     ~     (p=0.280 n=10+10)
    select           29.9µs ± 4%  29.3µs ± 2%   -1.89%  (p=0.017 n=10+9)
    def              61.0ns ± 0%  55.0ns ± 0%   -9.84%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         43.8µs ± 1%  44.0µs ± 1%   +0.66%  (p=0.006 n=10+10)
    call             62.5ns ± 1%  64.0ns ± 0%   +2.40%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
    func_call        1.06µs ± 1%  1.09µs ± 1%   +2.72%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    try_finally       137ns ± 0%   139ns ± 2%   +1.17%  (p=0.033 n=10+10)
    defer            2.34µs ± 1%  2.36µs ± 1%   +0.84%  (p=0.015 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  96.1µs ± 1%  58.1µs ± 1%  -39.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise   135µs ± 1%    73µs ± 1%  -45.97%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

gevent runtime:

    name             old time/op  new time/op  delta
    go               68.8µs ± 1%  28.6µs ± 0%  -58.47%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
    chan             14.8µs ± 1%  15.8µs ± 1%   +6.19%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    select           32.0µs ± 0%  33.1µs ± 1%   +3.25%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    def              58.0ns ± 0%  55.0ns ± 0%   -5.17%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    func_def         43.9µs ± 1%  44.4µs ± 2%   +1.20%  (p=0.007 n=10+10)
    call             63.5ns ± 1%  64.0ns ± 2%     ~     (p=0.307 n=10+10)
    func_call        1.08µs ± 1%  1.06µs ± 0%   -2.55%  (p=0.000 n=10+8)
    try_finally       142ns ± 0%   136ns ± 0%   -4.23%  (p=0.000 n=10+9)
    defer            2.32µs ± 1%  2.29µs ± 1%   -0.96%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_empty  90.3µs ± 0%  73.8µs ± 1%  -18.29%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)
    workgroup_raise   108µs ± 1%    94µs ± 0%  -13.29%  (p=0.000 n=10+10)

(small changes are probably within noise; "go" and "workgroup_*" should be
representative)

The next patch will add `go` to Pyx API and correspondingly C, C++ and Pyx
level tests for it that will go into _golang_test.pyx extension. For
C-level test we'll use C source file - to verify that libgolang.h could
be used by C projects with C compiler, while for C++ and Pyx-level tests
the sources will be in C++. Thus _golang_test.so will be build from both
C and C++ sources.

This creates a problem: distutils / setuptools use the _same_ compiler
to compile both C and C++ sources and only use C++ compiler at link
stage. Thus, as it is not possible to tune compiler that is used only
for C++ sources, and also as it is not possible to provide per-source
flags, when compiling C-level test, the compiler will be invoked with
`-std=c++11` option that we inject. Gcc tolerates that and only prints a
warning, but Clang considers that an error and gives:

	error: invalid argument '-std=c++11' not allowed with 'C'`

A proper fix would be to change the build system from distutils to
something more flexible that uses C++ compiler for C++ sources and C
compiler for C sources and allows to tune per-unit flags. However it is
not a small step at this stage.

-> Use workaround and tweak options that are used when compiling sources
depending on whether it is C or C++.

- Add sleep functionality to libgolang runtime;
- Implement sleep for thread and gevent runtimes. Thread runtime
  implements sleep independently of GIL, but only for POSIX for now;
- Switch golang.time py module into using golang.time pyx module.

As we are adding sleep, related functionality to query system about
"what is current time?" is also added.

Libgolang will be generic library and it will adapt itself to particular
execution environment by way of runtime plugin. This commit introduces
stubs for two such runtimes - "thread" and "gevent" - and initializes
libgolang with particular runtime depending on whether golang is
imported with gevent preactivated or not.

The runtimes themselves are empty at this step. We'll be adding runtime
functionality in the following patches.

Start transforming Pygolang from being pure Python project into project
that uses both Python and Cython and provides both Python and Cython API
to its users.

For Cython API there is a goal for it to be usable independently of
Python GIL - i.e. independently of Python runtime and limitations
imposed by Python's global interpreter lock. The motivation for this
work is wendelin.core v2, which, due to its design, would deadlock if it
tries to take the GIL in its pinner thread.

This commit brings bare minimum establishing libraries and build system.
It:

- Introduces C/C++ library libgolang. Libgolang will be serving most of
  nogil functionality and Pyx API will be a small wrapper over it. At
  this step Libgolang comes only with C-level panic;

- Introduces Pyx package golang that is aliased to Pyx package
  golang._golang . Users can do `from golang cimport ...` similarly to how
  they do py-level `from golang import ...`. At this step golang.pyx
  only wraps panic and provides way to transform C-level panic into Python
  exception;

- Introduces Py package golang.pyx.build . This package, similarly to
  golang.org/pkg/go/build, serves as the system to build Pyx packages -
  both external packages that use Pygolang in pyx mode, and to build
  Pygolang itself. The build, internally, is served by setuptools_dso
  and cython. An example how to use golang.pyx.build from external
  project comes in golang/pyx/testprog/golang_pyx_user/ and is used by
  tests to verify golang.pyx.build functionality;

- Introduces Pygolang build dependency to cython and setuptools_dso.

We can include *.py from top-level directories, not only under
X/testdata/, X/testprog/ ...

This test is veriyfing only how leaked goroutines behave, not go in
general.

test_go was doing the same what pyrun is doing + adjusting PYTHONPATH a
bit. Merge PYTHONPATH adjustment into pyrun and use pyrun uniformly.

pyrun runs command without piping output.
pyout runs command and returns its output.