When calling tp_descr_get(self, obj, type), make sure that
we own a strong reference to "self".

Co-Authored-By: Wouter Bolsterlee.

Fix for invalid assert on big output of multiprocessing.Process.

distutils.spawn.find_executable() now falls back on os.defpath if the
PATH environment variable is not set.

Fail `test_semaphore_tracker_sigint` if no warnings are expected and one is received.

Fix race condition when the child receives SIGINT before it can register signal handlers for it.

The race condition occurs when the parent calls
`_semaphore_tracker.ensure_running()` (which in turn spawns the
semaphore_tracker using `_posixsubprocess.fork_exec`), the child
registers the signal handlers and the parent tries to kill the child.
What seem to happen is that in some slow systems, the parent sends the
signal to kill the child before the child protects against the signal.

math.factorial() was accepting non-integral Decimal instances. This is inconsistent with the actual behaviour for floats, which are not accepted.

* Fix Tools/clinic/clinic_test.py: add missing
  FakeClinic.destination_buffers attribute and pass a file argument
  to Clinic().
* Rename Tools/clinic/clinic_test.py to Lib/test/test_clinic.py:
  add temporary Tools/clinic/ to sys.path to import the clinic
  module.
Co-Authored-By: Pablo Galindo <pablogsal@gmail.com>

bpo-34485, bpo-34544: Again, pymain_read_conf() leaves LC_ALL locale
unchanged: only modify LC_CTYPE.

* Add _testcapi.get_coreconfig() to get the _PyCoreConfig of the
  interpreter
* test.pythoninfo now gets the core configuration using
  _testcapi.get_coreconfig()

bpo-34544: If _Py_CoerceLegacyLocale() fails to coerce the C locale,
restore the LC_CTYPE locale to the its previous value.

bpo-34485, bpo-34544: On some FreeBSD, nl_langinfo(CODESET) fails if
LC_ALL or LC_CTYPE is set to an invalid locale name. Replace
_Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_CTYPE) with _Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_ALL) to
initialize properly locales.

Partially revert commit 177d921c.

Make it clear that the n==0 case is included. Otherwise, you have to know that max==0.0 whenever n==0.

... by removing a superfluous "either".

Reported by Никита Люшненко on docs@.

"explicitelly" → "explicitly"

p.wait()

Sometimes some versions of the shared libraries that are part of the
traceback are compiled in optimised mode and the Program Counter (PC)
is not present, not allowing gdb to walk the frames back. When this
happens, the Python bindings of gdb raise an exception, making the
test impossible to succeed.

bpo-34408: Prevent a null pointer dereference and resource leakage in `PyInterpreterState_New()` (GH-8767)

* A pointer in `PyInterpreterState_New()` could have been `NULL` when being dereferenced.

* Memory was leaked in `PyInterpreterState_New()` when taking some error-handling code path.

The *max* value is no longer treated as a special case in the main loop.  Besides making the main loop simpler and branchless, this also lets us relax the input restriction of *vec* to contain only non-negative values.

bpo-34062: Add missing launcher argument and make behavior consistent between short and long arguments (GH-8827)

Added previously missing "--list" argument.
Made "--list" and "--list-paths" behavior consistent with the corresponding "-0" and "-0p" arguments.

Move strict_timestamps to constructor.

Update all test certs and keys to use future proof crypto settings:

* 3072 bit RSA keys
* SHA-256 signature
Signed-off-by: Christian Heimes <christian@python.org>

Modify TestPosixSpawn to run Python using -I and -S options.

Disable site module to avoid side effects. For example, on Fedora 28,
if the HOME environment variable is not set, site._getuserbase()
calls pwd.getpwuid() which opens /var/lib/sss/mc/passwd, but then
leaves the file open which makes test_close_file() to fail.

Use the core configuration of the interpreter, rather
than using global configuration variables. For example, replace
Py_QuietFlag with core_config->quiet.

* Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding and Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors
  default value is now NULL: initfsencoding() set them
  during Python initialization.
* Document how Python chooses the filesystem encoding and error
  handler.
* Add an assertion to _PyCoreConfig_Read().

PYTHONCOERCELOCALE=warn warning is now emitted later and written into
sys.stderr, rather than being written into the C stderr stream.

Add support for the "surrogatepass" error handler in
PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault() and PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault()
for the UTF-8 encoding.

Changes:

* _Py_DecodeUTF8Ex() and _Py_EncodeUTF8Ex() now support the
  surrogatepass error handler (_Py_ERROR_SURROGATEPASS).
* _Py_DecodeLocaleEx() and _Py_EncodeLocaleEx() now use
  the _Py_error_handler enum instead of "int surrogateescape" to pass
  the error handler. These functions now return -3 if the error
  handler is unknown.
* Add unit tests on _Py_DecodeLocaleEx() and _Py_EncodeLocaleEx()
  in test_codecs.
* Rename get_error_handler() to _Py_GetErrorHandler() and expose it
  as a private function.
* _freeze_importlib doesn't need config.filesystem_errors="strict"
  workaround anymore.

Py_DecodeLocale() and Py_EncodeLocale() now use the UTF-8 encoding on
Windows if Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag is zero.

pymain_read_conf() now sets Py_LegacyWindowsFSEncodingFlag in its
loop, but restore its value at exit.

Call config_init_fs_encoding() if filesystem_errors is not NULL but
filesystem_encoding is NULL.

_PyCoreConfig_Read() is now responsible to choose the filesystem
encoding and error handler. Using Py_Main(), the encoding is now
chosen even before calling Py_Initialize().

_PyCoreConfig.filesystem_encoding is now the reference, instead of
Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, for the Python filesystem encoding.

Changes:

* Add filesystem_encoding and filesystem_errors to _PyCoreConfig
* _PyCoreConfig_Read() now reads the locale encoding for the file
  system encoding.
* PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault() and PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize()
  now use the interpreter configuration rather than
  Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding and Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors
  global configuration variables.
* Add _Py_SetFileSystemEncoding() and _Py_ClearFileSystemEncoding()
  private functions to only modify Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding and
  Py_FileSystemDefaultEncodeErrors in coreconfig.c.
* _Py_CoerceLegacyLocale() now takes an int rather than
  _PyCoreConfig for the warning.

* Add stdio_encoding and stdio_errors fields to _PyCoreConfig.
* Add unit tests on stdio_encoding and stdio_errors.

On Windows, the LC_CTYPE is now set to the user preferred locale at
startup: _Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_CTYPE) is now called during the
Python initialization. Previously, the LC_CTYPE locale was "C" at
startup, but changed when calling setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "") or
setlocale(LC_ALL, "").

pymain_read_conf() now also calls _Py_SetLocaleFromEnv(LC_CTYPE) to
behave as _Py_InitializeCore(). Moreover, it doesn't save/restore the
LC_ALL anymore.

On Windows, standard streams like sys.stdout now always use
surrogateescape error handler by default (ignore the locale).

Standard streams like sys.stdout now use the "surrogateescape" error
handler, instead of "strict", on the POSIX locale (when the C locale is not
coerced and the UTF-8 Mode is disabled).

Add tests on sys.stdout.errors with LC_ALL=POSIX.