For example currently if result of decoding is expected to be unicode,
but is actually string the following confusing error is generated with
exactly the same have and want:

    --- FAIL: TestDecode/unicode(non-utf8)/"X\x01\x00\x00\x00\x93." (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:504: decode:
            have: "\x93"
            want: "\x93"

This happens because by default Printf("%#v") does not emit object type
even if it was derived type from builtin string - either our Bytes or
unicode, and emits the same string representation irregardless of which
type it is.

I think out-of-the box behaviour of %#v is unreasonable, but it is there
for a long time and so instead of trying to argue with Go upstream,
which after many years of arguing I think is not practical, teach our
Bytes and unicode types how to represent themselves under %#v with
indicating their type in the output.

After the fix the error from above becomes

    --- FAIL: TestDecode/unicode(non-utf8)/"X\x01\x00\x00\x00\x93." (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:504: decode:
            have: "\x93"
            want: ogórek.unicode("\x93")

which is more clear because want is different from have.

Adjusted behaviour is not test-only, because user applications might
want to do the same %#v at application level and there it would be also
confusing not to see a type.

/reviewed-by @kisielk
/reviewed-on https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/pull/67

fuzz: Export tests pickles to fuzz/corpus with stable filenames

In 9d1344ba (fuzz: Automatically export all tests pickles into
fuzz/corpus) I added code that automatically exports all test pickles
to fuzz corpus, so that fuzzing starts from all the tricky cases we
already put into tests. However exported files were named as
test-i-j.pickle, where i is sequential number of test entry in global
test vector. This way if we insert some new entry in the middle, or
change entries order it causes lots of renaming inside fuzz/corpus/ on
next `go generate`.

-> Fix that by emitting vectors as test-<sha1-of-pickle>.pickle so that
file name depends only on pickle content are remains stable
independently of entry position in the list of tests.

Besides changes to fuzz_test.go this patch brings:

1) rm fuzz/corpus/test-*.pickle
2) `go generate`

The result inside fuzz/corpus/ is pure renaming + removal of duplicates.
For example test-15-4.pickle is removed because the same data was in test-14-4.pickle
and now resides in test-ee4459c0c165c4cbc3672ee5ef5438e00121b229.pickle.

decoder: Fix integer overflow in BYTEARRAY8 handling

Rerunning recent go-fuze resulted in adding some new test vectors.

Rerunning fuzzing afresh found the following crash because uint64 len > max(int64)
was cast to int resulting in negative number:

    "\x960000000\xbd"

    panic: bytes.Buffer.Grow: negative count

    goroutine 1 [running]:
    bytes.(*Buffer).Grow(0xc000012140?, 0xc00010abf8?)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go1.22/src/bytes/buffer.go:166 +0xb4
    github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).bufLoadBytesData(0xc000072000, 0xbd30303030303030)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:788 +0xd5
    github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).bufLoadBinData8(0xc000072000)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:776 +0x105
    github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).loadBytearray8(0xc000072000)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:1270 +0x34
    github.com/kisielk/og-rek.(*Decoder).Decode(0xc000072000)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/ogorek.go:311 +0x1a2c
    github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz({0x7fd052187000, 0x9, 0x9})
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:15 +0xf6
    go-fuzz-dep.Main({0xc00010af38, 0x1, 0x5bc338?})
            go-fuzz-dep/main.go:36 +0x14c
    main.main()
            github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:15 +0x35
    exit status 2

-> Fix it by first comparing uint64 len without casting and further casting to
int only after we cap the len to be in safe range.

* Switch from Travis CI to GitHub Actions

Travis CI no longer works for ogórek and https://travis-ci.org/kisielk/og-rek
returns "not found".

-> Switch to GitHub Actions to fix CI.

We loose CI coverage for "go tip" as specifying "tip" Go version in
actions/setup-go is not supported out of the box:

https://github.com/actions/setup-go/issues/21

Maybe in 201x it was relevant to test wrt go tip, but nowdays I think
this is no longer much needed.

* CI += go1.16 - go1.22

Add CI coverage for all releases past go1.15 that we had before.

Pickle protocol 5 adds out-of-band data and BYTEARRAY8 opcode (see [1]
and [2]). We add support for BYTEARRAY8 here. Handling out-of-band data
would require more setup from users - on both decoding and encoding
side, and it is likely that currently no practical use-case exists to
work with pickles with out-of-band data on Go side. This way we
behave as if no out-of-band data was provided when seeing all protocol 5
opcodes besides BYTEARRAY8.

Hopefully fixes: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/62

[1] https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0574
[2] https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/91f4380cedba

/reviewed-by @kisielk
/reviewed-on https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/pull/63

Ogórek can be already used from another module (but at outdated
version), but let's be explicit about that. Go.mod was created by `go
mod init github.com/kisielk/og-rek`. There is no external dependencies.

Go1.14 and Go1.15 are the current stable Go releases.
Go1.12 and Go1.14 fill in the gap in testing coverage in between -go1.11
and current go releases.

Maybe we can eventually drop older go release from travis coverage.

Add brief overview on to how to use ogórek, and how Python and Go types
are mapped with each other. For completeness give overview of pickle
protocols and overview of persistent references.

(Documentation put into separate doc.go as suggested by Kamil)

Rerun `go generate` since new tests vectors have been added in recent
bytes/bytearray patches.

Starting from 2013 (from 555efd8f "first draft of dumb pickle encoder")
wrt []byte ogórek state was:

1. []byte was encoded as string
2. there was no way to decode a pickle object into []byte

then, as

- []byte encoding was never explicitly tested,
- nor I could find any usage of such encodings via searching through all Free /
  Open-Source software ogórek uses - I searched via "Uses" of NewEncoder on godoc:

  https://sourcegraph.com/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/-/blob/encode.go#L48:6=&tab=references:external

it is likely that []byte encoding support was added just for the sake of
it and convenience and then never used. It is also likely that the
original author does not use ogórek encoder anymore:

	https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/pull/52#issuecomment-423639026

For those reasons I tend to think that it should be relatively safe to
change how []byte is handled:

- the need to change []byte handling is that currently []byte is a kind of
  exception: we can only encode it and not decode something into it.
  Currently encode/decode roundtrip for []byte gives string, which breaks
  the property of encode/decode being identity for all other basic types.

- on the similar topic, on encoding strings are assumed UTF-8 and are
  encoded as UNICODE opcodes for protocol >= 3. Passing arbitrary bytes
  there seems to be not good.

- on to how change []byte - sadly it cannot be used as Python's bytes
  counterpart. In fact in the previous patch we actually just added
  ogórek.Bytes as a counterpart for Python bytes. We did not used []byte
  for that because - contrary to Python bytes - []byte cannot be used as a
  dict key.

- the most natural counterpart for Go's []byte is thus Python's
  bytearray:

	https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#bytearray-objects

  which is "a mutable counterpart to bytes objects"

So add Python's bytearray decoding into []byte, and correspondingly
change []byte encoding to be encoded as bytearray.

P.S.

This changes encoder semantic wrt []byte. If some ogórek use breaks
somewhere because of it, we could add an encoder option to restore
backward compatible behaviour. However since I suspect noone was
actually encoding []byte into pickles, I prefer we wait for someone to
speak-up first instead of loading EncoderConfig with confusion options
that nobody will ever use.

In the next patch decoding a pickle will depend on whether current
protocol is <= 2 or >= 3. For this let's teach PROTO opcode handler to
recall last seen protocol version.

For testing - prepare tests infrastructure for cases where protocol
version affects decoding semantic: if a test pickle in tests table comes
with \x80\xff prefix, on decode tests this prefix will be changed to
concrete

	\x80 ver

with all versions protperly iterated as specified in TestPickle.protov.

We will also need this functionality in the next patch.

In Python bytes is immutable and read-only array of bytes. It is
also hashable and so is different from go []byte in that it can be
used as a dict key. Thus the closes approximation for Python bytes in Go
is some type derived from Go's string - it will be different from string
and at the same time will inherit from string it immutability property
and being able to be used as map key. So

- add ogórek.Bytes type to represent Python bytes
- add support to decode BINBYTES* pickle opcodes (these are protocol 3 opcodes)
- add support to encode ogórek.Bytes via those BINBYTES* opcodes
- for protocols <= 2, where there is no opcodes to directly represent
  bytes, adopt the same approach as Python - by pickling bytes as

	_codecs.encode(byt.decode('latin1'), 'latin1')

  this way unpickling it on Python3 will give bytes, while unpickling it
  on Python2 will give str:

	In [1]: sys.version
	Out[1]: '3.6.6 (default, Jun 27 2018, 14:44:17) \n[GCC 8.1.0]'

	In [2]: byt = b'\x01\x02\x03'

	In [3]: _codecs.encode(byt.decode('latin1'), 'latin1')
	Out[3]: b'\x01\x02\x03'

  ---

	In [1]: sys.version
	Out[1]: '2.7.15+ (default, Aug 31 2018, 11:56:52) \n[GCC 8.2.0]'

	In [2]: byt = b'\x01\x02\x03'

	In [3]: _codecs.encode(byt.decode('latin1'), 'latin1')
	Out[3]: '\x01\x02\x03'

- correspondingly teach decoder to recognize particular calls to
  _codecs.encode as being representation for bytes and decode it
  appropriately.

- since we now have to emit byt.decode('latin1') as UNICODE - add, so
  far internal, `type unicode(string)` that instructs ogórek encoder to
  always emit the string with UNICODE opcodes (regular string is encoded
  to unicode pickle object only for protocol >= 3).

- For []byte encoding preserve the current status - even though
  dispatching in Encoder.encode changes, the end result is the same -
  []byte was and stays currently encoded as just regular string.

  This was added in 555efd8f "first draft of dumb pickle encoder", and
  even though that might be not a good choice, changing it is a topic for
  another patch.

Previously, we were quoting UNICODE opcode argument with strconv.QuoteToASCII().
However that function, in addition to \u and \U escapes, can produce
e.g. \n, \r, \xAA etc escapes. And all of the latter variants are not
treated as special escapes of a unicode literal by Python, thus leading
to data being wrongly received.

Fix it by doing exactly the same that Python pickle encoder does - the
UNICODE argument comes are "raw-unicode-escape" encoded.

This patch contains only codec tests - not end-to-end pickle tests,
because currently Encoder.encodeUnicode() is called only from under
Encoder.encodeString(), and there only from under

	if e.config.Protocol >= 3

We will indirectly add tests for encodeUnicode @ protocol=0 in the next
patches, while adding support for Python bytes.

I initially added pyquote only as debugging tool (in b429839d "tests:
Show pickles in a way that can be copy-pasted into Python"), and later
it started to be used in the Encoder (see 18004fbd "Move pyquote into
main codebase"). However there is no explicit tests for pyquote.

Add some pyquote tests.

Both object and objectDecodedBack are interace{}. So it could turn out,
if e.g. they are both of the same non-comparable type (e.g. []byte),
comparing them directly will panic.

I was (re-)running fuzz tests again, and in addition to what was already
known (e.g. self-referencing structures) found two new issues:

- long as dict keys (https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/55), and
- encoding global with '\n' in module name (fixed in previous patch).

Update the corpus with points go-fuzz found, so that next runs could
restart with having all the previous interesting input vectors available.

Caught via fuzzing:

	"\x8c\x030\n02\x93."

        0: \x8c SHORT_BINUNICODE '0\n0'
        5: 2    DUP
        6: \x93 STACK_GLOBAL
        7: .    STOP

	panic: protocol 0: decode back error: err
	pickle: "c0\n0\n0\n0\n."

	goroutine 1 [running]:
	github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7f2f1009a000, 0x8, 0x200000, 0x3)
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build645492341/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:47 +0x8b8
	go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x525e10)
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build645492341/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad
	main.main()
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build645492341/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d
	exit status 2

i.e. '0\n0' module name was emitted as-is as part ot text-based GLOBAL which
completely broke pickle stream.

For the reference Python decodes such globals with \n in name just ok:

	In [10]: s = b"S'decimal\\nq'\nS'Decimal'\n\x93."

	In [11]: pickle.loads(s)
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	ModuleNotFoundError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
	<ipython-input-11-764e4625bc41> in <module>()
	----> 1 pickle.loads(s)

	ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'decimal\nq'

	In [12]: import sys

	In [15]: d = sys.modules['decimal']

	In [16]: sys.modules['decimal\nq'] = d

	In [17]: pickle.loads(s)
	Out[17]: decimal.Decimal

I put "err" into format string instead of argument. Apologize for that...

While fixing https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48 there were
corresponding test-vector additions. Regenerate the fuzz test corpus.

UNICODE is text-based opcode, which is used at protocol 0 and follows
'raw-unicode-escape' encoded argument till EOL.

- for decoding we must explicitly implement Python's
  'raw-unicode-escape' codec decoding, which is used by Python's pickle
  for UNICODE argument.

Updates and hopefully fixes: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48

STRING is text-based opcode which is used at protocol 0 and follows
\-escaped argument till EOL.

- for encoding we must not use Go's %q, since that will use \u and \U
  when seeing corresponding bytes, and since Python does not interpret
  \u or \U in string literals, the data received at Python side will be
  different.

- for decoding we must explicitly implement Python's 'string-escape'
  codec decoding which is used by Python's pickle for STRING opcode
  argument.

Updates: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/48

We added pyquote in b429839d (tests: Show pickles in a way that can be
copy-pasted into Python). However in the next patch this functionality
will be needed for the encoder to fix encoding of strings at protocol 0.
Thus we need this function to be not test-only.

Plain code movement here, no semantic change.

Even though we tried to catch whether dict keys are ok to be used via
reflect.TypeOf(key).Comparable() (see da5f0342 "decoder: Fix crashes
found by fuzzer (#32)"), that turned out to be not enough. For example
if key is a struct, e.g. of the following type

	type Ref struct {
		Pid interface{}
	}

it will be comparable. But the comparision, depending on dynamic .Pid
type, might panic. This is what was actually cauht by fuzz-testing
recently:

	https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/50 (second part of the report)

So instead of recursively walking a key type and checking each subfield
with reflect.TypeOf().Comparable(), switch for using panic/recover for
detecting the "unhashable key" situation.

This slows down decoding a bit (only cumulative figure for all-test-vectors decoding):

	name          old time/op    new time/op    delta
	DecodeLong-4     361ns ± 0%     362ns ± 0%    ~     (p=0.238 n=5+4)
	Decode-4        93.2µs ± 0%    95.6µs ± 0%  +2.54%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)
	Encode-4        16.5µs ± 0%    16.6µs ± 0%    ~     (p=0.841 n=5+5)

but that is the price of correctness. And with manually recursively walking key
type I doubt it would be faster.

The defer overhead should be less once https://github.com/golang/go/issues/14939 is fixed.

Updates: https://github.com/kisielk/og-rek/issues/30

In 06e06939 (encoder: Allow to specify pickle protocol version) I added
ability to add to tests error cases - object inputs that on encoding
should produce error.

For decoding we should skip those cases as there pickle.data = "", and
if not skipped it leads to

	--- FAIL: BenchmarkDecode
	    ogorek_test.go:803: unexpected # of decode steps: got 100  ; want 102

Updates coming via `go generate` since main tests table was amended.

Appologize for the breakage there.

When encoding tests fails, the "want" and "have" pickles are printed. It
is handy to copy-paste those pickles into Python console and check them
further there.

Pickle printing currently uses %q. However in Go fmt's %q can use \u and
\U if byte sequence form a valid UTF-8 character. That poses a problem:
in Python str (py2) or bytes (py3) literal \uXXXX are not processed as
unicode-escapes and enter the string as is. This result in different
pickle data pasted into Python and further confusion.

Entering data into Python as unicode literals (where \u works) and then
adding .encode('utf-8') also does not generally work - as pickle data is
generally arbitrary it can be a not valid UTF-8, for example:

	"\x80\u043c\u0438\u0440"	(= "\x80мир"   = "\x80\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80")

end unicode-encoding them in python also gives different data:

	In [1]: u"\x80\u043c\u0438\u0440".encode('utf-8')
	Out[1]: '\xc2\x80\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb8\xd1\x80'

(note leading extra \xc2)

For this reason let's implement quoting - that Python can understand -
ourselves. This dumping functionality was very handy during recent
encoder fixes debugging.

- we can use STACK_GLOBAL only if protocol >= 4.
- for earlier protocols we have to use text-based GLOBAL.

Similarly to dict, for struct encoding switch from protocol 1 opcodes
into always using protocol 0 opcodes, which is by the way 1 byte
shorter.

For the reference - for structs, unlike maps, the order of emitted keys
is well-defined - it is the order of fields as they are defined in the
struct. This way we can precisely test encoder output on structs with
more than 1 field.

- we can use EMPTY_DICT only if protocol >= 1

Also: similarly to list (33d1926f), since we are now using EMPTY_DICT
only optionally, it is logical to swit to

	MARK + ... + DICT

from

	EMPTY_DICT (or MARK + DICT @proto=0) + MARK + ... + SETITEMS

which is at least 1 byte longer.

For the reference - SETITEMS is also from protocol 1, while DICT is from
protocol 0.

More corpus files appeared while running fuzz testing today for ~ 1 hour.

Should be better in 302c79ea (fuzz: Hook encoder into the loop), but it
is hopefully never too late.

Found via fuzzing:

	"I-7\n."

	panic: protocol 1: decode·encode != identity:
	have: 4294967289
	want: -7

	goroutine 1 [running]:
	github.com/kisielk/og-rek.Fuzz(0x7f99bd8b4000, 0x5, 0x200000, 0x3)
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/fuzz.go:50 +0x604
	go-fuzz-dep.Main(0x524df8)
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/goroot/src/go-fuzz-dep/main.go:49 +0xad
	main.main()
	        /tmp/go-fuzz-build914098789/gopath/src/github.com/kisielk/og-rek/go.fuzz.main/main.go:10 +0x2d
	exit status 2

I've checked other handlers, like BININT1 and BININT2, and since there
everywhere argument is unsigned, there is no similar problem.

We needed previous patch on proper readLine EOF detection, because else
the testcase for P0("I-7\n.") would be breaking:

    --- FAIL: TestDecode/int(-7)/"I-7\n." (0.00s)
        ogorek_test.go:401: no ErrUnexpectedEOF on [:2] truncated stream: v = <nil>  err = &strconv.NumError{Func:"ParseInt", Num:"-", Err:(*errors.errorString)(0xc00000e1b0)}

Currently we use bufio.Reader.ReadLine which accepts either \n or \r\n
as line ending. That is however not correct:

- we should not accept e.g. "S'abc'\r\n." pickle, because it is
  invalid:

	In [32]: pickle.loads(b"S'abc'\r\n.")
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	UnpicklingError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
	<ipython-input-32-b1da1988bae1> in <module>()
	----> 1 pickle.loads(b"S'abc'\r\n.")

	UnpicklingError: the STRING opcode argument must be quoted

- we should not accept e.g. "L123L\r\n.", because it is also invalid:

	In [33]: pickle.loads(b"L123L\r\n.")
	---------------------------------------------------------------------------
	ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
	<ipython-input-33-7231ec07f5c4> in <module>()
	----> 1 pickle.loads(b"L123L\r\n.")

	ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '123L\r\n'

- treating \r as part of EOL in e.g. UNICODE pickle would just drop encoded
  information:

	# python
	In [34]: pickle.loads(b"Vabc\r\n.")
	Out[34]: 'abc\r'

  while ogórek currently decodes it as just 'abc' (no trailing \r).

For this reason let's fix Decoder.readLine to treat only \n as EOL.

Besides this fix, we now get another property: previously, when internally
using bufio.Reader.ReadLine we were not able to distinguish two situations:

- a line was abruptly ended without any EOL characters at all,
- a line was properly ended with EOL character.

Now after we switched to internally using bufio.Reader.ReadSlice, we will be
able to properly detect EOF and return that as error. This property will be
needed in the following patch.

This way whatever/whenever we add a tricky test pickle into main tests
table, it should be automatically also be present as a starting point in
the fuzz corpus. This should hopefully improve fuzzing coverage.

Continuing 5dbc8a1b (decoder: Don't allow mark to be returned as pickle
result) I discovered that the mark object can be still exposed to user,
but not directly. For example the following pickle:

	"(\x85." // MARK + TUPLE1

was creating Tuple{mark} and returning it just ok to the user.

As marker must be used only internally it is invalid to do so. Python
also forbids this:

        In [3]: s = b"(\x85."

        In [4]: dis(s)
            0: (    MARK
            1: \x85     TUPLE1
            2: .        STOP
        highest protocol among opcodes = 2

        In [5]: pickle.loads(s)
        ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
        UnpicklingError                           Traceback (most recent call last)
        <ipython-input-5-764e4625bc41> in <module>()
        ----> 1 pickle.loads(s)

        UnpicklingError: unexpected MARK found

So let's close all (hopefully) holes where mark object could be returned to
user in a similar way.

New test vectors caught by decode·encode idempotency fuzzing.