We are going to add C++ parts to wendelin.core soon.
Mark all current functionality with `extern "C"` as a preparatory step.

There was an XXX of whether fileh_open should be a BigFile method or
global function. However if it would be a global function it will need
to anyway accept file parameter to indicate which file is opened, and
that in turn suggests that it should be a file method. Remove XXX.

try/finally was used in a couple of places to save/restore default ZBlk
format setting. Move the restore part close to save with the help of
defer.

For tests this makes sure that if one test fails, it won't make following
tests fail just because the next test will fail trying to lock test database.

For regular code (demo_zbigarray.py) this is also a good thing to do -
to always close the database irregardless of whether an exception was
raised before program reached end of main.

Pygolang becomes regular - not test only - dependency. Being regular
dependency is currently required only by demo_zbigarray.py, but it will
be also used in upcoming wcfs, so adding pygolang into wendelin.core
dependencies aligns with the plan.

dbclose now uses defer almost everywhere - there are still few places in
tests, where one test function is opening/closing test database multiple
times - those were not (yet ?) converted.

Instead of

	raises(Exception, 'code')

do

	with raises(Exception):
		code

This removes lots of warnings, similar to below example:

	bigfile/tests/test_basic.py::test_basic
	  /home/kirr/src/wendelin/wendelin.core/bigfile/tests/test_basic.py:79: PytestDeprecationWarning: raises(..., 'code(as_a_string)') is deprecated, use the context manager form or use `exec()` directly

	  See https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/deprecations.html#raises-warns-exec
	    raises(ROAttributeError, "f.blksize = 1") # RO attribute

-> into CHECK_MRU and CHECK_DIRTY.

Besides improving signal/noise ratio in tests, it also gives more
details by printing full lists when things are found to be different
from expected.

The undef defined in that function were placed in next function going
after it which does not define any macro.

It was already said there that allocated page is not associated with
fileh. However the code is doing more - it does not add the page to
ram->lru_list and (obviously) to fileh->dirty_pages lists.

Document that explicitly.

It should release resources associated with RAM. Make it call .ram_close
from RAM ops. Add corresponding .ram_close to ram_shmfs. This fixes
SHMFS_RAM->prefix leak.

test_ram is low-level test that tests RAM pages allocation/mmapping.
As allocated pages are not integrated with virtmem (not added to any
file mapping and RAM->lru_list) the Page structs have to be explicitly
freed. Fixes e.g.

	Direct leak of 80 byte(s) in 1 object(s) allocated from:
	    #0 0x7ff29af46518 in calloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0xe9518)
	    #1 0x56131dc22289 in zalloc include/wendelin/utils.h:67
	    #2 0x56131dc225d6 in ramh_alloc_page bigfile/tests/../ram.c:41
	    #3 0x56131dc2a19e in main bigfile/tests/test_ram.c:130
	    #4 0x7ff29ac9f09a in __libc_start_main ../csu/libc-start.c:308

Else on-heap allocated RAM object is leaked. Fixes e.g. the following
error on ASAN:

	Direct leak of 56 byte(s) in 1 object(s) allocated from:
	    #0 0x7fc9ef390518 in calloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0xe9518)
	    #1 0x555ca792f309 in zalloc include/wendelin/utils.h:67
	    #2 0x555ca7935f9a in ram_limited_new bigfile/tests/../../t/t_utils.c:35
	    #3 0x555ca793a0ba in test_file_access_synthetic bigfile/tests/test_virtmem.c:292
	    #4 0x555ca7967bc4 in main bigfile/tests/test_virtmem.c:1121
	    #5 0x7fc9ef0e909a in __libc_start_main ../csu/libc-start.c:308

Only one place that was using ram_new was missing to call ram_close in
the end.

For failing case compiler-rt support was added in 2014 - 5 years ago
(see links in removed code).

-> Use .[test] to refer to them.
https://stackoverflow.com/a/41398850/9456786

Just an update to latest CCAN - there is actually no changes to modules
that we use (tap, array_size, minmax, bitmap, build_assert)

Let's keep on test coverage for last 2 stable Python releases.

Starting from Python 3.7 the place to keep exception state was changed:
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/ae3087c638

NOTE ZEO4 does not wok with Python3.7, because ZEO4 uses "async" for a
variable and that breaks because starting from Python3.7 "async" became
a keyword.

After the fix wendelin.core tests pass under all python2.7, python3.6
and python3.7.

Dependency added here:

	https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/commit/e0bc8bd567

If we don't provide mock, e.g. py27-ZODB5-*-zeo-* breaks:

	    def setup_module():
	        global testdb
	>       testdb = getTestDB()

	bigarray/tests/test_arrayzodb.py:38:
	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
	.tox/py27-ZODB5-zblk1-zeo-numpy115/lib/python2.7/site-packages/wendelin/lib/testing.py:342: in getTestDB
	    testdb = testdb_factory(testdb_uri)
	.tox/py27-ZODB5-zblk1-zeo-numpy115/lib/python2.7/site-packages/wendelin/lib/testing.py:245: in __init__
	    from ZEO.tests import forker
	.tox/py27-ZODB5-zblk1-zeo-numpy115/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ZEO/tests/forker.py:29: in <module>
	    import ZODB.tests.util
	_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

	    """
	    from ZODB.MappingStorage import DB

	    import atexit
	    import os
	    import persistent
	    import re
	    import tempfile
	    import time
	    import transaction
	    import unittest
	    import warnings
	    import ZODB.utils
	    from ZODB.Connection import TransactionMetaData
	    import zope.testing.setupstack
	    from zope.testing import renormalizing

	    try:
	        from unittest import mock
	    except ImportError:
	>       import mock
	E       ImportError: No module named mock

	.tox/py27-ZODB5-zblk1-zeo-numpy115/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ZODB/tests/util.py:35: ImportError

This continues c7c01ce4 (bigfile/zodb: ZODB.Connection can migrate
between threads on close/open and we have to care): Until now we were
retrieving zconn.transaction_manager on _ZBigFileH init, and further using
that transaction manager for every connection reopen. However that is
not correct because on every reopen connection can be given new
transaction manager.

We were not practically hitting the bug because until recently ZODB was,
by default, using the same ThreadTransactionManager manager instance as
Connection.transaction_manager for all connections, and not doing all
steps needed to keep _ZBigFileH.transaction_manager in sync to
Connection was forgiven - a particular transaction manager that was used
was TransactionManager instance implicitly associated with current
thread by global threading.Local transaction.manager . However starting
from ZODB 5.5.0 Connection code was changed to remember as
.transaction_manager the particular TransactionManager instance without
any threading.Local games:

    https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/commit/b6ac40f153
    https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/issues/208
    https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/226

Given that we were not syncing properly that broke wendelin.core tests, for
example:

    bigfile/tests/test_filezodb.py::test_bigfile_filezodb_vs_conn_migration Exception in thread Thread-1:
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 801, in __bootstrap_inner
        self.run()
      File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 754, in run
        self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/wendelin.core/bigfile/tests/test_filezodb.py", line 401, in T11
        transaction.commit()    # should be nothing
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/venv/z-dev/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/transaction/_manager.py", line 252, in commit
        return self.manager.commit()
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/venv/z-dev/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/transaction/_manager.py", line 131, in commit
        return self.get().commit()
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/venv/z-dev/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/transaction/_transaction.py", line 298, in commit
        self._synchronizers.map(lambda s: s.beforeCompletion(self))
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/venv/z-dev/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/transaction/weakset.py", line 61, in map
        f(elt)
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/venv/z-dev/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/transaction/_transaction.py", line 298, in <lambda>
        self._synchronizers.map(lambda s: s.beforeCompletion(self))
      File "/home/kirr/src/wendelin/wendelin.core/bigfile/file_zodb.py", line 671, in beforeCompletion
        assert txn is zconn.transaction_manager.get()
    AssertionError

What is happening here is that one thread used the connection and
ZBigFile/_ZBigFileH associated with it, then the connection was closed
and released to DB pool. Then the connection was reopened but by another
thread and thus with different TransactionManager instance and oops -
_ZBigFileH.transaction_manager is different because it is
TransactionManager instance that was used by the first thread.

Fix it by resyncing _ZBigFileH.transaction_manager on every
connection reopen. No new test as existing tests already cover the
problem when run with ZODB >= 5.5.0 .

This continues 6ab95220 (t/qemu-runlinux: Issue terminal resize before
running program) and fully initializes terminal before spawning user
application.

This has practical effect to restore line wrapping for xterm, as kernel,
initially assuming it has "linux" type terminal, somehow messes xterm
settings: before the patch lines that were wider than terminal width were
not wrapped and characters in the last position were printed over each
other. After the patch printed lines are automatically wrapped and test
output is not lost.

Tput hint found here:

	https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/105958

	0: ERROR+ on boot/run
	1: INFO+  on      run
	2: INFO+  on boot/run
	3: DEBUG+ on boot/run

It is convenient not to see large kernel boot log on every test run. "1"
(single -v) is also convenient: one can skip the boot log but still see
details of what is going on when test workload is run. -vv and -vvv are
there to see full picture.

bpf is needed for tools like bpftrace.
fusectl is needed to observe things like /sys/fs/fuse/connections/X/waiting.

Else program inside sees default terminal settings to be 80x25,
while after the patch it sees correct settings.

Still something is not completely right with terminal settings, as e.g.
vsplit is not working correctly in vim (vertical ruler is not straight).

Graphics mode runs in another window with its own terminal emulation,
so propagating e.g. TERM=xterm to where it is emulated as TERM=linux is
not correct.

Continuing 76d8f76d (Script to run compiled linux kernel with root fs
mounted from host) update the script to run/debug linux inside QEMU:

- teach it to run specified program + args, instead of hardcoded /bin/sh;
- before tailing to user program, builtin init mounts /proc, /sys, ...
  inside - previously it was /proc, /sys from host seen on those
  mountpoints and it was very misleading - e.g. ps was showing processes
  from host, not inside, etc.
- builtin init also cares to run specified program with the same current
  directory that was current on host, and environments such as $HOME,
  $PATH, $TERM, ... are also propagated.
- allow to optionally run QEMU with graphics, instead of stdout only;
- increase available RAM from 128M to 512M (with 128M running py.test
  inside is failing with fork: not enough memory).

This updated version was useful to debug WCFS(*) & FUSE issues by running

	kirr@deco:~/src/wendelin/wendelin.core/wcfs$ ../t/qemu-runlinux ~/src/linux/linux/arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage py.test -vsx -k test_wcfs

See https://marc.info/?l=linux-fsdevel&m=155000277921155&w=2 for details.

(*) WCFS is still being draft and worked on t branch.

On a testing instance we started to see segfaults in pyvma_dealloc()
with inside calls to vma_unmap but with NULL pyvma->fileh. That was
strange, becuse before calling vma_unmap(), the code explicitly checks
whether pyvma->fileh is !NULL.

That was, as it turned out, due to pyvma_dealloc being called twice at the
same time from two python threads. Here is how that was possible:

T1 decrefs pyvma and finds its reference count drops to zero. It calls
pyvma_dealloc. From there vma_unmap() is called, which calls virt_lock()
and that releases GIL first. Another thread T2 was waiting for GIL, it
acquires it, does some work at python level and somehow triggers GC.
Since PyVMA supports cyclic GC, it was on GC list and thus GC calls
dealloc for the same vma again. Here is how it looks in the backtraces:

T1:

	#0  0x00007f6aefc57827 in futex_abstimed_wait_cancelable (private=0, abstime=0x0, expected=0, futex_word=0x1e011d0) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/futex-internal.h:205
	#1  do_futex_wait (sem=sem@entry=0x1e011d0, abstime=0x0) at sem_waitcommon.c:111
	#2  0x00007f6aefc578d4 in __new_sem_wait_slow (sem=0x1e011d0, abstime=0x0) at sem_waitcommon.c:181
	#3  0x00007f6aefc5797a in __new_sem_wait (sem=<optimized out>) at sem_wait.c:29
	#4  0x00000000004ffbc4 in PyThread_acquire_lock ()
	#5  0x00000000004dbe8a in PyEval_RestoreThread ()
	#6  0x00007f6ac6d3b8fc in py_gil_retake_if_waslocked (arg=0x4f18f00) at bigfile/_bigfile.c:1048
	#7  0x00007f6ac6d3dcfc in virt_gil_retake_if_waslocked (gilstate=0x4f18f00) at bigfile/virtmem.c:78
	#8  0x00007f6ac6d3dd30 in virt_lock () at bigfile/virtmem.c:92
	#9  0x00007f6ac6d3e724 in vma_unmap (vma=0x7f6a7e0c4100) at bigfile/virtmem.c:271
	#10 0x00007f6ac6d3a0bc in pyvma_dealloc (pyvma0=0x7f6a7e0c40e0) at bigfile/_bigfile.c:284
	...
	#13 0x00000000004d76b0 in PyEval_EvalFrameEx ()

T2:

	#5  0x00007f6ac6d3a081 in pyvma_dealloc (pyvma0=0x7f6a7e0c40e0) at bigfile/_bigfile.c:276
	#6  0x0000000000500450 in ?? ()
	#7  0x00000000004ffd82 in _PyObject_GC_New ()
	#8  0x0000000000485392 in PyList_New ()
	#9  0x00000000004d3bff in PyEval_EvalFrameEx ()

T2 does the work of vma_unmap and clears C-level vma. Then, when T1 wakes up and
returns to vma_unmap, it sees vma->file and all other fields cleared -> oops
segfault.

Fix it by removing pyvma from GC list before going to do actual destruction.
This way if a concurrent GC triggers, it won't see the vma object on its list,
and thus won't have a chance to invoke its destructor the second time.

The bug was introduced in 450ad804 (bigarray: ArrayRef support for BigArray)
when PyVMA was changed to be cyclic-GC aware. However at that time, even Python
documentation itself was not saying PyObject_GC_UnTrack is needed, as it was
added only in 2.7.15 after finding that many types in CPython itself are
vulnerable to similar segfaults:

https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/4cde4bdcc86
https://bugs.python.org/issue31095

It is pity, that CPython took the approach to force all type authors to
care to invoke PyObject_GC_UnTrack explicitly, instead of doing that
automatically in Python runtime before calling tp_dealloc.

/cc @Tyagov, @klaus
/reviewed-on !11

Structured creates view of the array interpreting its minor axis as fully covered by a dtype.

It is similar to arr.view(dtype) + corresponding reshape, but does
not have limitations of ndarray.view(). For example:

  In [1]: a = np.arange(3*3, dtype=np.int32).reshape((3,3))

  In [2]: a
  Out[2]:
  array([[0, 1, 2],
         [3, 4, 5],
         [6, 7, 8]], dtype=int32)

  In [3]: b = a[:2,:2]

  In [4]: b
  Out[4]:
  array([[0, 1],
         [3, 4]], dtype=int32)

  In [5]: dtxy = np.dtype([('x', np.int32), ('y', np.int32)])

  In [6]: dtxy
  Out[6]: dtype([('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])

  In [7]: b.view(dtxy)
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ValueError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
  <ipython-input-66-af98529aa150> in <module>()
  ----> 1 b.view(dtxy)

  ValueError: To change to a dtype of a different size, the array must be C-contiguous

  In [8]: structured(b, dtxy)
  Out[8]: array([(0, 1), (3, 4)], dtype=[('x', '<i4'), ('y', '<i4')])

Structured always creates view and never copies data.

Here is original context where separately playing with .shape and .dtype
was not enough, since it was creating array copy and OOM'ing the machine:

klaus/wendelin@cbe4938b

We are going to use this code in another place, so move this out to
dommon place as a preparatory step first.

On a related note: Since ArrayRef is generic and quite independent from
BigArray (it only supports it, but equally it supports just other - e.g.
plain arrays), the proper place for it might be also to be lib/xnumpy.py .
We might get to this topic a bit later.

RAMArray is compatible to ZBigArray in API and semantic, but stores its
data in RAM only. It is useful in situations where ZBigArray compatible
data type is needed, but the amount of data is small and the data itself
is needed only temporarily - e.g. in a simulation.

Please see details in individual patches.

Original merge request by @klaus (!8).

/cc @Tyagov
/reviewed-on !9

RAMArray is compatible to ZBigArray in API and semantic, but stores its
data in RAM only. It is useful in situations where ZBigArray compatible
data type is needed, but the amount of data is small and the data itself
is needed only temporarily - e.g. in a simulation.

Implementation is based on mmapping temporary files from /dev/shm/... and
passing them as file handles, similarly to how ZBigArray works, to BigArray.
We don't use just numpy.ndarray because of append - for ZBigArray append
works in O(1), but more importantly it does not copy data. This way
mmapings previously created for ZBigArray views, continue to correctly
alias array data. If we would be using ndarray directly, since
ndarray.resize copies data, that property would not be preserved.

Original patch by Klaus Wölfel <klaus@nexedi.com>
(!8)

bigarray/tests: Factor out a way to spcify on which BigFile/BigFileH an array is tested into fixture parameter

Currently we have only one BigFile and its BigFileH handle. However in
the next patch, for RAMArray, we'll be adding handles for opened RAM
files, and it would be good to test whole BigArray functionality on
data served by those handles too.

Prepare for this and first factor out into testbig fixture the way to
open such handles.

So that it can be available to everyone and in particular B & friends to
be available from introduced importable golang.testing package. The move
itself:

	pygolang@9bf03d9c

While moving the code was restructured / improved a bit and py.bench
interface reworked to mimic `go test -bench` in defaults.