Levin found that when all handshake attempts fail DialLink returns
both link=nil and err=nil which breaks what callers expect and lead to
segmentation fault when accessing that nil link.

-> Add test to demonstrate the problem.

With xfail removed that test currently fails as

    --- FAIL: TestDialLink_AllHandshakeErr (0.00s)
    panic: lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/neo/neonet.TestDialLink_AllHandshakeErr.gox.func4.1: lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/neo/neonet.TestDialLink_AllHandshakeErr.func2: DialLink to handshake-rejecting server:
    have: link=<nil> err=<nil>
    want: link=<nil> err=client:1 - server:2: handshake (client): unexpected EOF [recovered]

We will fix the problem in the next patch.

/reported-by @levin.zimmermann
/reported-at !10

Offload drivers from handling options such as ?read-only=1 and force
them to deal with such options only via DriverOptions, never zurl.

See added comment for details.

/reviewed-by @levin.zimmermann
/reviewed-on !4

go/neo/neonet: Fix client handshake not to accept server encoding if it is different from what client indicated

If the peers encoding is different than our encoding two different
scenarios can happen, because the handshake order is undefined (e.g.
we don't know if our handshake is received before the peer sends its
handshake):

1. Our handshake is received before peer sends its handshake, NEO/py
closes connection if it sees unexpected magic, version, etc.

2. The client already sends a handshake before it proceeds our handshake.
In this case it initally sends us it version, we can extract its encoding,
and only later, once it proceeded our handshake with the bad encoding,
it closes the connection.

Before this patch case (2) wasn't handled correctly by the automatic
encoding detection of 'DialLink'. 'DialLink' simply accepted the
different-than-expected encoding, but once the peer proceeded the nodes
handshake the peer closed the connection and the initially established
and returned link was immediately closed again. Due to this it was good
luck whether connecting with a peer different with an encoding different
from the expected one worked or didn't work (it depended on which handshake
was faster). Now 'DialLink' should reliably find the correct encoding
and return a stable link.

--------

kirr: this is based on the following original patch by Levin: f6b59772

I updated documentation throughout correspondingly and also added
corresponding handshake-specific test in the previous patch.

See kirr/neo!5 and b2da69e2
(go/neo/neonet: Demonstrate problem in handshake with NEO/py) for more
in-depth description of the problem.

Levin Zimmerman discovered that sometimes NEO/py accepts our handshake
hello with encoding 'M', then replies its owh handshake ehlo with
encoding 'N' and then further terminates the connection. In other words
it looks like that the handshake went successful, but it actually did
not and NEO/py terminates the link after some time.

This manifests itself e.g. as infrequent TestLoad failures on t branch
with the following output:

=== RUN   TestLoad/py/!ssl
I: runneo.py: /tmp/neo776618506/1 !ssl: started master(s): 127.0.0.1:21151
=== RUN   TestLoad/py/!ssl/enc=N(dialTryOrder=N,M)
    client_test.go:598: skip: does not excercise client redial
=== RUN   TestLoad/py/!ssl/enc=N(dialTryOrder=M,N)
    xtesting.go:330: load 0285cbac258bf266:0000000000000000: returned err unexpected:
        have: neo://127.0.0.1:21151/1: load 0285cbac258bf266:0000000000000000: dial S1: dial 127.0.0.1:40345 (STORAGE): 127.0.0.1:56678 - 127.0.0.1:40345: request identification: 127.0.0.1:56678 - 127.0.0.1:40345 .1: recv: EOF
        want: nil
    xtesting.go:330: load 0285cbac258bf266:0000000000000000: returned tid unexpected: 0000000000000000  ; want: 0285cbac258bf266
    xtesting.go:330: load 0285cbac258bf266:0000000000000000: returned buf = nil
    xtesting.go:339: load 0285cbac258bf265:0000000000000000: returned err unexpected:
        have: neo://127.0.0.1:21151/1: load 0285cbac258bf265:0000000000000000: dial S1: dial 127.0.0.1:40345 (STORAGE): 127.0.0.1:56688 - 127.0.0.1:40345: request identification: 127.0.0.1:56688 - 127.0.0.1:40345 .1: recv: EOF
        want: neo://127.0.0.1:21151/1: load 0285cbac258bf265:0000000000000000: 0000000000000000: object was not yet created
    ...
    client_test.go:588: NEO log tail:

        log file 'storage_0.log' tail:

        2023-07-17 17:21:57.1519 DEBUG     S1         connection completed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51230, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4f50> (from 127.0.0.1:40345)
        2023-07-17 17:21:57.1537 WARNING   S1         Protocol version mismatch with <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51230, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4f50>
        2023-07-17 17:21:57.1548 DEBUG     S1         connection closed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51230, handler=IdentificationHandler, closed, server) at 7f3583fd4f50>
        2023-07-17 17:21:57.1551 WARNING   S1         A connection was lost during identification
        2023-07-17 17:22:00.1582 DEBUG     S1         accepted a connection from 127.0.0.1:51236
        2023-07-17 17:22:00.1585 DEBUG     S1         connection completed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51236, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4e90> (from 127.0.0.1:40345)
        2023-07-17 17:22:00.1604 WARNING   S1         Protocol version mismatch with <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51236, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4e90>
        2023-07-17 17:22:00.1622 DEBUG     S1         connection closed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51236, handler=IdentificationHandler, closed, server) at 7f3583fd4e90>
        2023-07-17 17:22:00.1625 WARNING   S1         A connection was lost during identification
        2023-07-17 17:22:03.1663 DEBUG     S1         accepted a connection from 127.0.0.1:51238
        2023-07-17 17:22:03.1666 DEBUG     S1         connection completed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51238, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4d10> (from 127.0.0.1:40345)
        2023-07-17 17:22:03.1674 WARNING   S1         Protocol version mismatch with <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51238, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4d10>
        2023-07-17 17:22:03.1688 DEBUG     S1         connection closed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:51238, handler=IdentificationHandler, closed, server) at 7f3583fd4d10>
        2023-07-17 17:22:03.1691 WARNING   S1         A connection was lost during identification
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.1714 DEBUG     S1         accepted a connection from 127.0.0.1:57072
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.1719 DEBUG     S1         connection completed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:57072, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4b50> (from 127.0.0.1:40345)
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.1727 WARNING   S1         Protocol version mismatch with <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:57072, handler=IdentificationHandler, fd=20, server) at 7f3583fd4b50>
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.1738 DEBUG     S1         connection closed for <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:57072, handler=IdentificationHandler, closed, server) at 7f3583fd4b50>
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.1738 WARNING   S1         A connection was lost during identification

        log file 'master_0.log' tail:

        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0799 PACKET    M1         #0x0012 NotifyNodeInformation          > A1 (127.0.0.1:37906)
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0799 PACKET    M1          ! C0 | CLIENT |  | RUNNING | 2023-07-17 14:21:21.079838
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0800 PACKET    M1         #0x0102 NotifyNodeInformation          > S1 (127.0.0.1:37918)
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0800 PACKET    M1          ! C0 | CLIENT |  | RUNNING | 2023-07-17 14:21:21.079838
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0801 DEBUG     M1         Handler changed on <ServerConnection(nid=None, address=127.0.0.1:37966, handler=ClientServiceHandler, fd=18, server) at 7f3584245910>
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0802 PACKET    M1         #0x0001 AnswerRequestIdentification    > C0 (127.0.0.1:37966)
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0804 PACKET    M1         #0x0000 NotifyNodeInformation          > C0 (127.0.0.1:37966)
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0804 PACKET    M1          ! C0 | CLIENT  |                 | RUNNING | 2023-07-17 14:21:21.079838
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0804 PACKET    M1          ! M1 | MASTER  | 127.0.0.1:21151 | RUNNING | None
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0804 PACKET    M1          ! S1 | STORAGE | 127.0.0.1:40345 | RUNNING | 2023-07-17 14:21:18.737469
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0805 PACKET    M1         #0x0002 NotifyPartitionTable           > C0 (127.0.0.1:37966)
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0810 PACKET    M1         #0x0003 LastTransaction                < C0 (127.0.0.1:37966)
        2023-07-17 17:21:21.0811 PACKET    M1         #0x0003 AnswerLastTransaction          > C0 (127.0.0.1:37966)
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.2053 DEBUG     M1         <SocketConnectorIPv4 at 0x7f3584252d10 fileno 18 ('127.0.0.1', 21151), opened from ('127.0.0.1', 37966)> closed in recv
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.2056 DEBUG     M1         connection closed for <ServerConnection(nid=C0, address=127.0.0.1:37966, handler=ClientServiceHandler, closed, server) at 7f3584245910>
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.2058 PACKET    M1         #0x0014 NotifyNodeInformation          > A1 (127.0.0.1:37906)
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.2058 PACKET    M1          ! C0 | CLIENT |  | UNKNOWN | 2023-07-17 14:21:21.079838
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.2059 PACKET    M1         #0x0104 NotifyNodeInformation          > S1 (127.0.0.1:37918)
        2023-07-17 17:22:06.2059 PACKET    M1          ! C0 | CLIENT |  | UNKNOWN | 2023-07-17 14:21:21.079838

The problem is due to that my analysis from e407f725 (go/neo/neonet:
Rework handshake to differentiate client and server parts) turned out to
be incorrect. Quoting that patch:

    -> Rework handshake so that client always sends its hello first, and
    only then the server side replies. This matches actual NEO/py behaviour:

    https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/blob/v1.12-67-g261dd4b4/neo/lib/connector.py#L293-294

    even though the "NEO protocol" states that

    	Handshake transmissions are not ordered with respect to each other and can go in parallel.

    	( https://neo.nexedi.com/P-NEO-Protocol.Specification.2019?portal_skin=CI_slideshow#/9/2 )

    If I recall correctly that sentence was authored by me in 2018 based on
    previous understanding of should-be full symmetry in-between client and
    server.

so here "This matches actual NEO/py behaviour" was wrong: even though
https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/blob/v1.12-67-g261dd4b4/neo/lib/connector.py#L293-294
indeed says that

    #       The NEO protocol is such that a client connection is always the
    #       first to send a packet, as soon as the connection is established,

in reality it is not the case as SocketConnector always queues handshake
hello upon its creation before receiving anything from remote side:
https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/blob/v1.12-93-gfd87e153/neo/lib/connector.py#L77-78 .
In practice this leads to that in non-SSL case NEO/py server might be
fast enough to send its prepared hello before receiving hello from us.
Levin also explains at kirr/neo!5 (comment 187429):

    I think what happens is this:

    the NEO protocol doesn't specify in which order handshakes happen after
    initial dial. If the peer sends a handshake before receiving our
    handshake and if this peers handshake is received by us, 'DialLink'
    assumes everything is fine (no err is returned), it breaks the loop and
    returns the link. But then, very little time later, when the peer
    finally receives our handshake, this looks strange for the peer and it
    closes the connection.

    So in my understanding this should be fixed by explicitly comparing the
    encodings between our expected one and what the peer provided us. If
    encodings don't match we should retry with a new encoding in order to
    prevent the peer from closing the connection.

    For me this also explains why sometimes the tests passed and sometimes
    didn't: it depended on which node was faster ('race condition').

-> In this patch we add correspondig handshake test that demonstrates
this problem. It currently fails as

--- FAIL: TestHandshake (0.01s)
    --- FAIL: TestHandshake/enc=N (0.00s)
        newlink_test.go:154: handshake encoding mismatch: client: unexpected error:
            have: <nil>
                 "<nil>"
            want: &neonet._HandshakeError{LocalRole:1, LocalAddr:net.pipeAddr{}, RemoteAddr:net.pipeAddr{}, Err:(*neonet._EncodingMismatchError)(0xc0000a4190)}
                 "pipe - pipe: handshake (client): protocol encoding mismatch: peer = 'M'  ; our side = 'N'"
    --- FAIL: TestHandshake/enc=M (0.00s)
        newlink_test.go:154: handshake encoding mismatch: client: unexpected error:
            have: <nil>
                 "<nil>"
            want: &neonet._HandshakeError{LocalRole:1, LocalAddr:net.pipeAddr{}, RemoteAddr:net.pipeAddr{}, Err:(*neonet._EncodingMismatchError)(0xc0001a22cc)}
                 "pipe - pipe: handshake (client): protocol encoding mismatch: peer = 'N'  ; our side = 'M'"

We will fix it in the next patch.

/reported-by @levin.zimmermann
/reported-on kirr/neo!5

go/neo/neonet: Dedicate an error type to indicate "protocol version mismatch" as handshake failure cause

We will soon need to detect if a handshake failure was due to mismatch
of protocol encodings and that would require introduction of dedicated
error type for that cause. As a preparatory step first refactor "version
mismatch cause" to follow the same style for symmetry.

This patch fixes a discrepancy between NEO/py and NEO/go: NEO/py expands
the '~' and the '~username' prefix in the file path of the TLS
certificate/key files [1]. This syntax is used in NEO/py SlapOS SR [2].
We need to fix this discrepancy in NEO/go in order to use TLS encryption
with NEO + WCFS.

[1] https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/blob/7c539f0f/neo/lib/config.py#L149
and https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/neoppod/blob/fa63d856/neo/lib/app.py#L25-31

[2] https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/slapos/blob/397726e1/stack/erp5/instance-zodb-base.cfg.in#L18-20
and https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/slapos/blob/a8150a1a/software/neoppod/instance-neo-input-schema.json#L62

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on kirr/neo!1

The xfilepath package supports resolving filepaths with a user prefix
to absolute paths: it converts '~' and '~username' to $HOME of user
(as it's done by for  instance bash). No builtin golang module supports this
functionality [1]. We need this functionality in order to imitate the
behaviour of NEO/py in NEO/go [2].

---

[1] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/47261719/how-can-i-resolve-a-relative-path-to-absolute-path-in-golang)
[2] nexedi/slapos!1307 (comment 17574)

/reviewed-by @kirr
/reviewed-on kirr/neo!1

Without parenthesis it was failing on py3:

	(neo) (py3.venv) (g.env) kirr@deca:~/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/neo/t$ ./neotest info-local
	date:   Wed, 18 May 2022 11:05:50 +0300
	xnode:  kirr@deca.navytux.spb.ru (2401:5180:0:af::1 192.168.0.3 (+ 1·ipv4))
	uname:  Linux deca 5.10.0-13-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 5.10.106-1 (2022-03-17) x86_64 GNU/Linux
	cpu:    Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7600U CPU @ 2.80GHz
	  File "<string>", line 1
	    print '%.2fGHz' % (400000 / 1E6)
	          ^
	SyntaxError: invalid syntax

On py3 dict.keys() returns iterator instead of list:

    $ ./tzodb.py zhash
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "/home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/neo/t/./tzodb.py", line 141, in <module>
        main()
      File "/home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/neo/t/./tzodb.py", line 138, in main
        zhash()
      File "/home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/neo/t/./tzodb.py", line 59, in zhash
        optv, argv = getopt(sys.argv[2:], "h", ["help", "check=", "bench="] + hashRegistry.keys())
    TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "dict_keys") to list

With xurl.ParseQuery being simpler analog of url.ParseQuery.
Simpler: It returns regular map instead of url.Values by not allowing duplicates.

WCFS needs to know key coverage for every visited node.

WARNING: this is API change.

KeyRange represents [lo,hi) key range. It simplifies working with ranges
of keys. We will use it in the next commit.

KeyRange originated in WCFS and was copied from there:

https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/wendelin.core/blob/57be0126/wcfs/internal/xbtree/blib/keyrange.go

We were already using math.Min<Key> in one place, but the number of such
places is going to increase. -> Keep min/max definition in only one place.

NOTE: db was already being closed in the test's code.

staticcheck says:

	xtesting.go:386:2: this value of err is never used (SA4006)

fs1/format.go:204:2: only the first constant in this group has an explicit type (SA9004)
zeo/proto.go:56:2: only the first constant in this group has an explicit type (SA9004)

staticcheck reports

    ziobtree.go:606:4: Errorf is a pure function but its return value is ignored (SA4017)
    ziobtree.go:626:4: Errorf is a pure function but its return value is ignored (SA4017)
    zlobtree.go:606:4: Errorf is a pure function but its return value is ignored (SA4017)
    zlobtree.go:626:4: Errorf is a pure function but its return value is ignored (SA4017)

run_with_zodb3py2_compat was renamed to run_with_zodb4py2_compat in
nexedi/zodbtools@c59a54ca .

Without the fix go genrate was failing as

    (neo) (z-dev) (g.env) kirr@deca:~/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/btree$ go generate
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "./testdata/gen-testdata", line 26, in <module>
        from zodbtools.test.gen_testdata import run_with_zodb3py2_compat
    ImportError: cannot import name run_with_zodb3py2_compat

and

    (neo) (z-dev) (g.env) kirr@deca:~/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb$ go generate
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "./py/pydata-gen-testdata", line 24, in <module>
        from zodbtools.test.gen_testdata import run_with_zodb3py2_compat
    ImportError: cannot import name run_with_zodb3py2_compat

This amends commit fc69e00d (go/zodb/fs1: Fix Python database generator
to work with recent zodbtools).

- the only valid range for at is [tail, head]. Don't try to return anything
  meaningful for queries outside of this range and just panic instead. This is
  consistent with SliceByRev, which also panics on invalid query, and it is also
  consistent with semantic model that ΔTail is a vector with data keyed by tid in
  range (tail, head]: if key is out of vector range, access to the vector should
  panic, isn't it?

- instead of returning revision of minimum entry on exact=n, always
  return (tail, exact=n) in that case.

The change in behaviour is consistent with ΔFtail and ΔBtail from WCFS
and is needed for ΔFtail to function correctly:

https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/wendelin.core/blob/22f5f096/wcfs/internal/xbtree/δbtail.go
https://lab.nexedi.com/kirr/wendelin.core/blob/22f5f096/wcfs/internal/zdata/δftail.go

When object is just created, it is not yet assigned an OID, but can be
reachable from other objects. The code that processes transaction can
reach to that new object and try to PActivate/PDeactivate it. And
currently PDeactivate will drop the object state completely.

Another example of object without an OID is Bucket embedded into a Tree
object. There, the code that scans the tree can reach to that bucket and
try to activate/deactivate it, leading, again, to dropping state of that bucket.

-> Fix it.

Persistent.PActivate used to panic when called the second time, if the
first time it hit an error. WCFS hit this in practice via object, that was
previously accessed and pinned into the cache, but later deleted in the
storage.

-> Fix PActivate to reset .loading on an error, so that next time PActivate is
called, it tries to trigger load again instead of panicking. Change doload
criteria from

	state==GHOST && refcnt==1

to

	state==GHOST && loading==nil

because now, after failed PActivate, refcnt can be != 0, if there are several
other PActivate calls that were waiting for the failed PActivate but did not
yet woke up.

Here is how added test fails without the fix:

    --- FAIL: TestActivateAfterDelete (1.65s)
    panic: t.zodb.MyObject(0000000000000065): activate: need to load, but .loading != nil [recovered]
            panic: t.zodb.MyObject(0000000000000065): activate: need to load, but .loading != nil

    goroutine 10085 [running]:
    testing.tRunner.func1.2(0x649020, 0xc000520660)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/testing/testing.go:1143 +0x332
    testing.tRunner.func1(0xc0001cb080)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/testing/testing.go:1146 +0x4b6
    panic(0x649020, 0xc000520660)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/runtime/panic.go:965 +0x1b9
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb.(*Persistent).PActivate(0xc0001184d0, 0x6e8360, 0xc00019ac90, 0x0, 0x0)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/persistent.go:191 +0xce5
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb.TestActivateAfterDelete(0xc0001cb080)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/persistent_test.go:786 +0x72c

Add utility to verify FileStorage data for consistency.
To verify we just need to iterate through all records, because
FileStorage driver performs all consistency checks by itself.

Mimic normal output to be the same as in fstest from ZODB/py.
Example runs of fstest.py and `fs1 verify` on a broken file:

    $ python ~/src/wendelin/z/ZODB/src/ZODB/scripts/fstest.py -v 1.fs
             4: transaction tid 0x03e044f6448c8022 #0
           213: transaction tid 0x03e044f646e044bb #1
    1.fs has data records that extend beyond the transaction record; end at 466

    $ fs1 verify -v 1.fs
             4: transaction tid 0x03e044f6448c8022 #0
           213: transaction tid 0x03e044f646e044bb #1
    2021/05/24 12:43:37 fsverify: 1.fs: 1.fs: transaction record @355: -> (iter data): 1.fs: data record @416: check: data record [..., 466) overlaps txn boundary [..., 458)

As can be seen, in fs1 case, the error contains more details: [start, end) of
both mismatching transaction and data records.

In addition to fstest-like verbosity, add progress-mode, where % of total
completion is printed in a style similar to one used by `fs1 verify-index`.

The Go-based implementation is also faster even when data is on HDD. For
example on a 73GB database provided by @jerome[1] fsrefs.py takes ~15 minutes
to run and occupy ~70-100% of CPU. On the other hand `fs1 verify` takes ~7
minutes to run and occupy ~ 20-30% of CPU.

Tests pending.

[1] nexedi/zodbtools!19 (comment 129480)

Some dumpers might want to print something at the end of their dump.
We will need this functionality for Verify (see next patch).

And use that in the callers.

This error type is documented (see Loader) to be always created as
*NoObjectError.

-> Fix Error receiver accordingly.

WCFS needs this to run tests faster.

In general it is also a good idea to pass options to DB constructor, in
particular options that affect live cache size, or other properties, for
further created connections.

For Load demo.Storage implementation is similar to DemoStorage in
ZODB/py with fixes "cherry-picked" from:

- https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/issues/318
  (DemoStorage does not take whiteouts into account -> leading to data corruption)

- https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/323
  (loadAt + fix for the above issue)

For safety demo.Storage - contrary to DemoStorage/py - actually verifies
that for demo=base+δ δ comes strictly after base and that base remains
unchanged.

URI schema follows XRI Cross-references approach and is

	demo:(zurl_base)/(zurl_δ)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Resource_Identifier provides
some related details and examples.

For ZODB/py corresponding pull-request for zodburi to support demo: URI
scheme has been made here: https://github.com/Pylons/zodburi/pull/29 .

Tests need:

- recent zodbtools with zodbrestore:

  https://lab.nexedi.com/nexedi/zodbtools/blob/129afa67/zodbtools/zodbrestore.py
  nexedi/zodbtools!19

- ZODB with support for DemoStorage.deleteObject
  https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/pull/341

On Go side demo storage is needed for wendelin.core 2 because ERP5 uses
DemoStorage to run tests.

This is low-level API to open IStorageDriver instead of IStorage.
Demo storage will need this.

Maybe it would be a good idea to move drivers-related functionality into
separate package in the future.

In ZODB/go when there is no schema in zurl, open automatically prepends
file:// . However filename itself could contain ":" and so generally
speaking it is incorrect to return URL without file:// schema prepended
to file name.

Another reason to always use fully-constructed URLs with schema, is
interoperability with ZODB/py - there zodburi, when given zurl without
schema, does not make any assumption that it is of file:// kind and
rejects opening such URIs.

An URI schema is required to have ":" after it, but - even if frequently
used in practice - not //. We will soon introduce "demo:" URI scheme
that comes without //, so fix Open to detect schema presence just by ":"
and not to fixup "demo:..." url to "file://demo:..." automatically.

Before the patch if storage.watcher fails, storage.driver.Close is not
called, and so the driver will continue to send to .drvWatchq, but noone
is receiving from it.

a5dbb92b (go/zodb: Require drivers to close watchq on Close), provides
the guarantee that the driver will stop sending on drvWatchq right after
drv.Close call.

Provide guaranty that Close forces the driver to stop sending to watchq
and to close it. See a5dbb92b ("go/zodb: Require drivers to close watchq
on Close") for details.

Without the fix TestWatch fails with test timeout:

    panic: test timed out after 30s

    # Close waits for serve to stop
    goroutine 93 [semacquire]:
    sync.runtime_Semacquire(0xc000152170)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/runtime/sema.go:56 +0x45
    sync.(*WaitGroup).Wait(0xc000152168)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/sync/waitgroup.go:130 +0x65
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.(*zLink).Close(0xc0001520f0, 0x1313, 0x1)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zrpc.go:159 +0x47
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.(*zeo).Close(0xc000313680, 0xc000107c78, 0x1)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zeo.go:526 +0x2e
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/internal/xtesting.DrvTestWatch(0xc000082c00, 0xc0000aa2a0, 0x24, 0x6a4a38)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/internal/xtesting/xtesting.go:442 +0xdb5
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.TestWatch.func1(0xc000082c00, 0x6e3498, 0xc00009a380)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zeo_test.go:270 +0x99
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.withZEOSrv.func2.1(0xc0000a4168, 0x16)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zeo_test.go:207 +0xfb
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.withZEOSrv.func1(0xc000082c00, 0xc00009c180)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zeo_test.go:186 +0x129
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.withZEOSrv.func2(0xc000082c00)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zeo_test.go:199 +0x10e
    testing.tRunner(0xc000082c00, 0xc00009c160)
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/testing/testing.go:1194 +0xef
    created by testing.(*T).Run
            /home/kirr/src/tools/go/go/src/testing/testing.go:1239 +0x2b3

    # serve is stuck in invalidateTransaction doing watchq<-
    goroutine 26 [chan send]:
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.(*zeo).invalidateTransaction(0xc000313680, 0x6417e0, 0xc000323b60, 0x0, 0x0)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zeo.go:176 +0x373
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.(*zLink).serveRecv1(0xc0001520f0, 0xc000393890, 0x0, 0x0)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zrpc.go:225 +0x4b4
    lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.(*zLink).serveRecv(0xc0001520f0)
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zrpc.go:176 +0x8d
    created by lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo.(*zLink).start
            /home/kirr/src/neo/src/lab.nexedi.com/kirr/neo/go/zodb/storage/zeo/zrpc.go:99 +0xc8

Provide guaranty that Close forces the driver to stop sending to watchq
and to close it. See a5dbb92b ("go/zodb: Require drivers to close watchq
on Close") for details.

If we don't require drivers to stop sending to watchq after Close, there
could be many deadlock scenarios, for example:

- client called drv.Close(); no longer listens to watchq; driver is
  stuck sending to watchq, or

- client called drv.Close(), which itself waits for tasks spawned inside
  driver to complete, which are stuck sending to watchq because client
  no longer does <-watchq.

The change is similar in spirit to safety guaranty provided by high-level
Watcher where after DelWatch call it is guaranteed that there will be no
more sends to subscribed watchq (see c41c2907 "go/zodb: High-level
watching - initial draft") for details.

All drivers don't provide requested guarantee yet.
We'll be fixing them one-by-one in followup commits.

Else, on an error, it is the lineno of `t.Fatal(err)` inside FatalIf
that is printed, not the line number inside user test.

A data record with len(data)=0 and backpointer=0 is considered by
FileStorage/py as "no data":

https://github.com/zopefoundation/ZODB/blob/5.6.0-15-g22d1405d4/src/ZODB/FileStorage/FileStorage.py#L576-L582

Even though currently it is not possible to create such data record via
FileStorage(py).deleteObject (becase it raises POSKeyError if there is
no previous object revision), being able to use such data records is
semantically useful in overlayed DemoStorage settings, where δ part
marks an object that exists only in base with delete record whiteout.

It is also generally meaningfull to be able to create "delete" record
even if object was not previously existing: "deleteObject" is actually
similar to "store" (and so should be better named as "storeDelete"). If
one wants to store deletion, there should not be a reason to reject it,
because deleteObject already has seatbelt in the form of oldserial, and
if the user calls deleteObject(oid, oldserial=z64), he/she is already
telling that "I know that this object does not exist in this storage
(oldserial=z64), but still please create a deletion record for it". Once
again this is useful in overlayed DemoStorage settings described above.

For the reference, such whiteout deletion records pass ZODB/scripts/fstest just fine.

Even though FileStorage/py loads such data records just fine, on
FileStorage/go side it was not the case - DataHeader.LoadBackRef, even
with backpointer=0, was verifying that backpointer to be valid and
failing seeing it might overlap with current transaction:

    === RUN   TestLoadWhiteout
    2021/03/17 06:40:58 index load: open testdata/whiteout.fs.index: no such file or directory
    2021/03/17 06:40:58 testdata/whiteout.fs: index rebuild...
        filestorage_test.go:398: load 0000000000000017:0000000000000001: bad err:
            have: testdata/whiteout.fs: load 0000000000000017:0000000000000001: testdata/whiteout.fs: data record @27: check: backpointer (0) overlaps with txn (4)
            want: testdata/whiteout.fs: load 0000000000000017:0000000000000001: 0000000000000001: object was not yet created

It was a thinko: backPos==0 was already kind of handled in LoadBackRef,
but only in one verification case. -> Fix all checks not to trigger when
seeing backPos=0. DataHeader.LoadBack - the caller of LoadBackRef -
already handles returned backPos=0 as "no data".