This retries with the alternate URL in case of HTTPError with the main
one.

Used by slapos.recipe.build:download* and slapos.recipe.cmmi recipes.

- Py3: stop using legacy API of urllib.request and
       fix download of http(s) URLs containing user:passwd@
- Py2: avoid OOM when downloading huge files

This is implemented as a method in case we want to make it configurable
via [buildout].

An optimization is to avoid temporary file when possible: a rename
(or hard link) is not always possible (different mount points).

Another one is to not check md5sum twice when using cache file.

Fall-back mode is ignored if an MD5 checksum is given.

In case of checksum mismatch for a cached path, remove it and
download again, mainly to cover the following cases:
- the url content changes and the user updates the checksum
- buildout killed while downloading directly to cache
  (see above optimization)
- shutil.copyfile is interrupted

We want two identical sections at different URL to be able to produce
same signature. This feature is useful for slapos.recipe.cmmi's
shared parts.

This commit may fixup "Support ${:_profile_base_location_}." but is
purposefuly kept separate because it concerns parts signatures which
are an orthogonal feature.

Use a special .pydistutils.cfg in a temporary HOME directory for
the duration of the pip wheel run to prevent build dependencies
specified in a setup_requires from being installed on the fly
without respecting pinned versions.

When there is no pinned version for zc.buildout itself, buildout
adds a ">=<current-version>" requirement to prevent accidental
downgrading. If the current version has a local version label,
this produced an invalid version specifier. To fix this, only
the public part of the current version is used.

Now that we use `pip wheel` + `Wheel.install_as_egg` to produce
genuine eggs, we don't need to workaround the fact that we have
not-actually-egg `.egg` bundles anymore.

If we still do need to allow for non-eggs being installed in `~/.eggs`,
via extensions or others, we should revert this.
See https://github.com/buildout/buildout/pull/352

`pip install <package>` produces a `<package-name>` package folder
and a `<package-name>.dist-info` metadata folder, which is another
format than eggs. Then buildout bundles both folders into a parent
folder `<package.egg>` and tries to act as though it were an egg.

Instead, use `pip wheel` to produce a wheel - which `pip install`
does internally anyway - and `setuptools.Wheel.install_as_egg` to
produce a genuine egg.

This is much cleaner: it consistently produces genuine eggs instead
of sometimes true eggs, sometimes `.dist-info` bundles depending on
whether `pip install` is called or the package was installed from a
`.whl` or `.egg` archive directly.

The only downside it this requires setuptools >= 38.2.3.

Before this, += and -= worked well when applied to keys defined in the
current section or in a section of the same name inherited from a file
extended by the current file, but not to keys inherited from another
section using macro extension <=, because <= substitution happens later
and all the += and -= are already resolved.

e.g.:

```
[macro]
a = 1

[part]
<= macro
a += 2
```

was equivalent to

```
[part]
a = 1
a = 2
```

instead of

```
[part]
a = 1
a += 2
```

Now a partial and brittle support for this is enabled by postponing
+= and -= resolution until <= substitution happens when the current
section contains a <= extension. But this is not guaranteed: if the
current section is overloaded in another file extending the current
one, then += and -= resolution will happend then, before <=.

A consistent solution would be to unify the implementation of
extends= and <= and update sections by taking both into account,
instead of updating based only on extends and computing <= later,
leading to inconsistencies. This could be achieved e.g. by computing
section updates on demand during substitution.
Co-authored-by: Xavier Thompson <xavier.thompson@nexedi.com>

Before this, += and -= worked correctly when applied to a key defined
in a file extended by the current file, but not when the key was in
the same file.

e.g.:

```
[part]
a = this case is
```

```
[buildout]
extends = a.cfg

[part]
a += ok
b = this case is
b += not-ok
```
Co-authored-by: Xavier Thompson <xavier.thompson@nexedi.com>

Before this, sys.exit(1) was called to terminate the program directly.

By default pip installs build dependencies (e.g. setuptools, poetry)
in a temporary folder and temporarily adds it to sys.path in order
to proceed to build the distribution. But we want all distributions
to be installed with buildout and respect pinned versions, so we aim
to prevent pip from installing build dependencies.

Instead, we will install the build dependencies first and pass them
explicitly to zc.recipe.egg via the setup-eggs option.

This commit prevents pip from installing the build dependencies listed
by the `build-system.requires` key in the pyproject.toml file.

It may prevent pip from installing PEP 517 dynamic build dependencies
or setuptools' setup_requires dependencies.
See https://peps.python.org/pep-0517/#get-requires-for-build-wheel

While invoke setup.py certain eggs (like scikit-learn) launch
cetain custom builds (for cython) using subprocess and sys.executable.

This commit aims to preserve the sys.path over the runs, even if an
egg is using subprocess with the same python to build a component of
the egg.

Now specified patches are automatically applied on required eggs as well.

- Support on the fly patches in zc.recipe.egg by ``EGGNAME-patches``,
  ``EGGNAME-patch-options``, ``EGGNAME-patch-binary`` (or
  ``patch-binary``) and ``EGGNAME-patch-revision`` options.

- Support on the fly patches in zc.recipe.egg:custom by ``patches``,
  ``patch-options``, ``patch-binary`` and ``patch-revision`` options.
  (options ``EGGNAME-*`` are also supported as well).

Currently only zc.recipe.egg:custom supports setting environment
variables, and zc.recipe.egg:develop does not.

My motivation for allowing setting environment in :develop is
wendelin.core

    https://lab.nexedi.cn/nexedi/slapos/blob/b5faab3b/component/wendelin.core/buildout.cfg

There we have [wendelin.core] part which installs released egg from
pypi, and [wendelin.core-dev] part which installs wendelin.core from
its latest git version via zc.recipe.egg:develop .

The problem is, wendelin.core for setup.py to work, needs git available,
and with slapos we usually don't have git available on base system, so
we build it by our own and do something like

    [wendelin.core-dev]
    recipe = zc.recipe.egg:develop
    environment = wendelin.core-dev-env

    [wendelin.core-dev-env]
    # wendelin.core-dev needs git to build
    PATH = ${git:location}/bin:%(PATH)s

and the problem is environment does not currently work for
zc.recipe.egg:develop, and thus git is not found -> build fails.

~~~~

In order to support environment in :develop, we just move environment
setting/restoring bits from Custom to Base, and provide Base.install() which
uses this bits. Custom & Develop .install() becomes ._install() which gets
hooked into Base.install() .

I've tested the patch only manually, because currently automated tests are
broken in a lot of places for slapos.buildout and zc.recipe.egg .

/cc @kazuhiko, @Tyagov

To be dropped once all buildout in the wild are able to upgrade to a
version that supports new names in expression of conditional sections
(see previous commit).

Adding new names for expression is currently not possible because
buildout aborts before it tries to upgrade (in-place or bootstrap).

For example, existing values were not enough to distinguish
'arm-linux-gnueabi' from 'arm-linux-gnueabihf'.

The 'multiarch' value is the output of

  $CC -dumpmachine

where CC defaults to 'gcc'.

See also https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/Tuples

(changed option or missing path)

Sometimes, most parts are reinstalled for a reason that the user
didn't think about and it can take time to understand why.
Explaining for all parts would be too verbose and useless because
many are reinstalled just because their dependencies changed.

Egg is installed from wheel when the requested version ends with :whl

Reuse more code from slapos.core to support case of parent directory
not writable.

When recipes mutate the options, we should not allow invalid syntax
otherwise it gets written in .installed.cfg and generate invalid
configparser syntax.

When recipe mutate options, options values are written to
.installed.cfg without escaping buildout substitution syntax,
so if a recipe sets an option value that could be interpreted
as a buildout substitution, it is written as is in .installed.cfg.

This can be a problem if options read from _read_installed_part_options
are accessed, like it's the case with slapos patched buildout which
saves installed options after an error with part installation or after
each part installation when running in verbose mode.

python ZipFile module does not support updating an entry in place, instead make
a new zip file and copy all entries.

This is useful when using OS Python & eggs.

Useless for SlapOS.

To set a default requirement for not-yet processed parts

The version of Python should not affect the behaviour of a recipe.
Anyway, it was already ignored for DEVELOP_DIST eggs.

This makes the slapos mechanism to share parts more efficient. And with
the upcoming changes in buildout & slapos.recipe.cmmi, there would be
no way for the slapos.reboostrap extension to prevent everything from
being rebuilt when reboostrapping to a different version of Python,
if bootstrap parts are shared.

The monkey-patch by slapos.reboostrap now becomes useless.